JPS6228993B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS6228993B2 JPS6228993B2 JP58019911A JP1991183A JPS6228993B2 JP S6228993 B2 JPS6228993 B2 JP S6228993B2 JP 58019911 A JP58019911 A JP 58019911A JP 1991183 A JP1991183 A JP 1991183A JP S6228993 B2 JPS6228993 B2 JP S6228993B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- group
- weight
- phosphorus
- butadiene
- polymerizable
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- -1 amino, mercapto Chemical class 0.000 claims description 41
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003673 urethanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- IUHFWCGCSVTMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[C] Chemical group [C].[C] IUHFWCGCSVTMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 21
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 13
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 10
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000005056 polyisocyanate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920001228 polyisocyanate Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003522 acrylic cement Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010960 cold rolled steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylmethacrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 4
- MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdate Chemical compound [O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012644 addition polymerization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 3
- NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;prop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- LEJBBGNFPAFPKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethoxy)ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOCCOC(=O)C=C LEJBBGNFPAFPKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OCCOC(=O)C=C OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RUMACXVDVNRZJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C(C)=C RUMACXVDVNRZJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOC(=O)C=C KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylbenzyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyraldehyde Chemical compound CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004840 adhesive resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006223 adhesive resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC=C XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzylamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC=C1 WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002432 hydroperoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005906 polyester polyol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012763 reinforcing filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GSZQTIFGANBTNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid Chemical compound NCCCP(O)(O)=O GSZQTIFGANBTNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002818 (Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JJWLMSCSLRJSAN-TYYBGVCCSA-L (e)-but-2-enedioate;lead(2+) Chemical compound [Pb+2].[O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O JJWLMSCSLRJSAN-TYYBGVCCSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZCOMURCDMLBWOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (hydroxy-phenyl-phosphonomethyl)phosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(=O)(O)C(P(O)(O)=O)(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZCOMURCDMLBWOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALQLPWJFHRMHIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-diisocyanatobenzene Chemical compound O=C=NC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1 ALQLPWJFHRMHIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXESJSGVJFDEAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hydroxybut-1-en-2-ylphosphonic acid Chemical compound CCC(=CO)P(O)(O)=O KXESJSGVJFDEAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YENKRZXDJWBUIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phosphonooxypropan-2-yl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound OP(=O)(O)OCC(C)OC(=O)C(C)=C YENKRZXDJWBUIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGRVJHAUYBGFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C)=CC(CC=2C(=C(C=C(C)C=2)C(C)(C)C)O)=C1O KGRVJHAUYBGFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHVBLSNVXDSMEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(diethylamino)ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C=C QHVBLSNVXDSMEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C=C GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUIQBJHUESBZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(dimethylazaniumyl)methyl]phenolate Chemical compound CN(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1O FUIQBJHUESBZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGWZVZSVQQBXJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[ethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOP(O)(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)=C OGWZVZSVQQBXJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WAJJFPMYKWCDNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[hydroxy(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethoxy)phosphoryl]oxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOP(=O)(O)OCCOC(=O)C=C WAJJFPMYKWCDNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWLLQUWZWIKQKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[hydroxy(methoxy)phosphoryl]oxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound COP(O)(=O)OCCOC(=O)C=C YWLLQUWZWIKQKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFCUBKYHMMPGBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound COCCOC(=O)C=C HFCUBKYHMMPGBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C=C CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SEILKFZTLVMHRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phosphonooxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOP(O)(O)=O SEILKFZTLVMHRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UDXXYUDJOHIIDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phosphonooxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OCCOC(=O)C=C UDXXYUDJOHIIDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enal Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=CC=O)=C1OC FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Chemical compound C1=CC(N=C=O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1 UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YHAUWIDCXVQMPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n,n-di(propan-2-yl)aniline Chemical compound CC(C)N(C(C)C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 YHAUWIDCXVQMPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHNKSVVCUPOUDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-nitro-1h-indene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 OHNKSVVCUPOUDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FIHBHSQYSYVZQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-prop-2-enoyloxyhexyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C FIHBHSQYSYVZQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004135 Bone phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DWSLZXIVLWVGRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(=C)C(=O)OCCP(O)=O Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCP(O)=O DWSLZXIVLWVGRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical compound OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001335 Galvanized steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HDIFHQMREAYYJW-XGXNLDPDSA-N Glyceryl Ricinoleate Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO HDIFHQMREAYYJW-XGXNLDPDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005057 Hexamethylene diisocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCO WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005058 Isophorone diisocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004824 Multi-part adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- SUHOOTKUPISOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-phosphoethanolamine Chemical compound NCCOP(O)(O)=O SUHOOTKUPISOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBYWTNBGUBZKJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N OP(=C)=O Chemical compound OP(=C)=O LBYWTNBGUBZKJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004635 Polyester fiberglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical compound ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DAKWPKUUDNSNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane triacrylate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(CC)(COC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C DAKWPKUUDNSNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UKLDJPRMSDWDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L [dibutyl(dodecanoyloxy)stannyl] dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC UKLDJPRMSDWDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000746 allylic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RCMWGBKVFBTLCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+);dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O RCMWGBKVFBTLCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AGIABBZIYOGTGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl)phosphinic acid Chemical compound C=CCP(=O)(O)CC=C AGIABBZIYOGTGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZQGPAIRPODOCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]phosphinic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCP(O)(=O)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C CZQGPAIRPODOCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XZKRXPZXQLARHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-dienylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XZKRXPZXQLARHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BIOOACNPATUQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O BIOOACNPATUQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- FCPZWSAJRRKPLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohex-2-en-1-ylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)C1CCCC=C1 FCPZWSAJRRKPLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000596 cyclohexenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- KQWGXHWJMSMDJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexyl isocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NC1CCCCC1 KQWGXHWJMSMDJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012933 diacyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012975 dibutyltin dilaurate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DKSRBFZBDLMDBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethoxyphosphoryl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OC(=O)C=C DKSRBFZBDLMDBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004656 dimethylamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008397 galvanized steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNCPIMCVTKXXOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C LNCPIMCVTKXXOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012770 industrial material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UMKARVFXJJITLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead;phosphorous acid Chemical compound [Pb].OP(O)O UMKARVFXJJITLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000157 magnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960002261 magnesium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- YDKNBNOOCSNPNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 1,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxylate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(C(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 YDKNBNOOCSNPNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- GYVGXEWAOAAJEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n,4-trimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 GYVGXEWAOAAJEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEMHFKXPOCTAIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-n'-phenylcarbamimidoyl chloride Chemical compound CN(C)C(Cl)=NC1=CC=CC=C1 GEMHFKXPOCTAIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KCAMXZBMXVIIQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-3-yl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCC(CC)OC(=O)C(C)=C KCAMXZBMXVIIQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- WRUUGTRCQOWXEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pamidronate Chemical compound NCCC(O)(P(O)(O)=O)P(O)(O)=O WRUUGTRCQOWXEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentโ4โenโ2โone Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003009 phosphonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005498 phthalate group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002587 poly(1,3-butadiene) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001490 poly(butyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001483 poly(ethyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004632 polycaprolactone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000120 polyethyl acrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001470 polyketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- RZKYDQNMAUSEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)CC=C RZKYDQNMAUSEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002990 reinforced plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- BUUPQKDIAURBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfinic acid Chemical compound OS=O BUUPQKDIAURBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YBBRCQOCSYXUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuryl dichloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)(=O)=O YBBRCQOCSYXUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- SJMYWORNLPSJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OC(C)(C)C SJMYWORNLPSJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N urethane group Chemical group NC(=O)OCC JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric aldehyde Natural products CCCCC=O HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006163 vinyl copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)C=C ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAEWLETZEZXLHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O XAEWLETZEZXLHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ฮต-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F299/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers
- C08F299/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers from unsaturated polycondensates
- C08F299/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers from unsaturated polycondensates from polyurethanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J4/00—Adhesives based on organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond ; adhesives, based on monomers of macromolecular compounds of groups C09J183/00ย -ย C09J183/16
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Steroid Compounds (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Description
ๆฌ็บๆใฏ้ๅฑๅใณใใฉในใใใฏใๆฅๅใใๆฐ่ฆ
ใชๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใซ้ขใใใ้ๅไฝ็ฉ่ณชใใใฎ็ฉ่ณช
ใจๅ ฑ้ๅๅใงใใใขใใใผใๅใณๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ
ๆบถๆถฒใพใใฏๅๆฃๆถฒใใใชใๆฅ็ๅคใฏใใใใ้ซๆธฉ
ๆง่ฝๅใณๅ่ถใใ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใซใใฎ็นๅพดใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซ้ขใใใ็นใซใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฏ้ซๆธฉใซใใใๆฅ็ๆง่ฝใๆนๅใใใใค่
็ฑๅฃๅๆงใๅไธใใใใจใซ้ขใใใ ๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใฏไธปใจใใฆ้ๅฑๆๆใจใใฉในใใ
ใฏๆๆใๆฅๅใใใใใซไธ่ฌใซไฝฟ็จใใใฆใใใ
ใ็ฅใใใ่ฃฝๅใงใใใๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใฏใใฎ่ท้
ใๆฏๆใใ็นๆงใๅฟๅ้คๅป็นๆงใๅใณๆฅๅใในใ
ๅทฅๆฅญๆๆใฎๅผทๅบฆใไธๅใๆฅ็ๅผทๅบฆใฎใใใซใ็นใซ
่ท้ๅฟๅใๆฐๅๆใซ้ไธญใใใใใใๅบใ็ฏๅฒใซ
ใใใคใฆๅๆฃใใใใฎใๆใพใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใๅทฅๆฅญ
ๆๆใๆฉๆขฐ็ใซไพใใฐใชใใใใ็นๆบถๆฅใซใใคใฆ
ๆฅๅใใๆนๆณใฎ้ญ ๅ็ใชไปฃๆฟๆนๆณใจใชใคใฆใใใ
ใใฎๆฅ็ๅคใไฝฟ็จใใใจใๆฉๆขฐ็ๆฅๅๆณใซๅฟ ่ฆใช
ใณในใใฎ้ซใไปไธใๅฆ็ใไธ่ฆใซใชใใใใใฎๅฟ
่ฆๆงใไฝไธใใใพใใใใใใใๅค้ขใๅพใใใ
ไธใซใ้ๅฑ้จๅใใฒใจใคไปฅไธๅซใ็ต็ซ้จๆใฎ่ ้ฃ
ใฎๅฏ่ฝๆงใๅฐใชใใจใๆๅถใงใใใๅ ใใฆใใใ
ใๆฅ็ๅคใฏ่กจ้ขใๅบใ็ฏๅฒใซใใใคใฆๅฆ็ใใชใ
ใฆใๅค็จฎๅคๆงใช้ๅฑใๆฅๅใใใใใซไฝฟ็จใงใ
ใใไพใใฐใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ4223115ๅทๅใณๅ็ฌฌ
3890407ๅทใฎๅๅ ฌๅ ฑใซใฏใๅซๆฒน้ๅฑ้ขใๆฅๅใใ
ใซๆๅนใชๆๆใงใใใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใ่จ
่ผใใใฆใใใ ใใฎใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใฏ้ญ ๅ็ใงใใ
ใใๆฌ ็นใใชใใใใงใฏใชใใไพใใฐใใใฎ็จฎใฎ
ๆฅ็ๅคใฏ่ปไฝใ้จๅใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใใใซ่ปฝ้ใฎ้ๅฑ
ๅใณใใฉในใใใฏๆๆใๆฅๅใใใใใซไฝฟ็จใใ
ใใใจใๅคใใชใคใฆใใฆใใใใใฎใใใช็จ้ใง
ใฏใๆฅ็ๅคใฎ็กฌๅๅพๅฅฝใพใใใฏๆธฉๅบฆใซ้ขใใฆใฏๅจ
ๅฒๆกไปถใงๆๅพใฎ็ต็ซไฝใๅก่ฃ ใใๅก่ฃ ้ขใ100โ
ไปฅไธใฎๆธฉๅบฆใงไธๅบฆ็ผไปใใฆๅกๆใใคใซใ ใฎ็กฌๅๅ
ใณๆฅ็ใฎๆนๅใ่จใคใฆใใใใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅค็ต
ๆ็ฉใฏๅจๅฒๆธฉๅบฆๆกไปถไธใงใฏใใใใๆฅ็ๆงใ็คบใ
ใใใใฎๆฅ็ๅคใงๆฅๅใใใ็ต็ซไฝใฏใ้ซๆธฉใง็ผ
ไปใใใใใจใ็ผไปใใซ้ฉ็จใใใๆธฉๅบฆใซ็ธๅฝใ
ใๆธฉๅบฆใง่ฉฆ้จใใๅ ดๅใซๆฅ็ๅผทๅบฆใใใชใไฝไธ
ใใใพใ้ซๆธฉ็ผไปใๅพๅจๅฒๆธฉๅบฆใง่ฉฆ้จใใฆใๅๆ
ๆฅ็ๅผทใใไฝไธใใใใจใๅคใคใใๅฝ็ถใชใใจใ
ใใไปใฎ็นๆงใซๆชๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใใซใ้ซๆธฉ็นๆงใฎใฟ
ใๆนๅใงใใใฐใใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใฎ็จ้
ใๆกๅคงใงใใใฏใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝๅใณใใใใ่็ฑๅฃ
ๅๆงใใใคใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใๆไพใใใ
ใฎใงใใใใใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใใใฐใๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฐ่ฆใขใฏ
ใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏไธ่จใฎๅๆๅใ็ตๅ
ใใฆใชใใใฎใงใใใ (a) ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใ
ใชใใผใจใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใชใฌใใคใณ
็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๆใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใใญ
ใญใทๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใจใใใๅพใใใๅฐใใจใใฒ
ใจใคใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใงใใคใฆใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅฐใใจใ
๏ผๅๆใใใค้้ขใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใๅฎ่ณช็
ใซๆใใชใใใฎใ (b) (i)ใใฟใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใจใ(ii)ใใฟใธใจ
ใณใจใในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใใใชใซใใใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใใฟใธใจใณใจๅ ฑ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๅฐใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎใขใใใผใจใฎใณใใชใใผใจใ(iii)ใใฟ
ใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใใใณๅ่จใณใใชใใผใ
ใใชใ็พคใซๅฑใใใใฎ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผ้้๏ผ
ใพใงใฎๅฐ้ใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใ
ๅ ฑ้ๅใใฆๅคๆงใใใฆใใใใฎใใฎไธญใใ้ธๆ
ใใใๅคๆงใใใใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆ
ใจใ(iv)ใใใใฎใใฎใฎๆททๅ็ฉใจใใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใฟใธใจใณ็ณป
ใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใใใใณ (c) ๅ่จใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใจๅ่จใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆ
ๆใจใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใช
ใใผๆๆ(A)๏ผ ในใใฌใณใใใณใขใฏใชใซใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใฎ
ใขใใใผใใใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใ้จๅ้
ๅใใฆๅพใใใใทใญใใใงใใคใฆใใชใใผใจๆช้
ๅใขใใใผใจใๅ ฑใซๅซๆใใฆใใใใฎใใใใณใ
ใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใๅพใใใใใชใใผใจ
ใใใใขใใใผใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใจใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใ
ใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๅฏ
่ฝใชๆๆ(B)๏ผ ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)๏ผใใใณๅฎคๆธฉๆดป
ๆงใฌใใใฏใน่งฆๅช็ณป(D)๏ผ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใๆฐ่ฆใชใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ต
ๆ็ฉใฏๅคๆงใใใใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใ
ใชใใผๆๆๅใณๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใซๅญๅจใใฆใใใใจ
ใฎใใๅฐ้ใฎใซใซใใญใทใซๅใ้คใใฐใ้้ข็ถๆ
ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใพใใฏ็กๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉ็นใซใกใฟใฏใช
ใซ้ ธใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใใฆใใชใใใจใซใใฎ็นๅพด
ใใใใ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใๅญๅจใใใชใใใจใใๆใใ
