JPWO2014126044A1 - がん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査方法、及び医薬のスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
がん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査方法、及び医薬のスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明者らの動物モデルを用いたがん発症機構の研究により、腸内細菌叢の変化によってがん発症が引き起こされることが明らかとなった。したがって、腸内細菌叢の変化を指標として、がん及び/又は発がんリスクを検出することができる。
ここで、本発明に係るがん及び/又は発がんリスクを検査する方法の被験動物は、腸内細菌叢の変化と発がんに関連のある動物であれば特に制限されないが、ヒト、及び、マウス、ウサギ、ラット、モルモット、サル等の実験動物、イヌ、ネコ等のペット、ヤギ、ウシ、ヒツジ等の家畜等の哺乳動物が挙げられる。
本発明に係るがん及び/又は発がんリスクを検査する方法をヒトに対して行う場合、例えば、健康診断等で、定期的に被験個体の腸内細菌叢を解析し、一定以上の変化が認められた場合にその被験個体ががんに罹患している、又は発がんリスクが高いと予測することができる。あるいは、健常群、高発がんリスク群、がん罹患群について腸内細菌叢の範囲を設定し、被験個体の腸内細菌叢が高発がんリスク群の範囲に該当した場合にその被験個体の発がんリスクが高いと予測し、被験個体の腸内細菌叢ががん罹患群の範囲に該当した場合にその被験個体ががんに罹患していると予測することができる。
腸内細菌叢の変化は、例えば、グラム陽性菌とグラム陰性菌の比率の変化により検出することができる。
腸内細菌叢の変化の解析は、腸内細菌が産生する物質を検出することによっても行うことができる。
(試料)
本発明に係るがん又は発がんリスクを検出する方法において、腸内細菌叢を解析する試料としては、被験個体から採取され、腸内細菌が含まれる試料であれば特に限定されず、例えば、糞便、尿、喀痰、消化管液、消化管洗浄液、肺洗浄液、気管洗浄液、唾液、口腔洗浄液、生検試料が好ましく、被験個体の負担を考慮すると、糞便又は唾液がさらに好ましく、糞便が最も好ましい。
SASPは肝星細胞だけでなく、様々な種類の細胞において細胞老化に伴い認められる現象であり、その細胞の周辺領域の細胞のがん化に関与することが知られている。SASP現象は、メラノサイト、繊維芽細胞、内皮細胞等の種々の細胞、乳腺、前立腺、皮膚等の種々の組織で示唆されており(非特許文献9)、メラノーマの発症にSASPが関与することも報告されている(非特許文献10)。実施例で示すようにSASPは血流にのったデオキシコール酸により誘導されるので、デオキシコール酸等の二次胆汁酸の血中濃度の高い個体では、肝臓の肝星細胞以外でも、SASP誘導が生じると理解できる。実施例で用いた発がんモデルは、肥満及び発がん物質により発がんを誘導したモデルであるが、腸内細菌叢の変化によって引き起こされるSASPが原因となっているがんであればどのようながんであっても、本発明に係るがん及び/又は発がんリスクを検出する方法の対象となる。実際に、実施例1の発がんモデルでは、疫学的に肥満との相関が指摘される肝がんだけではなく、肺がんの発症率も増加している。すなわち、本発明に係るがん又は発がんリスクの検出方法の対象となるがん種は、固形がんであればどのようなものでもよい。中でも、食道がん、胃がん、胆嚢がん、肝がん、胆管がん、膵臓がん、大腸がん等の消化器がんをはじめとする、ヒトにおいて疫学的に肥満と相関が示されているがん、及び、肝がんとならんで発がんモデルにおいてがんが高率に発症することが示された肺がんでは、特に感度良く検出が可能である。
本発明に係る検査用キットは、被験個体のがんの罹患、又は、発がんリスクを検査するためのキットであって、被験個体から採取された試料中の細菌叢、又は、前記細菌叢の産生する物質を検出するための試薬を含むことを特徴とする。
本発明者らが解明した、腸内細菌叢の変化から、がん発症までの多段階にわたる機構を基に、以下に例示するスクリーニング方法によって、発がんリスクを低減する作用を有する化合物を選択することができる。
(実験動物を用いたスクリーニング方法)
具体的なスクリーニング方法としては、腸内細菌叢を変化させた実験動物を用い、候補物質を一定期間投与する。ここで、腸内細菌叢を変化させた実験動物としては、例えば、以下で示す実施例1の肥満モデル動物系を用いることができる。実施例1に記載のように、肥満によって、腸内細菌叢を変化させることができれば、マウスに限らず一般的に用いられているラット、ウサギ等どのような動物を用いることもできる。ここで、実施例の発がんモデルマウスはC57BL/6であるが、どのような系統のマウスでも用いることができる。
腸内細菌の培養系を用いることによって、実験動物を用いるよりも多くの候補物質を短時間にスクリーニングし、効率よく目的化合物を選択することが可能である。
[医薬組成物、治療方法]
本発明のスクリーニング方法により選択された化合物は、発がんリスクを軽減するため、あるいは、発がん予防のための医薬組成物の有効成分として使用することができる。
図1Aに本発明で用いた発がんモデルの作成方法を示す。野生型(C57BL/6)の新生仔マウスに、発がん物質であるDMBA(7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene)を0.5%含むアセトン溶液を背部に1回塗布した。仔マウスは母マウスとともに、通常食(ND)又は高脂肪食(HFD)で4週目まで共に飼育した。高脂肪食は米国Research Diets社のD12492(Rodent Diet with 60% kcal%Fat)を用いている。生後4週で離乳させた後も、仔マウスは引き続き通常食又は高脂肪食で飼育した。30週で肝臓及び肺を摘出し、がん発生の有無を解析した。解剖時のマウスの平均体重は通常食飼育マウスでは平均33g、高脂肪食飼育マウスでは平均51gであり、高脂肪食飼育マウスは、通常食飼育マウスに比べて約1.5倍の体重であった。
