JP2017060408A - Synchronous hatching method of egg of king crab species - Google Patents
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本発明は、タラバガニ属の種苗（ゾエア）を大量生産する方法に関し、特に、タラバガニ属の卵の同調的孵化方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for mass-producing seedlings (zoea) of the genus king crab, and more particularly to a method for synchronous hatching of eggs of the king crab genus.
タラバガニ属のカニは、十脚目（エビ目）異尾下目（ヤドカリ下目）タラバガニ科タラバガニ属に分類される甲殻類であり、食味の良さから、我々人類にとって重要な水産資源のひとつとなっている。タラバガニ属は、タラバガニ（Paralithodes camtschaticus）、アブラガニ（Paralithodes platypus）、ハナサキガニ（Paralithodes brevipes ）、和名未定のパラリソデス・カルフォルニエンシス（Paralithodes californiensis）及び和名未定のパラリソデス・ラスブニ（Paralithodes rathbuni）の５種からなるが、流通するタラバガニ属のカニはタラバガニ、アブラガニ、ハナサキガニの３種である。 Crab of the genus Crab is a crustacea classified as a decapod (shrimp), a caudate (hermit crab), a king crab family, and is one of the most important marine resources for human beings. It has become. The king crab genus consists of the king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), the crab (Paralithodes platypus), the Japanese crab (Paralithodes brevipes), the undecided Paralysodes californiensis and the undecided Paraboli ali des However, there are three kinds of crabs belonging to the genus Crab, Crab, Crab and Crab.
タラバガニ属のカニは水産重要種であるが、その資源量は年々激減している。そのため、抱卵している雌ガニを人工飼育し、水槽中で孵化させて得られたゾエアを一定期間飼育してタラバガニ属のカニの種苗とする大量種苗生産技術の確立が望まれている。 Crabs belonging to the genus Crab are important fisheries, but their resources are drastically decreasing year by year. Therefore, it is desired to establish a mass seed production technology for artificially breeding female crabs that have been laid and raising zoea obtained by hatching in an aquarium for a certain period of time to produce seeds of crab genus crabs.
甲殻類の卵の孵化効率を高める方法としては、例えば、カブトエビの卵の孵化を空気ナノバブル水および／または酸素ナノバブル水の中で行うカブトエビの卵の孵化率向上方法が知られている（特許文献１）。 As a method for increasing the hatching efficiency of crustacean eggs, for example, there is known a method for improving the hatching rate of horseshoe shrimp eggs that performs hatching of horseshoe shrimp eggs in air nanobubble water and / or oxygen nanobubble water (Patent Literature). 1).
タラバガニ属の雌ガニは、受精が終わると腹節（ふくせつ）と呼ばれる部位で卵を約１年間抱え続ける。そして、１月から３月の間に卵が孵化するが、タラバガニ属の特徴として、他の甲殻類と異なり孵化が一気に起こらず、２０日から１ヵ月に渡り継続して孵化が起こることが知られている。つまり、孵化開始時期と孵化期間が雌ガニの個体により異なる。 The female crab genus Crab keeps holding eggs for about a year at the site called the abdomen after fertilization. Eggs hatch between January and March, but the characteristic of the king crabs is that, unlike other crustaceans, hatching does not occur all at once, and it is known that hatching will continue from 20 days to 1 month. It has been. That is, the hatching start time and the hatching period differ depending on the individual female crab.
同一水槽内で異なる時期に孵化が起こると、先に孵化したゾエアが後から孵化したゾエアを共食いし、個体数が減少するという問題を生じる。共食いを避けるためには、大型水槽で飼育されている雌ガニの卵の孵化のタイミングを見計らい、孵化が始まったら雌ガニを個別に小型水槽に移して孵化させることが考えられるが、この方法では、個体ごとに孵化のタイミングを見計らわなければならず、また、雌ガニの個体数分だけ水槽が必要になるため、飼育の手間及び飼育コストの観点から現実的ではない。 If hatching occurs at different times in the same water tank, the problem is that the zoea hatched earlier cannibalize the zoea hatched later and the number of individuals decreases. In order to avoid cannibalism, it is conceivable that the timing of hatching of the eggs of female crabs raised in a large aquarium is measured, and when hatching begins, the female crabs are individually transferred to a small aquarium and hatched. The timing of hatching must be estimated for each individual, and a water tank is required for the number of female crabs, which is not realistic from the viewpoint of rearing labor and rearing costs.
