KR101454968B1 - Method of culturing Paralichthys olivaceus for suppression of sexual maturation - Google Patents
Method of culturing Paralichthys olivaceus for suppression of sexual maturation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR101454968B1 KR101454968B1 KR1020120098086A KR20120098086A KR101454968B1 KR 101454968 B1 KR101454968 B1 KR 101454968B1 KR 1020120098086 A KR1020120098086 A KR 1020120098086A KR 20120098086 A KR20120098086 A KR 20120098086A KR 101454968 B1 KR101454968 B1 KR 101454968B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- flounder
- present
- photoperiod
- maturity
- light
- Prior art date
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for inhibiting maturity of a flounder using the reproductive physiological characteristics of a flounder, and a method for inhibiting maturity of a flounder using the photoperiod control method according to the present invention is characterized in that the photoperiod It is possible to effectively control the sexiness of the flounder, thereby promoting body growth of cultured flounder and producing the flounder having a high commercial value. Therefore, it can be widely used for the production of flounder. In addition, the culture method for inhibiting the malting of the flounder of the present invention does not use an artificial hormone agent and has a merit that it does not cause environmental pollution problem because it is a natural-friendly method instead of stressing the flounder.
Description
The present invention relates to a flounder ( Paralichthys The present invention relates to a method for inhibiting sexual maturation using the reproductive physiological characteristics of olivaceus . Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for inhibiting sexual maturation by controlling the photoperiod of a farm, thereby promoting body growth, The present invention relates to a method for producing flounder.
Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) is a notochord dongmulmun Early river flatfish and mainly small fish, crustaceans, shrimp, gaetga resident in predatory fish belonging to paralichthyidae to share food, as benthic fish shelf (depth of 10 ~ 200 m) around, mainly inhabit the sandy bottom do. It is distributed in Korea, Japan, the Kuril Islands, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Spawning takes place in February ~ June at 20 ~ 40m depths where there is good tidal flow or gravel bottom.
Recently, as aquaculture technology has been developed, about 20 species, including flounder and rockfish, have been produced in Korea. Among them, flounder and rockfish occupy more than 80% of all fish.
In particular, cultured flounder is one of the world's top products designated by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy and is one of the five strategic future tasks for enhancing competitiveness of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. . In addition, advanced aquaculture technology has been set up to allow for shipment and shipment throughout the year.
In this aquaculture industry, fish's reproductive cycle is an important factor affecting yield. In general, reproductive endocrinology of fish is influenced by environmental factors, and it is known that photoperiod and water temperature are most involved [Vlaming, V. L., Biol. Bull. (1986), 148; Asahina, K. et al., Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish. (1983), 49], it has been reported that raising seeds at a temperature of 1-2 months before the spawning period under sunshine conditions in the spawning period can promote maturation and induce egg laying [Aida, K., Bull. Inst. Zool. (1991), Academia Sinica, Monofraph, 16].
Regarding the reproductive physiology characteristics of the flounder, it is known that the spawning season of the flounder in the natural state in the coast of Jeju Island is from April to June, and the gonad is in the rest state from July to September. In the coastal area of Jeju Island, the first daylight cycle is from early March to the end of September, and the single photoperiod from the end of September to the end of March of the following year. Therefore, the maturity of the flounder changes from a single photoperiod to a long daylight cycle, (Spawning period) takes place during the long daylight cycle, and the reproductive cycle can be considered to be in a resting state before it becomes a single light period again.
In relation to this, it was reported that the control of the sunshine flounder in the cultured flounder was matured at the time when the Gwangju period changed from a single photoperiod to a long daylight cycle [Cho, Y. C et al., Bull. Nat. Fish. Res. Dev. Agency (1991), 45], and there are various studies on the promotion of maturity of flounder.
In the case of rainbow trout, which is known as a representative fish species, there is a study on early maturity and catching effect by photoperiod control [Han, Sun-Sik, Ph.D. (2009)] Studies on the physiological characteristics of the flounder related to the reproduction are insufficient.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 2009-072138 discloses a method for promoting body growth by irradiating light containing no red component for 9 to 15 hours by a method of cultivating a flounder, As a method of breeding fish, there has been disclosed a method of raising a fish by regulating the water temperature. However, there is no disclosure on controlling the reproductive physiological characteristics of the flounder by the photoperiod control.