最近、いくつかの分泌因子ががん発生リスクを増加することが示唆されており、それらの中にはSASP因子に分類されるものも含まれていた(非特許文献8)。
本発明の発がんモデルでは、肝星細胞の細胞老化に伴うSASPを介していることが明らかとなった。
本実施例では、がん発症に関連する腸内細菌の探索のため、腸内細菌叢がどのように変化しているかを解析した(図4)。図3Aに示した実験系で、通常食飼育、高脂肪食飼育、高脂肪食飼育で飼育するとともにバンコマイシンを与えた群の3群で、飼育開始から30週目の糞を回収し、腸内細菌叢の解析を行った。
クロストリジウム属クラスターXIは二次胆汁酸を産生する菌であることから、二次胆汁酸と肝がん発症の関連の解析を行った。
実施例3、4に示すように、抗生物質投与によって、腸内細菌数を減少させることにより、肝発がんのリスクが減少することが示された。そこで、腸内細菌を保有しない無菌環境でマウスを飼育し、実施例1と同様に新生仔マウスにDMBA処理し、高脂肪食で飼育し、体重が45g以上になった肥満したマウスについて30週齢時に肝がん発症の有無を解析した。
Claims (11)
- 被験者から採取された試料中の腸内細菌叢及び/又は該腸内細菌叢を構成する細菌の生産物を測定するがん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査法。
- 請求項1記載のがん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査法であって、
前記生産物が胆汁酸の代謝物であるデオキシコール酸、リトコール酸の少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする検査法。 - 請求項1記載のがん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査法であって、
検査対象とするがんが、消化器がん、肝がん、胆管がん、肺がんの少なくとも1つから選ばれることを特徴とする検査法。 - 請求項1記載のがん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査法であって、
被験者から採取された試料が、血液、唾液、口腔洗浄液、消化管液、消化管洗浄液、糞便、尿、喀痰、肺洗浄液、気管洗浄液であることを特徴とする検査法。 - 請求項1記載のがん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査法であって、
前記細菌がクロストリジウム属に属する菌であることを特徴とする検査法。 - がん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査キットであって、
腸内細菌叢を構成する1以上の細菌及び/又は該腸内細菌叢を構成する細菌の生産物を検出する試薬を含むことを特徴とする
請求項1記載のがん及び/又は発がんリスクの検査を行うためのキット。 - 発がんリスクを軽減する医薬化合物をスクリーニングする方法であって、
腸内細菌叢を構成する細菌の増殖及び/又は該腸内細菌叢を構成する細菌の生産物を指標とすることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項7記載の医薬化合物のスクリーニング方法であって、
前記細菌の生産物が胆汁酸の代謝物であるデオキシコール酸、リトコール酸の少なくとも1種であることを特徴とするスクリーニング方法。 - 請求項7に記載の医薬化合物のスクリーニング方法であって、
前記細菌がクロストリジウム属に属する菌であることを特徴とするスクリーニング方法。 - バンコマイシン、アンピシリン、ネオマイシン、リファンピシン、メトロニダゾール化合物、グリコペプチド系抗生物質のうち、少なくとも1種から選ばれる化合物を投与する発がんリスクの軽減方法。
- バンコマイシン、アンピシリン、ネオマイシン、リファンピシン、メトロニダゾール化合物、グリコペプチド系抗生物質のうち、少なくとも1種を含有することを特徴とする発がんリスク軽減組成物。
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JP4535554B2 (ja) * | 2000-03-10 | 2010-09-01 | 株式会社ヤクルト本社 | 2次胆汁酸産生抑制剤及び飲食品 |
JP2006056839A (ja) * | 2004-08-23 | 2006-03-02 | Kozo Asano | 2次胆汁酸産生抑制微生物及び飲食品、動物飼料 |
WO2007077893A1 (ja) * | 2006-01-04 | 2007-07-12 | National University Corporation, Tokyo Medical And Dental University | 肝臓疾患治療剤及び肝機能改善剤 |
JP2011184311A (ja) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-22 | Hokkaido Univ | 新規二次胆汁酸低減剤 |
WO2012170478A2 (en) * | 2011-06-06 | 2012-12-13 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Methods and kits for detecting adenomas, colorectal cancer, and uses thereof |
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