そのため、これまでタラバガニの完全養殖は報告されているものの、その生産過程には、さまざまな問題があり、大量生産に成功しているとはいえない。 Therefore, although king crab complete aquaculture has been reported so far, there are various problems in the production process and it cannot be said that mass production has been successful.
そこで本発明の目的は、タラバガニ属のカニの卵の孵化を同調的に誘発させ、タラバガニ属の種苗（ゾエア）を大量生産するための技術提供することにある。 Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a technique for mass-producing the seedlings (zoea) of the genus Crab crabs by synchronously inducing hatching of the eggs of Crab crabs.
本発明者らは、ゾエアを大量に得るためにタラバガニ属のカニの孵化を同調的に誘発させる方法を検討した。その結果、抱卵しているタラバ属ガニの雌ガニにストレスを与えることで、雌ガニの発達段階にかかわらず、孵化を同調的に誘発させることに成功し、発明を完成させるに至った。 The present inventors examined a method for synchronously inducing hatching of king crab crabs in order to obtain large amounts of zoea. As a result, by applying stress to the female crabs of the king crab genus, they succeeded in inducing hatching synchronously regardless of the developmental stage of the female crabs, leading to the completion of the invention.
本発明はかかる知見に基づきなされたものであり、下記（Ａ）及び（Ｂ）の工程を繰り返し行うことを特徴とする、タラバガニ属のカニの卵の同調的孵化方法を提供する。
（Ａ）抱卵中のタラバガニ属の雌ガニを飼育水槽中から取り出し、該雌ガニを気相中に晒す工程。
（Ｂ）該飼育水槽中に該雌ガニを戻し、その後孵化したゾエアを回収しつつ該雌ガニを飼育する工程。
The present invention has been made based on such findings, and provides a method for synchronously hatching crab eggs of the genus Crab, which is characterized by repeating the following steps (A) and (B).
(A) A step of taking out the female crabs belonging to the genus king crab in the incubation and exposing the female crabs to the gas phase.
(B) A step of returning the female crabs into the breeding aquarium, and then rearing the female crabs while collecting the hatched zoea.
本発明のタラバガニ属のカニの卵の同調的孵化方法によれば、これまで個体ごとに異なる時期、期間に卵が孵化していたものを、ほぼ同じタイミング、かつ、短い期間で孵化させることができるため、効率よく種苗（ゾエア）を生産することができる。 According to the method of synchronous hatching of king crab eggs of the present invention, eggs that have been hatched at different times and periods so far can be hatched at almost the same timing and in a short period of time. Therefore, seedlings (zoea) can be produced efficiently.
図１は、本発明の実施形態に係るタラバガニ属のカニの卵の同調的孵化方法の概要を示す図である。本発明の実施形態に係るタラバガニ属のカニの卵の同調的孵化方法は、（Ａ）抱卵中のタラバガニ属の雌ガニ１を飼育水槽２中から取り出し、該雌ガニ１を気相中に晒す工程と、（Ｂ）該飼育水槽２中に該雌ガニ１を戻し、その後孵化したゾエア３を回収しつつ該雌ガニ１を飼育する工程とを繰り返し行うことを特徴とする。 FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an outline of a method for synchronous hatching of king crab eggs according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method for synchronous hatching of king crab crabs according to an embodiment of the present invention is as follows: (A) The king crab crabs 1 are removed from the breeding aquarium 2 and the female crabs 1 are exposed to the gas phase. The step and the step (B) of returning the female crab 1 to the breeding aquarium 2 and then rearing the female crab 1 while collecting the hatched zoea 3 are repeated.