On the other hand, when the cultured flounder is sieved with a flounder having a weight of about 2 to 3 kg, which is high in commodity value, the natural growth in the tank inhibits the growth of the body, , And the sexiness of the flounder is known to cause various problems in the aquaculture industry.
Therefore, there is a continuing need in the art for a method for inhibiting the maturity of the flounder which can be useful for the culture of the flounder.
The inventors of the present invention conducted a study on the development of a method for inhibiting sexual maturation using the reproductive physiological characteristics of cultured flounder, and found that through artificial light irradiation, It has been confirmed that the method of culturing to have a daylight cycle can effectively inhibit the increase in the gonadal index and the growth of oocyte in the flounder and thus the number of individuals in which maturation occurs can be remarkably reduced, .
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a culture method capable of effectively suppressing maturity using the reproductive physiological characteristics of the flounder.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting sexual maturation of a flounder, comprising lighting the flounder feeding tank to allow the light period to be at least 12 hours during all the growing period .
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the light irradiation may be performed so that the light period is longer than 14 hours during all the growing periods.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the light irradiation can be performed at a power of 20 to 100 W, and preferably at a power of 20 W.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the light irradiation may be performed such that the light amount of the water surface of the farm is maintained at 20 to 60 lux.
The method of the invention for inhibiting the maturity of the flounder according to the present invention reduces the total number of sexually ingested flounder by increasing the gonadal weight index of the cultured flounder and the growth of the oocyte, And it is possible to effectively prevent the slow growth of body flounder and decrease in commercial value due to natural maturity. In addition, the culture method for inhibiting the maturation of the flounder of the present invention does not use an artificial hormone agent, and it has an advantage that it does not cause environmental pollution problem by a natural-friendly method instead of applying stress to the flounder.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing changes in gonad index before and after the photoperiod control experiment in the control group and the experimental group.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing changes in oocyte size before and after the photoperiod control experiment in the control group and the experimental group.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical terms used in the present invention have the following definitions and are consistent with the meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the relevant field of the present invention. Also, preferred methods or samples are described in this specification, but similar or equivalent ones are also included in the scope of the present invention. The contents of all publications referred to herein are incorporated herein by reference.
The term " photoperiod " as used herein means a time period during which light is exposed to light during 24 hours a day, and a " long daylight cycle " The term "single light period" refers to a period longer than the dark time, which is not exposed to the light (dark time), which is longer than the lighting time (dark time) . The light period can be expressed in such a manner that a lighting time (L) and a dark time (D) are recorded together. For example, 'light period 14 hours' / 10D ', which means that the time of exposure to light during the 24 hours a day is 14 hours, and the time during which it is not exposed to light is 10 hours.
"Lighting" as used herein means artificially exposing to light using illumination or the like.
The term "about" is used herein to refer to a reference quantity, a level, a value, a number, a frequency, a percent, a dimension, a size, a quantity, a weight, or a length of 30, 25, 20, 25, 10, 9, 8, 7, Level, value, number, frequency, percent, dimension, size, quantity, weight or length of a variable, such as 4, 3, 2 or 1%.
Throughout this specification, the words "comprises" and "comprising ", unless the context requires otherwise, include the steps or components, or groups of steps or elements, Steps, or groups of elements are not excluded.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, in order to compare the degree of maturity of flounder by photoperiodic regulation, the present inventors analyzed the gonad weight index and the size of oocyte in flounder cultured with different light control periods The experiment was carried out to compare the number of sexually abundant individuals. As a result, it was found that the photoperiod was maintained for more than 12 hours from August, before the start of single photoperiod, until March, It was confirmed that excellent matured inhibitory effect could be obtained.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting sexual maturation of a flounder, comprising lighting the flounder feeding tank so that the light period is at least 12 hours during all the growing period.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the light irradiation may be performed so that the light period is at least 14 hours during all the growing periods. However, the method of the present invention is characterized in that a single photoperiod is not present during the breeding period through light irradiation treatment so as to prevent the flounder from being exposed to a change in environment from a single light period to a long day light cycle, which is known to induce maturity , It is possible to have the same maturity suppressing effect even if the light is irradiated so that the photoperiod is less than 14 hours, if the light irradiation is carried out so that all the single photoperiod environment in the natural state during the breeding period is photoluminescence.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, until one day in August or September, before the start of a single photon period under the climatic conditions of Jeju Island, or one day in March or April before the long daylight cycle begins, 14 hours or more may be performed, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and the period, power, frequency, method, and apparatus of light irradiation may be appropriately adjusted depending on weather or climatic conditions of the place where the flounder style is applied Can be selected and executed.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the light irradiation may be performed at a power of 20 to 100 W, preferably 20 W, and the light amount of the water surface of the farm is 20 to 60 lux, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
The light irradiation may be carried out through a commonly used electronic device in a farm, where the electronic device may be any device having a general electronic system. Specifically, the electronic device may be one of a lighting for aquaculture, a lighting management device for a culture room, and a lighting control device.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples and Experimental Examples. The examples and experimental examples are intended to further illustrate the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples and experimental examples.