（Ａ）工程における雌ガニを気相中に晒す工程は、換言すれば、雌ガニを水槽から取り出して水槽外に放置し、一定時間干出処理を行い雌ガニ及び／又は雌ガニの卵にストレスを与える工程である。卵が空気に触れることで、雌ガニ及び／又は卵に何らかの刺激が与えられ、再び海水に戻された後、雌ガニが卵を抱えている腹肢を振って卵を放出し、速やかに同調的孵化が始まる。 (A) The step of exposing female crabs in the gas phase in step (A) is, in other words, taking out the female crabs from the water tank and leaving them outside the water tank, followed by drying for a certain period of time to the female crabs and / or eggs of female crabs. It is a process of giving stress. When the egg touches the air, the female crabs and / or eggs are given some irritation and returned to the seawater, and then the female crabs shake the abdomen holding the eggs to release the eggs and quickly synchronize. The hatching begins.
本実施形態において「同調的孵化」とは、抱卵した発眼卵から最初の幼生が孵出してから全ての幼生が孵出するまでの期間が長期間（１ヶ月程度）であったものが、短期間（２〜３週間程度）になることを意味する。 In this embodiment, “synchronous hatching” means that the period from when the first larvae emerged from the laying ocular egg until all larvae emerged is a long period (about one month) It means a short period (about 2 to 3 weeks).
本実施形態においては、前記雌ガニを気相中に晒す条件は、少なくとも雌ガニが死なない程度の条件であれば適宜設定し得るが、タラバガニ属のカニが、自然界では水深２００〜３００ｍ、水温１２℃以下の冷水域に生息していることを考慮すれば、気相の温度は０．５〜２０℃で行われることが好ましく、５〜１５℃で行われることがより好ましく、１０℃前後で行われることがさらに好ましい。 In the present embodiment, the conditions for exposing the female crabs to the gas phase can be set as appropriate as long as at least the conditions of the female crabs do not die. In consideration of living in a cold water area of 12 ° C. or lower, the gas phase temperature is preferably 0.5 to 20 ° C., more preferably 5 to 15 ° C., and around 10 ° C. More preferably,
また、時間は雌ガニと卵のダメージを考慮して適宜設定することができるが、孵化効率の観点からは、雌ガニを気相中に晒す時間は５分以上であることが好ましく、１０分以上であることがより好ましく、２０分以上であることがさらに好ましい。時間の上限については、雌ガニ及び／又は卵が乾燥による悪影響を受けないように留意しつつ設定されることが好ましい。 The time can be appropriately set in consideration of damage to female crabs and eggs, but from the viewpoint of hatching efficiency, the time for exposing female crabs to the gas phase is preferably 5 minutes or more, and 10 minutes. More preferably, it is more preferably 20 minutes or more. The upper limit of the time is preferably set with care so that the female crabs and / or eggs are not adversely affected by drying.
本実施形態においては、雌ガニを気相中に晒す工程（干出処理）を実施した後、（Ｂ）工程として、その雌ガニを再び飼育水槽へ戻して飼育を行う。その際、前述のように卵の孵化が同時的に誘発され、ゾエアが産まれる。産まれたゾエアはすみやかに回収され、後述するゾエア用の水槽に移される。 In this embodiment, after performing the process (drying process) which exposes a female crab in a gaseous phase, as a process (B), the female crab is returned to a breeding aquarium again and reared. At that time, as described above, egg hatching is simultaneously induced and zoea is born. The zoea produced is immediately collected and transferred to a water tank for zoea described later.
それから再び雌ガニは通常の飼育方法で飼育されるが、一定期間が経過した後、再び（Ａ）工程として気相中に晒す工程（干出処理）が実施される。その間、先の干出処理と後の干出処理との間の前記雌ガニの飼育期間は３日以上であることが好ましく、７日間以上であってもよい。例えば、干出処理、３日間又は７日間飼育、干出処理、３日間又は７日間飼育…のように、干出処理を実施してから次の干出処理は、中３日又は中７日で行うことができ、効率よくゾエアを得る点では中３日で行うことが好ましい。この干出処理と飼育は雌ガニの抱卵する卵がすべて孵化するまで繰り返される。 Then, the female crabs are bred by the usual breeding method, but after a certain period of time, the step of exposing to the gas phase (drying treatment) is again carried out as step (A). Meanwhile, the breeding period of the female crabs between the previous drying process and the subsequent drying process is preferably 3 days or more, and may be 7 days or more. For example, after the drying process is carried out, such as the drying process, breeding for 3 days or 7 days, drying process, breeding for 3 days or 7 days, the next drying process is 3 days or 7 days In terms of obtaining zoea efficiently, it is preferably carried out in 3 days. This drying process and breeding are repeated until all the eggs of the female crabs hatch.
雌ガニを飼育する飼育水槽の温度その他の条件は、一般にタラバガニ属のカニを飼育する際に採用される条件を用いることができる。なお、本実施形態においては、飼育水槽の温度は５〜１２℃とすることが好ましく、８℃前後であることがより好ましい。 As conditions for the temperature and other conditions of the breeding tank for breeding female crabs, conditions generally employed when breeding crabs belonging to the genus Crab can be used. In addition, in this embodiment, it is preferable that the temperature of a breeding water tank shall be 5-12 degreeC, and it is more preferable that it is around 8 degreeC.
本実施形態において、前記タラバガニ属のカニは、タラバガニ（Paralithodes camtschaticus）、アブラガニ（Paralithodes platypus）、ハナサキガニ（Paralithodes brevipes ）、和名未定のパラリソデス・カルフォルニエンシス（Paralithodes californiensis）及び和名未定のパラリソデス・ラスブニ（Paralithodes rathbuni）からなる群から選択される少なくとも１種であり、これらのいずれにも本実施形態の孵化方法を適用することができるが、特に水産資源として重要視されているタラバガニ、アブラガニ、ハナサキガニからなる群から選択される少なくとも１種であることが好ましい。 In this embodiment, the crabs belonging to the genus Crab crabs are: Paracratices (Paralithodes camtschaticus), Japanese crab (Paralithodes platypus), Japanese crab (Paralithodes brevipes), Japanese undecided Paralythodes californiensis and Japanese undecided Paralythodes californiensis It is at least one selected from the group consisting of Rasubuni (Paralithodes rathbuni), and the hatching method of the present embodiment can be applied to any of these, but king crab, It is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of Japanese crabs.
特に、前記タラバガニとして、歩脚の先端部が黒く着色した個体を選択することが好ましい。歩脚の先端部が黒く着色したタラバガニはいわゆる成熟個体であり、卵の孵化が近いことが本発明者らによって見出された。そのためタラバガニの卵について同調的孵化をより確実に行うため、歩脚の先端部の色調を指標にして個体を選択し、本発明に供することで卵の同調的孵化の成功率を高めることができる。 In particular, it is preferable to select an individual whose tip of the pedestal is colored black as the king crab. The present inventors found that the red king crab whose tip of the pedestal is colored black is a so-called mature individual and has an egg hatching close. Therefore, in order to perform synchronized hatching more reliably for king crab eggs, it is possible to increase the success rate of synchronized hatching of eggs by selecting individuals using the color tone of the tip of the pedestrian as an index and applying to the present invention .
本実施形態においては、さらに、前記ゾエアを飼育する工程を有することが好ましい。孵化して得られたゾエアは、親ガニの水槽でそのまま飼育することもできるが、ゾエアは変態後、すぐに摂餌を開始するため、水質管理上の観点から、速やかに回収して親ガニとは別の水槽に移されることが好ましい。 In this embodiment, it is preferable to further include a step of raising the zoea. The zoea obtained after hatching can be kept in the parent crabs' aquarium as it is. However, since zoea starts feeding immediately after transformation, it is promptly recovered from the viewpoint of water quality management. It is preferable to be transferred to a separate water tank.
前記ゾエアの飼育条件は、ゾエアの生存率を高める観点から、温度６℃以下、ｐＨ６以上、塩分１８ＰＳＵ以上とすることが好ましい。また、飼育水槽の上層と下層とでは、上層で飼育する方が、より生存率を高めることができるため、照明で光を照射しながら飼育することが好ましい。具体的には、少なくとも500ルクス以上であることが好ましく、1000ルクス以上であることがより好ましく、2000ルクス以上であることがさらに好ましい。 The zoea breeding conditions are preferably a temperature of 6 ° C. or lower, a pH of 6 or higher, and a salinity of 18 PSU or higher from the viewpoint of increasing the survival rate of zoea. Moreover, in the upper layer and the lower layer of the breeding aquarium, it is preferable to breed while irradiating light with illumination because raising the upper layer can further increase the survival rate. Specifically, it is preferably at least 500 lux, more preferably 1000 lux or more, and further preferably 2000 lux or more.