[ Example ] Light irradiation Photoperiod control of cultured flounder
The present inventors conducted the following experiment to confirm the effect of suppressing maturity of flounder by photoperiod control.
In the flounder farm of the present invention, an indoor aquaculture farm (aquaculture farm) located in Jeju Island was used. This farm is located in Seogwipo, Jeju Island. In natural conditions, it will have a single daylight cycle from March or April to August or September, from August or September to March or April of the following year, It maintains the water temperature suitable for the culture of the flounder at 15 ~ 20 ℃.
For comparison, as shown in the following Table 1, the inventors of the present invention used a control group of a natural state, a group irradiated with light to be 14 L / 10D from the beginning of August to the following March before the start of a single photoperiod in a natural state, The experiment was carried out with the light group irradiated so that the Gwangju flag was 14L / 10D from the beginning of October to the following March after the beginning of the single photon period. The monthly light irradiation during the experimental period of the control group, the experimental group and the comparative group is shown in Table 1 below.
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
In March
April
Natural photoperiod
Long day
single
single
single
single
single
single
single
Long day
Control group
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Experimental group
+
(start)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(End)
-
Comparative group
-
-
+
(start)
+
+
+
+
+
(End)
-
At this time, light irradiation was performed so that the light amount of the water surface could be maintained at 20 ~ 60 lux by using a 20 W three-wavelength lamp covered with a light-shielding film in a fish tank of a flounder farm. In the experimental group or the comparative group, The control group was raised in a water tank in which natural light was reflected because the shade was not covered.
The flounder was used in 1.5 to 2.0 kg healthy adult females grown for 15 months or more under the same conditions after hatching. The total rearing period was 8 months from August to March of the following year. Twenty rats were randomly selected for each group after the rearing.
Statistical processing
Test results were analyzed by Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) by ANOVA.
[ Experimental Example 1] by photoperiod control Gonorrhea Comparison of weight index changes
In order to determine the maturity level of the flounder according to the control of the photoperiod, the experiment was carried out in August (the end of maturity of the flounder in the natural state) and the end of the experiment in March of the next year (in the natural state, ) Were randomly selected from the control group, the experimental group, and the comparative group of each of the above-mentioned groups, and the gonad weight and body weight were measured.
At this time, for gonad weight measurement of the flounder, each specimen of each group was anesthetized with anesthetics (2-phenoxyethanol, Sigma, USA) and then gonads were excised. The weights of the gonads and the weight of the gonads And analyzed. The gonad index (GSI) was calculated by calculating the percentage of the gonad weight (GW) divided by the body weight (BW) (GSI = GW × 100 / BW) based on the measured results. The body weight was decreased while the weight of the gonads was increased. Therefore, the degree of maturity was confirmed based on the gonad weight index.
As a result, gonadosomatic weight index was 1.0 ~ 2.0% in all three groups at the beginning of the experiment at the beginning of the experiment and increased to 10.0 ~ 15.0% in the control group at the end of the experiment at the end of the experiment, Was almost not increased and was still only 2.0%, confirming that maturity was effectively inhibited (see FIG. 1). On the other hand, the gonad weight index of the control group was over 10.0%, indicating that the gonadal inhibitory effect did not appear properly.