１．タラバガニの卵の同調的孵化
抱卵している雌のタラバガニを水温８℃の海水で飼育した。そして、水槽からタラバガニを取り出し、８℃の気相において１０分間又は２０分間晒すことで、タラバガニ及び卵に対する干出処理を行った。その後、タラバガニを再び飼育水槽に戻し、孵化したゾエアの数（孵化尾数）を計測した。これらの作業を繰り返し行い、実験開始から４２日目で実験を終了した。実験条件を下記の表１に示す。
1. Synchronized hatching of king crab eggs Incubating female king crab were raised in sea water at a temperature of 8 ° C. And the king crab was taken out from the water tank, and the drying process with respect to the king crab and the egg was performed by exposing for 10 minutes or 20 minutes in the gaseous phase of 8 degreeC. Thereafter, the king crab was returned to the breeding tank, and the number of hatched zoea (number of hatched tails) was measured. These operations were repeated, and the experiment was completed on the 42nd day from the start of the experiment. The experimental conditions are shown in Table 1 below.
結果を図２に示す。図２は干出処理がタラバガニの孵化尾数に及ぼす影響を検討した結果を示す図である。比較例１（対照区）では、実験開始から３５日目まで長期にわたりゾエアの孵化が観察された。これに対し、実施例１〜３の処理区では、比較例１と比較して短い期間に多くの孵化が認められ、全ての発眼卵の孵化が終了するまで、実験開始から１４〜２１日ほどであった。 The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the results of examining the influence of the drying process on the number of hatched crabs. In Comparative Example 1 (control group), zoea hatching was observed over a long period from the start of the experiment to the 35th day. On the other hand, in the treatment groups of Examples 1 to 3, a large number of hatching was observed in a shorter period compared to Comparative Example 1, and 14 to 21 days from the start of the experiment until hatching of all the oocytes was completed. It was about.
２．アブラガニの卵の同調的孵化
タラバガニ属のカニとしてアブラガニを使用した点以外は、上記のタラバガニの実験と同様に行った。実験条件を下記の表２に示す。
2. Synchronized hatching of the crab egg The experiment was carried out in the same manner as the above crab crab, except that the crab was used as a crab of the genus Crab. The experimental conditions are shown in Table 2 below.
結果を図３に示す。図３は干出処理がアブラガニの孵化尾数に及ぼす影響を検討した結果を示す図である。比較例２（対照区）では、実験開始から３５日目まで長期にわたりゾエアの孵化が観察された。これに対し、実施例４及び５の処理区では、比較例２と比較して短い期間に多くの孵化が認められ、全ての発眼卵の孵化が終了するまで、実験開始から１４〜２１日ほどであった。 The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the results of examining the influence of the drying process on the number of hatched tails of the crab. In Comparative Example 2 (control group), zoea hatching was observed over a long period from the start of the experiment to the 35th day. On the other hand, in the treatment sections of Examples 4 and 5, many hatchings were observed in a shorter period compared to Comparative Example 2, and 14 to 21 days from the start of the experiment until all hatched eggs were hatched. It was about.
３．歩脚の色彩の検討
図４はタラバガニの歩脚の先端部の色のＲＧＢ値を測定した結果を示す図である。図４の左側のデータ（未熟）は、干出処理を週１回、１０分、８℃の条件で４回繰り返しても幼生を孵出しなかったタラバガニの歩脚先端部のＲＧＢ値を示し、右側のデータ（成熟）は、４回の干出処理のすべてで幼生を孵出したタラバガニの歩脚先端部のＲＧＢ値を示す。この結果から、歩脚先端部の色彩が暗いタラバガニはいわゆる成熟個体であり、卵の孵化が近いこと示す指標になりうることが判明した。
3. Examination of the color of the pedestal FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the result of measuring the RGB value of the color of the tip of the king crab pedestal. The data on the left side of FIG. 4 (immature) shows the RGB value of the tip of the king crab that did not sprout larvae even if the drying process was repeated four times under the conditions of 8 ° C. once a week for 10 minutes, The data on the right (maturity) shows the RGB value of the limb tip of the king crab that larvae were born out of all four drying processes. From this result, it was found that the red king crab with a dark color at the tip of the limb is a so-called mature individual and can serve as an indicator that the egg hatching is close.