[ Experimental Example 2] Comparison of changes in oocyte size by photoperiod control
The oocyte is a cell that stops proliferation and enters the growth phase in the ovary during the oocyte formation process of a multicellular animal. Since the size of the oocyte increases when sexual maturity occurs before the spawning period, And can be used as an indicator of sex maturity.
In each group, the gonads extracted by the method of Experimental Example 1 were cut to a thickness of 3 to 5 mm, cut into pieces, and fixed in Bouin's solution for 24 hours. The fixed gonads were washed and dried to prepare paraffin blocks .
Each paraffin block was stained with hematoxylin-0.5% eosin (Hematoxylin-0.5% eosin) and stained with an optical microscope (Carl Zeiss, Axioskop, Germany) And the size of the oocyte was measured.
As a result, the oocyte size of the flounder was observed to be less than 200 ㎛ in all three groups at the beginning of the experiment at the beginning of the experiment (100 ㎛ surrounding oocytes and less than 200 ㎛ oocytes). The size of the oocyte in March of the end of the experiment was observed to be more than 500 ~ 700 ㎛ in the control group, whereas in the experimental group, the size of the oocyte was almost not increased compared to that before the start of the experiment (See FIG. 2). As a result, it can be seen that mature control was effectively suppressed through the photoperiod control. On the other hand, more than 60% of oocytes with a size of 500 ~ 700 ㎛ or more were observed in the comparative group.
[ Experimental Example 3] Sexually Comparison of populations
At the end of the experiment When the gonadosomatic index found in March of the following year is over 10% or the oocyte size is over 500 ㎛, it can be incorporated into the subsequent spawning period. Therefore, in order to measure the proportion of individuals with effective maturation inhibition, the number of individuals having a gonad weight index of more than 10% or an oocyte size of 500 탆 or more among the 60 flounders examined in Test Example 1 and Test Example 2 were examined.
As a result, at the end of the experiment, at the end of the experiment, at the end of the experiment, in the control group, more than 80% of the individuals were matured in less than 10% of the experimental group, and 60% Respectively.
Thus, the method of culturing the flounder, in which the flounder culturing trough is irradiated with light for 12 hours or more during the whole cultivation period according to the present invention, increases the gonad index of the flounder and inhibits the growth of the oocyte It can be used extensively in aquaculture business of flounder having a high commercial value.
The present invention has been described above with reference to preferred embodiments thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The disclosed embodiments should, therefore, be considered in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all differences within the scope of equivalents thereof should be construed as being included in the present invention.
Claims (4)
The method of suppressing maturity of flounder female females including the step of cultivating the flounder in the breeding tank from August to March,
Wherein the light irradiation is performed at a power of 20 W and the light irradiation is performed such that the light amount of the water surface of the farm is maintained at 20 to 60 lux.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020120098086A KR101454968B1 (en) | 2012-09-05 | 2012-09-05 | Method of culturing Paralichthys olivaceus for suppression of sexual maturation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020120098086A KR101454968B1 (en) | 2012-09-05 | 2012-09-05 | Method of culturing Paralichthys olivaceus for suppression of sexual maturation |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20140032047A KR20140032047A (en) | 2014-03-14 |
| KR101454968B1 true KR101454968B1 (en) | 2014-10-28 |
Family
ID=50643767
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020120098086A KR101454968B1 (en) | 2012-09-05 | 2012-09-05 | Method of culturing Paralichthys olivaceus for suppression of sexual maturation |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| KR (1) | KR101454968B1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20170036357A (en) | 2015-09-24 | 2017-04-03 | 한국해양대학교 산학협력단 | Effect of long-afterglow phosphorescent pigment on reproductive parameters and ovarian maturation in the yellowtail damselfish, Chrysiptera parasemt |
| KR102287178B1 (en) | 2021-05-13 | 2021-08-06 | 대한민국 | Flow-through aquaculture for flounder. |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116034915B (en) * | 2023-02-08 | 2024-05-10 | 江西省水产科学研究所(江西省鄱阳湖渔业研究中心、江西省渔业资源生态环境监测中心) | Breeding method for inhibiting gonad development of crucian species |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100291703B1 (en) | 1999-01-27 | 2001-05-15 | 이원교 | Method for producing fertilized egg of sea bass |