４．ゾエアの最適水質の検討
ゾエアの最適水質を検討するため、異なるｐＨ、塩分、水温の飼育水を調製し、４８穴マイクロプレートに飼育水とゾエアを投入し、個体ごとに死亡までの日数を記録した。結果を図５に示す。
4). Examining the optimal water quality of zoea In order to study the optimal water quality of zoea, prepare breeding water with different pH, salinity and water temperature, feed the breeding water and zoea into a 48-well microplate, and record the number of days until death for each individual did. The results are shown in FIG.
図５は、ｐＨ、塩分、水温がゾエアの生存率に及ぼす影響を検討した結果を示す図である。図５に示すように、ゾエア（Ｉ期）の飼育は、ｐＨが６以上、塩分が１８ＰＳＵ以上、水温が６℃以下のときに生存率が高まることが判明した。 FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of examining the effects of pH, salinity, and water temperature on the survival rate of zoea. As shown in FIG. 5, it was found that the breeding of zoea (stage I) increases the survival rate when the pH is 6 or more, the salinity is 18 PSU or more, and the water temperature is 6 ° C. or less.
５．水槽の上層にいるゾエアと下層にいるゾエアの生存率に及ぼす影響
図６は、水槽の上層にいるゾエアと下層にいるゾエアの生存率に及ぼす影響を検討するための実験条件を説明するための図である。まず、比較例１及び実施例１と同じ条件で干出処理を行い、それにより得られたゾエアを回収した。次に、温度６℃、ｐＨ８、塩分３３ＰＳＵの飼育水を調製し、飼育水槽に投入した後、ゾエアを投入して、照明により光を照射しながら飼育を行った。そして、飼育水槽の上層（2000〜500ルクス）にいるゾエアと、下層（200ルクス以下）にいるゾエアとで生存率に変化があるか否かを検討した。
5. Fig. 6 is a diagram for explaining the experimental conditions for examining the effects on the survival rate of the zoea in the upper and lower layers of the tank. FIG. First, the drying process was performed under the same conditions as in Comparative Example 1 and Example 1, and the zoea obtained thereby was collected. Next, breeding water having a temperature of 6 ° C., a pH of 8 and a salinity of 33 PSU was prepared and placed in a breeding aquarium, and then zoea was introduced and breeding was performed while irradiating light with illumination. And it was examined whether or not there was a change in the survival rate between the zoea in the upper layer (2000-500 lux) and the zoea in the lower layer (200 lux or less).
結果を図７に示す。図７は、水槽の上層にいるゾエアと下層にいるゾエアの生存率に及ぼす影響を検討した結果を示す図である。対照区（比較例１）、干出区（実施例１）のいずれのゾエアも、飼育水槽の上層にいるゾエアの方が高い生存率を示すことが判明した。 The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the results of examining the influence of the zoea in the upper layer and the zoea in the lower layer on the survival rate. It was found that the zoea in the control zone (Comparative Example 1) and the dried zone (Example 1) showed higher survival rate in the zoea in the upper layer of the breeding water tank.
Claims (8)
（Ａ）抱卵中のタラバガニ属の雌ガニを飼育水槽中から取り出し、該雌ガニを気相中に晒す工程。
（Ｂ）該飼育水槽中に該雌ガニを戻し、その後孵化したゾエアを回収しつつ該雌ガニを飼育する工程。 A synchronized hatching method for crab eggs of the genus Crab, which comprises repeating the following steps (A) and (B):
(A) A step of taking out the female crabs belonging to the genus king crab in the incubation and exposing the female crabs to the gas phase.
(B) A step of returning the female crabs into the breeding aquarium, and then rearing the female crabs while collecting the hatched zoea.
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