| JP2003333953A (en) * | 2002-05-17 | 2003-11-25 | Yamaha Nutreco Aquatech Kk | Method for culturing fish |
| JP2010187625A (en) | 2009-02-20 | 2010-09-02 | Iwasaki Electric Co Ltd | Illuminator for cultivation |
| KR20120083185A (en) * | 2011-01-17 | 2012-07-25 | 임봉수 | Method for growth promotion of fish using light wavelength |
-
2012
- 2012-09-05 KR KR1020120098086A patent/KR101454968B1/en active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100291703B1 (en) | 1999-01-27 | 2001-05-15 | 이원교 | Method for producing fertilized egg of sea bass |
| JP2003333953A (en) * | 2002-05-17 | 2003-11-25 | Yamaha Nutreco Aquatech Kk | Method for culturing fish |
| JP2010187625A (en) | 2009-02-20 | 2010-09-02 | Iwasaki Electric Co Ltd | Illuminator for cultivation |
| KR20120083185A (en) * | 2011-01-17 | 2012-07-25 | 임봉수 | Method for growth promotion of fish using light wavelength |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20170036357A (en) | 2015-09-24 | 2017-04-03 | 한국해양대학교 산학협력단 | Effect of long-afterglow phosphorescent pigment on reproductive parameters and ovarian maturation in the yellowtail damselfish, Chrysiptera parasemt |
| KR102287178B1 (en) | 2021-05-13 | 2021-08-06 | 대한민국 | Flow-through aquaculture for flounder. |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20140032047A (en) | 2014-03-14 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Ghanawi et al. | Molting, reproductive biology, and hatchery management of redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens 1868) | |
| CN101919359B (en) | Method for comprehensively regulating and controlling gonad mature ovulation of cheilinus undulates | |
| CN110771536B (en) | Large-scale cultivation method of all-female spotted maigre | |
| JP2008154459A (en) | Method for accelerating maturation of eel | |
| CN103141426B (en) | Method for efficiently breeding blue crabs | |
| Shi et al. | Effects of photoperiod, temperature, and salinity on growth and survival of obscure puffer Takifugu obscurus larvae | |
| JP2021177781A (en) | Breeding method of yellowtail cultured fish and yellowtail cultured fish | |
| KR100872327B1 (en) | Spawning induction by maturation management of Gizzard shad, Konosirus punctatus, and Hatchery technique | |
| JP2017060408A (en) | Synchronous hatching method of egg of king crab species | |
| KR101454968B1 (en) | Method of culturing Paralichthys olivaceus for suppression of sexual maturation | |
| CN100370896C (en) | Artificial breeding method for semi-smooth tongue sole | |
| CN102283153B (en) | Batch production fry rearing technique for exopalaemon modestus | |
| Liu et al. | Broodstock conditioning and spawning | |
| KR20140071579A (en) | Method of spawning of fish through regulation of photoperiod | |
| CN105409873A (en) | Method for controlling hoplobatrachus tigerinus sex ratio and application of method | |
| CN104054597A (en) | Nibea albiflora fry artificial mixed feed domestication method | |
| Sampaio et al. | Hormone‐induced ovulation, natural spawning and larviculture of Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839) | |
| CN107265653B (en) | Method for promoting growth of submerged plants by using fish and benthonic animals in synergy mode | |
| KR101288008B1 (en) | Feminization inducing method of cultured eel | |
| CN101743915B (en) | Cultivation method for enhancing physique of weak young Chinese sturgeon | |
| CN105284682A (en) | Cultivation method of seahorse artificial breeding broodstock | |
| Agudelo et al. | Advances on spontaneous captive breeding and culture conditions of Caribbean Sea cucumber Stichopus sp | |
| WO2008074084A1 (en) | Production of sea urchin roe | |
| CN102308769A (en) | Exopalaemon modestus fry culturing method through combining net cage with aquarium | |
| KR101474407B1 (en) | Method for mass seedling production by maturation induction of phodeus notatus in korean bitterlings(acheilognathinae) through induced maturing |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A201 | Request for examination | ||
| N231 | Notification of change of applicant | ||
| E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
| AMND | Amendment | ||
| N231 | Notification of change of applicant | ||
| E601 | Decision to refuse application | ||
| AMND | Amendment | ||
| X701 | Decision to grant (after re-examination) | ||
| FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20171020 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
| FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20181102 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
| FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20191021 Year of fee payment: 6 |