ใชๆชๅฝฑ้ฟใๅใผใใใจใชใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝใๆนๅใใใ
ใจใซใชใใจ่ใใใใใใใใฎ็ตๆใฏ้ฉใใซไพกใ
ใใใจใใใฎใฏใ๏ผใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎ้ใง้ ธๅๅ
็ฉใ็นใซใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใ้ ๅใใใใจใ้ๅฑๆฅ็
ๆงใๅไธใใใใใคใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซ้
ๅใใใ้ ธใฎ้ใ๏ผใ๏ผ้้ใ่ถใใใจใใขใฏใช
ใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅคใฎ็กฌๅใไฟ้ฒใใใฎใซๆๅนใงใใใจ็ฅ
ใใใฆใใใใใงใใใ ใใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใใใฐใๆฌ็บๆใซใใๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅๆงใข
ใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏๆฌกใฎๅๆๅใใใช
ใใ (a) ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใ
ใชใใผใจใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใชใฌใใคใณ
็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๆใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใใญ
ใญใทๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใจใใใๅพใใใๅฐใใจใใฒ
ใจใคใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใงใใคใฆใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅฐใใจใ
๏ผๅๆใใใค้้ขใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใๅฎ่ณช็
ใซๆใใชใใใฎใ (b) (i)ใใฟใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใจใ(ii)ใใฟใธใจ
ใณใจใในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใใใชใซใใใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใใฟใธใจใณใจๅ ฑ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๅฐใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎใขใใใผใจใฎใณใใชใใผใจใ(iii)ใใฟ
ใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใใใณๅ่จใณใใชใใผใ
ใใชใ็พคใซๅฑใใใใฎ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผ้้๏ผ
ใพใงใฎๅฐ้ใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใ
ๅ ฑ้ๅใใฆๅคๆงใใใฆใใใใฎใใฎไธญใใ้ธๆ
ใใใๅคๆงใใใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆ
ใจใ(iv)ใใใใฎใใฎใฎๆททๅ็ฉใจใใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใฟใธใจใณ็ณป
ใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใใใใณ (c) ๅ่จใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใจๅ่จใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆ
ๆใจใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใช
ใใผๆๆ(A)๏ผ ในใใฌใณใใใณใขใฏใชใซใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใฎ
ใขใใใผใใพใใฏใใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใ
้จๅ้ๅใใฆๅพใใใใทใญใใใงใใคใฆใใชใใผ
ใจๆช้ๅใขใใใผใจใๅ ฑใซๅซๆใใฆใใใใฎใใ
ใใณใใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใๅพใใใใใช
ใใผใจใใใใขใใใผใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใจใฎๆททๅ
็ฉใใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆ(B)๏ผ ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)๏ผ ๅฎคๆธฉๆดปๆงใฌใใใฏใน็ตๅใ่งฆๅช็ณปใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจ
ใคใฎ้ๅ ๅค(D)๏ผ ๅฎคๆธฉๆดปๆงใฌใใใฏใน็ตๅใ่งฆๅช็ณปใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจ
ใคใฎ้ ธๅๅคใงใใคใฆๅฎคๆธฉใงๅ่จ้ๅ ๅคใจๅๅฟใใฆ
ใฉใธใซใซ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๅ่จใใชใใผๆๆใจๅ่จ้ๅ
ๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆใจใฎ้ๅใ้ๅงใใใซ่ถณใ้้ขๅบใ็
ๆใๅพใใใฎใใๅซๆใใๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅค(E)ใ ใใใฆๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ตๆ็ฉใฏใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅ
ใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅค
ใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ10ใ90้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ13ใ
83้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใ
ใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎ
ๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผใ30้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ27
้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใในใใฌใณใใใณใขใฏใชใซใพ
ใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใฎใขใใใผใใใใใขใใใผ
ใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใๅพใใใใใชใใผใใใใใขใใ
ใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใ้จๅ้ๅใใฆๅพใใใใทใญใใ
ใพใใฏใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ
ๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผใ90้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ17
ใ87๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆง
ๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ0.1ใ20้้
๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ10้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใ้ๅ ๅค
ใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ0.05ใ10้
้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ0.1ใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใ้ ธ
ๅๅคใฎ้ใฏๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ0.5ใ
30้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ10้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏๅ่จๅคๆงใใฟใธใจ
ใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆไธญใซๅ ฑ้ๅๅใ
ใใฆใใใใจใใใๅฐ้ใฎใซใซใใญใทใซไพกๅใณๅซ
ใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ้ ธไพกใ้คใใฐใ้้ข็ถๆ ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅ
ๅ็ฉๅใณ็กๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใใฆใใช
ใใใจใซใใฎ็นๅพดใใใใๆฌ็บๆใซใใๆฅ็ๅค็ต
ๆ็ฉใซใฏๅ ดๅใซๅฟใใฆ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅ จ
้้ใซๅบใใใฆ50้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ25้
้๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใฎใชใฌใใค
ใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใขใใใผใ้ๅๆงๆๆๅ
ใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ60้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎใๅฅฝ
ใพใใใฏ30้้๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅ
ๆงใใชใใผๆๆ๏ผๆฅต้็ฒๅบฆๆฐใ0.1ใ0.3ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซ
ใใใใฎใใชใใผๆๆใฏๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎในใ
ใฌใณใขใใใผใใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผใ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ
ใขใใใผใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปใฎ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใขใใใผ
ใพใใฏใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ้ๅใใฆๅพใใใฎใงใ
ใ๏ผใใใใฆ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบ
ใใใฆ40้้ใพใงใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ30้้๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎ
ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎไปๅ ้ๅๆงใฎใจใฉในใใใผๆง
ใใชใใผๆๆ๏ผไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใฏ๏ผโๆชๆบใง
ใใ๏ผใ้ ๅใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใ็นใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅๆงใขใฏใชใซ็ณป
ๆฅ็ๅคใฏๆฌ่ณช็ใซๆฌกใฎๅๆๅใใใชใใ ๏ผก ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใจใใฆใฎใ (a) ในใใฌใณใใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใจใใซใก
ใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ฝโใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใค
ใฝใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ฝโใใใซใกใฟใฏใช
ใฌใผใใใใญใทใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใจใใซโใ
ใญใทใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใใชใใผๅใณๆช้ๅใข
ใใใผใฎไธก่ ใๅซใใใใใใขใใใผ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธ
ใฎ้จๅ้ๅใทใญใใใๅใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใ
ใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅ
ๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆ็ด10ใ็ด90้้๏ผ ใ (b) ใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใใชใใผใจๅฐใชใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใใ
ใคใใใญใญใทๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใจใฎๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉใงใ
ใคใฆใ้้ขใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใ
ใฆใใชใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
ไธ่จๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ็ด10ใ็ด90้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ็ด
13ใ็ด87้้๏ผ ใ (c) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใฎใจใใฌใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝ
ๅใขใใใผ๏ผใ็ด20้้๏ผ ๏ผใใฎใขใใใผใฎ้
ใฏ(a)ใงไฝฟ็จใใใใขใใใผใฎ้ใซๅ ็ฎใใ
ใ๏ผใ (d) ไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ๏ผโๆชๆบใฎๅฐใชใใจใ
ใฒใจใคใฎใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆ๏ผใ็ด40
้้๏ผ ใ ๏ผใใ ใใ(a)๏ผ(b)๏ผ(c)ๅใณ(d)ใฎๅ้้๏ผ ใฏ
(a)๏ผ(b)๏ผ(c)ๅใณ(d)ใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใ๏ผ (e) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉๆๅน้ใ (f) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅ ๅคๆๅน้ใ ใใใชใๆททๅ็ฉ๏ผใใใฆ ๏ผข ๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใจใใฆใฎใๅฎคๆธฉใซใใใฆ้ๅ ๅคใซ
ๅฏพใใฆๅๅฟๆงใ็คบใใฆใไธ่จ้ๅๆงๆฅ็็ตๆ็ฉ
ใฎไปๅ ้ๅใ้ๅงใใใ้้ขๅบใๅฝขๆใใๅฐใช
ใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ ธๅๅคๆๅน้ใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใๆฅ็็ตๆ็ฉใฏไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆ
ใ๏ผโๆชๆบใฎไธ่จใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใซ
ๅญๅจใใฆใใใใจใใใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎใซใซใใญ
ใทใซไพกใ้คใใฐใ้้ข็ถๆ ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉๅใณ็ก
ๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใฆใใชใใใจใซใ
ใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใ็ฌฌ๏ผใฎ็นใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅๆงใขใฏ
ใชใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅคใฏๆฌ่ณช็ใซไธ่จใฎๆๅใใใชใใ AA ้ๅๆงๆฅ็็ตๆ็ฉใจใใฆใฎใ (a) ใใชใใฟใธใจใณใใขใใชใใผ๏ผใใฟใธใจใณ
ใจใในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซๅใณใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใใใชใซใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใใใใฎใ
ใฟใธใจใณใจๅ ฑ้ๅใงใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใข
ใใใผใจใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝ๏ผใใชใใฟใธใจใณใใขใใช
ใใผๅใณ็ด๏ผ้้๏ผ ใพใงใจใใๅฐ้ใฎๅฎ่ฝใขใ
ใใผใจๅ ฑ้ๅใใใใใจใซใใคใฆๅคๆงใใไธ่จ
ๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใใใคไบๆฌกใฌ
ใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ๏ผโๆชๆบใฎๅคๆงใใชใใผๆๆ็ด
๏ผใ็ด30้้๏ผ ใ (b) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผ
ใ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผ็ด25ใ็ด85้้๏ผ ใ (c) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ
้ฃฝๅ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใขใใใผ๏ผใ็ด50้้๏ผ ใ (d) (b)ๅใณ(c)ใฎใขใใใผใฎๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใใ
่ชๅฐใใใใ้็็ฒๅบฆๆฐใ็ด0.1ใ็ด1.3ใฎ็ฏๅฒ
ใซใใใใชใใผ๏ผใ็ด60้้๏ผ ใ ๏ผใใ ใใ(a)๏ผ(b)๏ผ(c)ๅใณ(d)ใฎๅ้ใฏ(a)๏ผ
(b)๏ผ(c)ๅใณ(d)ใฎๅ่จ้้ใซๅบใใ๏ผใ (e) ๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใ (f) ้ๅ ๅค ใใใชใๆททๅ็ฉใใใใณ AB ๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใจใใฆใฎใๅฎคๆธฉใซใใใฆไธ่จ้
ๅ ๅคใซๅฏพใใฆๅๅฟๆงใ็คบใใฆใไธ่จ้ๅๆงๆฅ็
ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎไปๅ ้ๅใ้ๅงใใใใฎใซๆๅนใช้
้ขๅบใๅฝขๆใใ้ ธๅๅคใ ใใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏไธ่จใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใ
ใผๆๆใซๅญๅจใใฆใใใใจใใใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎ
ๅฐ้ใฎใซใซใใญใทใซไพกๅใณๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ้ ธๅใ
้คใใฐใ้้ข็ถๆ ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉๅใณ็กๆฉ้ ธๅๅ
็ฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใฆใใชใ็นใซ็นๅพดใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซไฝฟ็จใใใฎใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใข
ใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉๅใณ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผ
ๅๅ็ฉใฎไปฃ่กจไพใๅ่จใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ
้ๅฎใใใชใใใกใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใใใซใขใฏ
ใชใฌใผใใใคใฝใใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผโใใจใ
ใญใทใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผโใกใใญใทใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌ
ใผใใ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎโใธใจใใซใขใใ๏ผโใจใใซ
ใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผโใจใใซใใญใทใซใขใฏใชใฌใผ
ใใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใกใใซใขใฏใชใญใใใช
ใซใใใชใใณใใซใฐใชใณใผใซใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใจ
ใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใธใจใใฌใณใฐ
ใชใณใผใซใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใใญใทใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซ
ใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใใชใกใใญใผใซใใญใใณใใชใข
ใฏใชใฌใผใใๅใณๅฏพๅฟใใใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใๅๅ
็ฉใๅฐใชใใ๏ผใคใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใคไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใช
ใซๅฎ่ฝๅบใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซๅฎ่ฝๅบใใใคๅคๅฎ่ฝ
ใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซใขใ
ใใผๅๅ็ฉใไฝฟ็จใใใจใๆฅ็ๅผทๅบฆใ่็ฑๆงๅใณ
่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใๆนๅใงใใใใจใ่ฆๅบใใใใใใช
๏ผใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใใใช๏ผใกใใซใกใฟใฏ
ใชใฌใผใโใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใชใฉใฎใใฒใจใค
ใใใไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉๅใณ็ฝฎๆใข
ใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉใ้ๅใใฆๅพใใใชใใผ
ใใใฒใจใคใใใไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉ
ๅใณ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉใ้จๅ้ๅใใฆ
ๅพใใขใใใผไธญใใชใใผ๏ผpolymer in
monomer๏ผใทใญใใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซ้ฉ็จใงใ
ใใใใฎใใใชใขใใใผไธญใใชใใผใทใญใใใฏๅ ธ
ๅ็ใซใฏใใชใใผใจๆช้ๅใขใใใผใฎไธก่ ใๅซๆ
ใใฆใใใใพใใใชใใฌใณใๅซๆใงใใใใขใใ
ใผไธญใใชใใผๅใณใใฎ่ฃฝๆณใฏใใ็ฅใใใฆใใใฎ
ใงใใใใงใฏ่ชฌๆใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซๅฅฝ้ฉใช้ๅๆงใฎ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใข
ใใใผใซใฏในใใฌใณใใใใซในใใฌใณใใฏใญใญใน
ใใฌใณใใใใซใขใปใใผใใใใใซใใญใชใใณใ
ใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌ
ใใชใใผใฏใใ็ฅใใใฆใใใใฎใงใใใไปฃ่กจ็
ใชไพใๆใใใฐใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎ้้ขใคใฝใทใข
ใใผใๅบใใใคใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅๅ็ฉใจๅฐใช
ใใจใ๏ผใคใฎใใใญใญใทๅบใใใคใใชใชใผใซใขใ
ใใผใ้ซๅๅญ้ใใชใชใผใซใใใใใใชใชใผใซๆทท
ๅ็ฉใจใฎไปๅ ็ฉใ็ธฎๅ็ฉใใใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใค
ใฎ้้ขๆชๅๅฟใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใใใคๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใ็ขบๅฎใซๅพใใใใใใซใ้ๅฐ้ใฎใใชใคใฝใทใข
ใใผใใ็จใใฆใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใจใใชใชใผใซ
ใๅๅฟใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใใใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใใช
ใใผใไฝใใใใซๆ็จใชใใชใชใผใซใฏๅนณๅๅๅญ้
ใ็ด300ใ็ด3000ใฎใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ้ฉๅฝใชใใช
ใชใผใซใซใฏใใชใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใชใฉใฎใใชใข
ใซใญใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใจใใฌใณใชใญใทใใจใใชใก
ใใญใผใซใใญใใณใชใฉใฎใใชใชใผใซใจใๆชๅๅฟใ
ใใญใญใทใซๅบใใงใใใใใชๅฒๅใงไปๅ ้ๅใใ
ใใจๅพใใใใใชใจใผใใซใใชใชใผใซใใใช๏ผใ
ใฟใธใจใณโในใใฌใณ๏ผใใชใชใผใซใใใช๏ผใใฟใธ
ใจใณ๏ผใใชใชใผใซใชใฉใฎไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็ด
๏ผโๆชๆบใฎๆๆฉใใใญใญใทใซๅใจใฉในใใใผใใธ
ใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใชใกใใญใผใซใใญใใณใ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใฟใณใธใชใผใซใชใฉใฎใใชใชใผใซใใใฟ
ใซ้ ธใใใฌใใฟใซ้ ธใใขใธใใณ้ ธใใใฌใคใณ้ ธใ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใชใฉใฎใซใซใใณ้ ธใจใๆชๅๅฟใใใญใญใท
ใซๅบใใงใใใใใชๅฒๅใง้ๅใใฆๅพใใใชใจใน
ใใซใใชใชใผใซใใใใทๆฒนใใฐใชใปใญใผใซใขใใช
ใทใใฌใผใใๅน่พผใขใใๆฒนใๅน่พผๅคง่ฑๆฒนใชใฉใฎใ
ใใญใญใทใซๅ่่ช้ ธใฎใฐใชใปใชใใจในใใซใๅใณ
ฮตโใซใใญใฉใฏใใณใชใฉใฎใฉใฏใใณใฎ้ๅใซใใค
ใฆๅพใใใใใชใจในใใซใใชใชใผใซใใใใ ใใชใชใผใซใจๅๅฟใใฆๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใคใฝ
ใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใใชใใผใๅฝขๆใงใใใใชใค
ใฝใทใขใใผใใฏใขใใใผๆงใฎใใฎใงใใใฐไฝใงใ
ใใใๅณใกใ่่ชๆใ่็ฐๅผใ่ณ้ฆๆๅๅ็ฉใๅง
ใใจใใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎ้้ขใคใฝใทใขใใผใ
ๅบใใใค้้ๅใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅๅ็ฉใงใใใไปฃ
่กจ็ใชใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใซใฏ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใซใคใฌ
ใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใซใคใฌใณใธใคใฝ
ใทใขใใผใใ๏ผ๏ผ4โฒโใธใใจใใซใกใฟใณใธใคใฝใท
ใขใใผใใ๏ฝโ๏ผ๏ฝโใใจใใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผ
ใใใใชใกใใฌใณใใช๏ผใใจใใซใคใฝใทใขใใผ
ใ๏ผใใใญใตใกใใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใ๏ผ๏ผ
4โฒใกใใฌใณโใใน๏ผใทใฏใญใใญใทใซใคใฝใทใขใใผ
ใ๏ผใใคใฝใใญใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใๅใณไปใฎ่
่ชๆใ่็ฐๅผๅใณ่ณ้ฆๆใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใ
ใใฆใใใใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ็พๅจใงใฏใ
่็ฐๅผใ่ณ้ฆๆใฎใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใๅฅฝใพใใฆ
ใใใ ใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใใชใใผใซใชใฌใใคใณ
็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅฐๅ ฅใใใใใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใใใญ
ใญใทๅฎ่ฝๅๅ็ฉใซใฏใใใญใญใทใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผ
ใใใใใญใญใทใจใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใขใชใซใข
ใซใณใผใซใใใใซใขใซใณใผใซใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏ
ใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซไฝฟ็จใใใฎใซ้ฉๅฝใชใใฟใธใจใณ
็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใฏ่ฏใ็ฅใใใใ
ใฎใงใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใๅจๅฒๆธฉๅบฆๆชๆบใๅฅฝใพใใ
ใฏ็ด๏ผโๆชๆบใฎ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใฟใธใจใณใใใฎใใญใฒ
ใณๅ้ก็ธ็ฉใใ่ชๅฐใใใใจใฉในใใใผใงใใใฐ
ไฝใงใใใใ้ฉๅฝใชใจใฉในใใใผใซใฏใใฟใธใจใณ
ใใขใใชใใผใใใฟใธใจใณใจในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญ
ใใใชใซๅใณใกใฟใฏใชใญใใใชใซใจใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใ
ใใใใใใใใใขใใชใใผๅใณๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใฏใขใฏ
ใชใซ้ ธใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใ็กๆฐดใใฌใคใณ้ ธใใใใซ
้ ธใในใใฌใณใใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใชใฉใฎๅฎ่ฝ
ใณใผใขใใใผใๅฐ้๏ผ0.05ใ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผๅ ฑ้ๅๅใใ
ใใจใซใใคใฆๅคๆงใใใ ไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็ด๏ผโๆชๆบใฎใจใฉในใใ
ใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๆฅ็
ๅฑคใฎๅฎคๆธฉๅฏๆๆงใๅคใใใฎใซๆๅนใงใ็นใซใชใฌใ
ใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉใๅซใๆฅ็ๅค็ต
ๆ็ฉใซใใใฆๆๅฉใงใใใ็นใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใจใฉในใใ
ใผใฏใใชใฏใญใญใใฌใณใดใ ใใใชใใฟใธใจใณใด
ใ ใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซโใใฟใธใจใณใใซใซใใญใท
ใซๅใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซโใใฟใธใจใณใในใใฌใณโ
ใใฟใธใจใณใดใ ใชใฉใฎใใฟใธใจใณๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใดใ ใ
ใใช๏ผใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใใใช๏ผใจใใซใขใฏ
ใชใฌใผใโใใญใฒใณๅใใใซใจใผใใซโใขใฏใชใซ
้ ธ๏ผใดใ ใชใฉใฎใใชใขใฏใชใฌใผใใดใ ใๅใณใจใ
ใฌใณโใใใซใขใปใใผใใดใ ใชใฉใฎใจใใฌใณๅ ฑ้
ๅไฝใงใใใใฌใฉใน่ปขไฝๆธฉๅบฆใ๏ผโๆชๆบใฎไปใฎใจ
ใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใ้ฉ็จใงใใใใจใใ
ใฎใฏใไฝใใฌใฉใน่ปขไฝๆธฉๅบฆใ้คใใฐใใจใฉในใใ
ใผใซ็นๅฅใชๅถ้ใใชใใใใงใใใใใ ใใๅๅญ
้ใ็ฒๅบฆใๆฅ็ๅคใฎไปใฎๆๅใซๅฏพใใ็ธๆบถๆงใชใฉ
ใฎ่ฃฝ้ ใในใๆฅ็ๅคใฎ็นๆงใซใฏๅถ้ใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใใใฎใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใๆฅต้็ฒๅบฆใ0.1
ใ็ด0.3ใฎใใชใใผๆๆใฏใฒใจใคไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใชใซ
ใขใใใผๅใณ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใขใใใผใใใใใใฎ
ๆททๅ็ฉใ้ๅใใใจๅพใใใจใใงใใใใใชใใผ
ๆๆใไพ็คบใใใฐใใช๏ผใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผ
๏ฝโใใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผ
๏ผ90๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผใใใช๏ผ๏ฝโใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผ
ใ๏ผใคใฝใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผ๏ผ50๏ผ50๏ผ ๏ผใใ
ใช๏ผ๏ฝโใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใใใช๏ผใจใใซ
ใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใใใใๅฅฝใพใใ็ฒๅบฆใฏไธ่จ็ฏ
ๅฒใฎไธญ้็จๅบฆใฎ็ฒๅบฆใงใใใใใใใใชใใผๆๆ
ใฏๆฌ็บๆใซๅพใคใฆ่ฃฝ้ ใใๆฅ็ๅคใชใใฐใใใชใ
ๆฅ็ๅคใซใ้ ๅใงใใใใ้ ๅใใใฎใซ็นใซๆๅฉ
ใชๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆๆ
ใๅซใใใฎใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซ้ฉ็จใใใฎใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชๅซ
ใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฏใชใณ้ ธใใใใฆใในใใคใณ้ ธใใใน
ใใณ้ ธๅใณใชใณ้ ธใฎๆๆฉ่ชๅฐไฝใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธ
ๆใใใใใใฎๆๆฉ่ชๅฐไฝใฏๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
ๆๆฉ้จๅใๅฅฝใพใใใฏๆซ็ซฏใซๅญๅจใใฆใใ็นใซ็น
ๅพดใใใใใใฎๆๆฉ่ชๅฐไฝใฏ้ฃฝๅใพใใฏไธ้ฃฝๅใฎ
ใใใใงใใคใฆใใใใใพใๅฅฝใพใใใฏๅฐใชใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅญๅจใใฆใ
ใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๆๆฉ้จๅ
ใๆใใฆใใใใใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใใใฐใๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ
ใฏๆฌกๅผ๏ผๅใณใง็คบใใใจใใงใใใ ใใ ใใๅ๏ผฒใฏๅไธใ็ฐใชใคใฆใใฆใใใใใ
ใใใ็ก้ขไฟใซ๏ผไพกใฎๆช็ฝฎๆๆๆฉๅบใๅใณใใญใฒ
ใณใใใใญใญใทใซใใขใใใ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผ
ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅใณๅฐใชใใจใใฒ
ใจใคใฎ้จๅใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ่ณ้ฆๆ ธใๆใใ
ใขใชใผใซๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใชใใจใ
ใฒใจใคใฎ็ฝฎๆๅบใใใค๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใ็ญ็ด โใชใณ็ตๅใไปใใฆใชใณๅๅญใซ
็ดๆฅ็ตๅใใฆใใ๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบใ็คบใใๅ๏ผธใฏๅ
ไธใ็ฐใชใคใฆใใฆใใใใใใใใ็ก้ขไฟใซๆฐด
็ด ใใใใญใญใทใซใใขใใใใกใซใซใใๅใณCH2
๏ผ๏ผฃใใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฎ่ฝๅบใ็คบใใ ใใ ใใ๏ผฒๅใณ๏ผธใฏๅ่ฟฐใใ้ใใงใใใใ
R1ใฏๆฐด็ด ใโR2โ๏ผธ๏ผR2ใฏ๏ผไพกใฎๆช็ฝฎๆๆๆฉ
ๅบใๅใณใใญใฒใณใใใใญใญใทใซใใขใใใ็ญ็ด
ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅ
ใณๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้จๅใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
่ณ้ฆๆ ธใๆใใใขใชใผใซๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใ
ใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ็ฝฎๆๅบใใใค๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉ
ๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใใ็ญ็ด โใชใณ็ตๅใ
ไปใใฆใชใณๅๅญใซ็ดๆฅ็ตๅใใฆใใ๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบ
ใ็คบใ๏ผใงใใใ ใใ ใใR1ใฏๅ่ฟฐใใ้ใใงใใใ ใใๅฅฝใพใใๅซใชใณๅๅใฏๅผใง็คบใใใจใใง
ใใใ ใใ ใใR3ใฏๆฐด็ด ใใใญใฒใณใ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ
๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅใณCH2๏ผ
CHโใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใR4ใฏๆฐด็ด ใ็ญ็ด
ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅ
ใณ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใใญใข
ใซใญใซๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใ๏ผกใฏโR5Oโ
ๅใณโ๏ผR6O๏ผoโ๏ผR5ใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพ
ใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎ่่ชๆใ่็ฐๅผใฎใขใซใญใฌใณๅบใ
R6ใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใข
ใซใญใฌใณๅบใใใใฆ๏ฝใฏ๏ผใ10ใฎๆดๆฐใงใใ๏ผใ
ใใใฆ๏ฝใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใงใใใ ไธ่จใฎๅผใใซใใใฆใ๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบ๏ผฒๅใณ
R2ใฏ็ตๅใใๆง้ ใใใคใใใชใใกใใใใๆ
ๆฉๅบใฏโ๏ผฏโ๏ผโ๏ผณโ๏ผโCOOโ๏ผโNHโ๏ผโ
NHCOOโๅใณโ๏ผR7O๏ผpโ๏ผ๏ผR7ใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐ
ใ๏ผใ๏ผใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใฌใณๅบใใ
ใใฆ๏ฝใฏ๏ผใ10ใฎๆดๆฐใงใใ๏ผใใใคใใใใใ
ใซใใคใฆ็ธไบใซๅ้ขใใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใใ
ใใใฏ้ฃ็ถใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎๆช็ฝฎๆใพใใฏ็ฝฎ
ๆ็ญๅๆฐด็ด ๅบใๅซๆใงใใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏใ๏ผไพกใฎ
ๅบใฏ้ๅๅพฉๅไฝไธญใซ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ22ๅฅฝใพใใ
ใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎ็ด้ใพใใฏ็ฐใใใคใขใซใญใฌใณๅบใงใ
ใใใชใใ็ตๅใใๆง้ ใใใค๏ผไพกใฎๅบใฏ๏ผใคไปฅ
ไธใฎไธ่จ็ด้ใพใใฏ็ฐใใใคใใฎใงใใใใ๏ผไพก
ใฎๅบใฏ้ฃฝๅใพใใฏไธ้ฃฝๅใฎใใใใงใใใใใพใ
่่ชๆใ่็ฐๅผใ่ณ้ฆๆใฎใใใใงใใใใใใฎ
ๅบใ็ตๅใใใใใคๅ ดๅใซใฏใๆททๅ็ฉใงใใคใฆใ
ใใใใใใฆไธ่ฌใซๅ้ไธญใพใใฏๅ็ฐไธญใฎ็ญ็ฐไธญ
ใฎ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใฏ๏ผใ็ด22ใงใใใ ไธ่จๅผโไธญใฎไปฃ่กจ็ใช๏ผธโ๏ผฒโๅใณ๏ผธโ
R2โๅบใซใฏไฝ็ดใขใซใฑใใซใใทใฏใญใใญใปใ
ใซใใใใญใญใทโไฝ็ดใขใซใฑใใซใใใญโไฝ็ดใข
ใซใฑใใซใใซใซใใญใทโไฝ็ดใขใซใฑใใซใไฝ็ดใข
ใซใญใซใใขใใโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใใใญใญใทโไฝ
็ดใขใซใญใซใใกใซใซใใโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใขใซใณ
ใญใทโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใใญโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใธโ
ใในใใใกใใซโใขใใโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใใจใ
ใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใใขใใใใจใ
ใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใใใญใใจใใซ
โใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใใใจใใซโใขใ
ใโใในใใใกใใซใใใญใใจใใซโใขใใโใ
ในใใใกใใซใใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใไฝ
็ดใขใซใญใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใใใญ
โไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซๅ
ใณใขใใโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใ
ใกใใซใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใช
ใใใชใใไฝ็ดใจใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใ
ใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎๅบใๆใใ ใขใชใซ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใใใคๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใใใ
ใใใซไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใใใคใใฎใฎๆนใๅฅฝใพใใใใ
ใใๅฅฝใพใใใฎใฏใฒใจใคใฎใใใซไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใพใ
ใฏใขใชใซ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใ็นใซใใใซไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใ
ใใคใในใใคใณ้ ธใใในใใณ้ ธๅใณใชใณ้ ธใฎใขใ
ใจในใใซใงใใใไปฃ่กจ็ใชๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใซใฏใชใณ
้ ธใ๏ผโใกใฟใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใในใใจใผ
ใใใในโ๏ผ๏ผโใกใฟใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซ๏ผ
ใในใใจใผใใ๏ผโใขใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใ
ในใใจใผใใใในโ๏ผ๏ผโใขใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจ
ใใซ๏ผใในใใจใผใใใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผโใกใฟใฏใชใญ
ใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซ๏ผใในใใจใผใใใจใใซใกใฟใฏ
ใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใในใใจใผใใใกใใซใขใฏ
ใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใในใใจใผใใใจใใซใขใฏ
ใชใญใคใซใจใใซใในใใจใผใใR3ใๆฐด็ด ใใกใ
ใซใงใR4ใใใญใใซใใคใฝใใใซใใจใใซใใญ
ใทใซใใใญใใญใใซใใใญใคใฝใใใซใใใญใจใ
ใซใใญใทใซใงใใๅผใฎๅๅ็ฉใใใใซใในใใณ
้ ธใใทใฏใญใใญใปใณโ๏ผโใในใใณ้ ธใฮฑโใใ
ใญใญใทใใใณโ๏ผโใในใใณ้ ธใ๏ผโใใใญใญใท
โ๏ผโใใจใใซใกใฟใณโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใในใใณ้ ธใ
๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใในใ
ใณ้ ธใ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผโใใจใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใ
ในใใณ้ ธใ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผโใใใญใญใทใใญใใณ
โ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใในใใณ้ ธใฮณโใฐใชใทใใญใทใใญ
ใใซใในใใณ้ ธใใขใใโใใชใน๏ผใกใใฌใณใใน
ใใคใณ้ ธ๏ผใฮณโใขใใใใญใใซใในใใณ้ ธใใช
ใณ้ ธโใขใโ๏ผโใขใใใจใใซใจในใใซใใขใชใซ
ใในใใณ้ ธใใขใชใซใในใใคใณ้ ธใฮฒโใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใในใใคใณ้ ธใใธใขใชใซใใน
ใใคใณ้ ธใใใน๏ผฮฒโใกใฟใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใ
ใซ๏ผใในใใคใณ้ ธๅใณใขใชใซใกใฟใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญ
ใทใจใใซใในใใคใณ้ ธใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใ
ใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใใๅฎคๆธฉๅๅฟๆงใฌใใใฏในใปใซใ
ใใซ่งฆๅช็ณปใฏใใ็ฅใใใฆใใใฎใงใใใใงใฏ่ชฌ
ๆใใชใใๅบๆฌ็ใซใฏใใใฎ่งฆๅช็ณปใฏๅฎคๆธฉใซใใ
ใฆ็ธไบๅๅฟๆดปๆงใ็คบใใฆใไปๅ ้ๅๅๅฟใ้ๅงใ
ใใใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆๆๅนใช้้ขๅบใ็ๆใใๅฐ
ใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ ธๅๅคใจๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้
ๅ ๅคใใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซใฏ็ธไบๅๅฟๆดปๆงใ็คบใๅ ฌ็ฅ้ ธๅ
ๅคๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅ จ้จใไฝฟ็จใงใใใไปฃ่กจ
็ใช้ ธๅๅคใซใฏใใณใพใคใซใใซใชใญใทใใไปใฎใธ
ใขใทใซใใซใชใญใทใใชใฉใฎๆๆฉ้้ ธๅ็ฉใใฏใกใณ
ใใใญใใซใชใญใทใใชใฉใฎใใใญใใซใชใญใทใใ
๏ฝโใใใซใใซใชใญใทใใณใพใจใผใใชใฉใฎ้้ ธใจ
ในใใซใใกใใซใจใใซใฑใใณใชใฉใฎใฑใใณใฎใใ
ใญใใซใชใญใทใใใใใใณ้ ธใณใใซใใชใฉใฎ้ท็งป
้ๅฑใฎๆๆฉๅกฉใๅใณๅกฉๅในใซใใใซใชใฉใฎไธๅฎๅฎ
ใชๅกฉ็ด ใๅซๆใใๅๅ็ฉใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใ
ใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ไปฃ่กจ็ใช้ๅ ๅคใซใฏในใซใใคใณ้ ธๅใณใใฎ็กๆฉ
ๅกฉใใขใพใคใฝ้ ช้ ธใใใชใซใชใฉใฎใขใพๅๅ็ฉใใ
ในโ๏ผใใชใซในใซใใณใกใใซ๏ผใขใใณใใในโ
๏ผใใชใซในใซใใณใกใใซ๏ผใจใใซใขใใณใใในโ
๏ผใใชใซในใซใใณใกใใซ๏ผใใณใธใซใขใใณใชใฉใฎ
ฮฑโใขใใในใซใใณใใธใคใฝใใญใใซโ๏ฝโใใซ
ใคใธใณใใธใกใใซใขใใชใณใใธใกใใซโ๏ฝโใใซ
ใคใธใณใชใฉใฎ็ฌฌไธใขใใณๅใณใขใใณโใขใซใใใ
็ธฎๅ็ฉไพใใฐใใใซใขใซใใใใชใฉใฎ่่ชๆใขใซ
ใใใใจใขใใชใณใใใใซใขใใณใชใฉใฎ็ฌฌไธใขใ
ใณใจใฎ็ธฎๅ็ฉใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ้ๅฎใ
ใใชใใใฌใใใฏในใปใซใใใซ่งฆๅช็ณปใจไธ็ทใซๅ ฌ
็ฅไฟ้ฒๅคใไฝฟ็จใใใจใชใๆๅฉใงใใใ ๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฏๅฎคๆธฉใง็กฌๅๆงใ็คบใใฎใงใไพใใฐไบ
ๆถฒ็ณปใจใใใใใฆๅฅฝใพใใใฏใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅ
ใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉๅใณ๏ผๅใฏใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉ
ในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใๅซใ็ณปใใ้ ธๅๅคใๅ
้ขใใฆใใใๅคงๅใฎๅ ดๅใๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฏใชใฌใ
ใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ้จๅๅใณ๏ผๅใฏใใฟใธ
ใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใๅซใ็ณปใซๆบถ
่งฃใใใๅๆฃใใใใใฎ็ณปใฏๅฅฝใพใใใฏใฌใใใฏ
ในใปใซใใใซ่งฆๅช็ณปใฎ้ๅ ๅคใๅซๆใใใใใ
ใใ้ ธๅๅคๅซๆ็ณปใซๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใ้ ๅใใๆนใ
ๆๅฉใชๅ ดๅใใใใใใใใซใใฆใใๅซใชใณๅๅ
็ฉๆ็กใซ้ขไฟใชใใ้ ธๅๅคๅซๆ็ณปใซ้ ธๅๅคใใใ
ใฆๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใๅญๅจใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใใใๅฎๅฎใช
ๆบถๆถฒใๅๆฃๆถฒใจใใฆ็ถญๆใงใใใใใฏใซใ้ ๅใ
ใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๆดปๆงๅคใซไฝฟ็จใใใฎใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใใ
ใฏใซใฏๅ็ดใชไธๆดปๆงๆบถๅคใๅธ้ๅคไพใใฐๅกฉๅใกใ
ใฌใณใใใใซใใณใธใซใใฟใฌใผใใชใฉใงใใใฐใ
ใใใใใๆบถๅคใๅธ้ๅคใฎๆททๅ็ฉใไฝฟ็จใงใใใ
ใใ ใใใใใฏใซใฏๅฎคๆธฉใง้ ธๅๅคใซๅๅฟๆงใ็คบใ
้จๅใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ไปฅไธๅซๆใใฆใใฆใฏใชใใชใใใ
ใใฏใซใฏไธๆดปๆงๆบถๅคใๅธ้ๅคใฎใปใใซๅฐใชใใจใ
ใฒใจใคใฎใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใใผใๅซใๆททๅ็ฉใง
ใใคใฆใใใใใใฎๅ ดๅใใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใ
ใผใฏใใฉใคใใผ็ตๆ็ฉใซๅญๅจใใ้ ธๅๅคใซๅฏพใใฆ
ๅฎ่ณช็ใซไธๆดปๆงใชใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒ
ใจใคใฎใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใใผใๅซๆใใ็นใซๅฅฝ
ใพใใใใใฏใซ(1)ใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็ด๏ผโใ็ด
150โใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๆจๆบๆๆฉ
ใใชใใผใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใใผใใใพใใฏ(2)ๅ
ใซ่ฟฐในใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใขใใใผไธญใใชใใผ
็ด0.05ใ็ด50้้๏ผ ใๅใณใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใ
ใผใๆฅ็ๆดปๆงๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใ้ ๅใใ
ๅ ดๅใซใฏใใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉๅใณ้ ธๅๅคใๅฎๅฎใชๆบถ
ๆถฒใๅๆฃๆถฒใจใใฆ็ถญๆใงใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
ๆๆฉๆบถๅค็ด40ใ็ด99้้๏ผ ใใใชใๆททๅ็ฉใงใ
ใใใใใฏใซใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใชใใผ
ใใคใณใใผๆๆใซใฏใใชใขใซใญใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ
ใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใๅใณใใใใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใใชในใ
ใฌใณๅใณใใใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใใใซ้ๅไฝๅใณๅ ฑ้
ๅไฝใใใชใจในใใซใใใชใฑใใณใใใชในใซใ
ใณใใใจใใผใซๆจน่ใใใชใใใซใใใฉใผใซใใ
ใใฆใใชใซใผใใใผใใใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใ
ใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ใใใฏใซใซใฏๆบถๅคใๅธ้ๅคๅใณใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใ
ใคใณใใผใฎใปใใซๅค้จๅฏๅกๅคใๆ่ปๅคใๆฒๆพฑ้ฒๆญข
ๅคใๅฎๅฎๅคใชใฉใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใ้ ๅใงใใใใใฉใฎๆทป
ๅ ๅคใๆดปๆงๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅฎๅฎๆงใซ่จฑๅฎนใงใใชใ็จๆช
ๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใใใฎใงใใคใฆใฏใชใใชใใ ๅผ ๏ผใใ ใใ๏ผบใฏใกใใฌใณใ๏ผนใฏๆฐด็ด ใใใใญใญ
ใทใใขใใใใใญใฒใณใ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพ
ใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซใๅใณใขใซใญใซ้จๅใฎ็ญ
็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใณใญใท
ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใ๏ฝใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใใใใฆ๏ฝ
ใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใงใใ๏ผใง็คบใใใ็ฌฌไธใขใใณใ้ๅๆง
ๆฅ็ๆๆใฎ0.01ใ10้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ0.5ใ๏ผ้
้๏ผ ไฝฟ็จใใใจใๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅใไฟ้ฒ
ใใใใฎใงๆๅฉใงใใใ็นใซๅฅฝใพใใ็ฌฌไธใขใใณ
็กฌๅไฟ้ฒๅคใฏ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎใธใกใใซใขใใชใณๅใณ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎ
โใธใกใใซใขใใใกใใซใใจใใผใซใงใใใ ๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฎ่็ฐๅขๆงใฏ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅ จ
้้ใซๅบใใใฆ็ด0.005ใ็ด15้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ
็ด0.1ใ็ด10้้๏ผ ใฎใใขใชใใใณ้ ธไบ้ใใขใช
ใใใณ้ ธใซใซใทใฆใ ใใขใชใใใณ้ ธใใชใฆใ ใใข
ใชใชใใใณ้ ธในใใญใณใใฆใ ๅใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉ
ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใ้ๅฑใขใชใใใผใๅใณ
ใชใณ้ ธไบ้ใใชใณ้ ธใซใซใทใฆใ ใใชใณ้ ธใใฐใใท
ใฆใ ๅใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใชใ้ๅฑใในใใจใผ
ใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ้ ๅใใใจๆนๅใงใใใไธ่จ้ๅฑใข
ใชใใใผใใฏๆบถ้ๅบๆบใง้ๅฑใในใใจใผใ๏ผ้จใซ
ใคใ็ด๏ผใ็ด๏ผ้จๅญๅจใใใใใใฎ็จฎใฎๆททๅ็ฉใฏ
ใใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๆนๆณใๅซใใฆ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ4017315ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ
ใซ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ใชใณ้ ธใ้ฃฝๅ๏ผไธ้ฃฝๅๆๆฉใธใซใซใใณ้ ธๅใณ้ ธ
็กๆฐด็ฉใฎๅคๅกฉๅบๆง้ๅกฉ็นใซไบๅกฉๅบๆงใใฟใซ้ ธ้ใ
ไธๅกฉๅบๆงใใฌใคใณ้ ธ้ใๅๅกฉๅบๆงใใใซ้ ธ้ใไบ
ๅกฉๅบๆงไบใชใณ้ ธ้ๅใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใใฆ้ ธ
ๅไบ้ใ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ
็ด0.1ใ็ด15้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ็ด๏ผใ็ด10้้๏ผ
ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใ้ใง้ ๅใใใใจใ่็ฐๅขๆงใฎๅไธ
ใซๅฝน็ซใคใ ๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซไธ่ฌใซ็จใใใใฆใใใใคใฉใผ
ใ้กๆใชใฉใฎไปใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใซๆทปๅ ใงใ
ใใใใจใใใณใฐใพใใฏใใชใณใฐใใใใขใคใใฐ
ใฉในใ็ญ็ด ็น็ถญใใใญใณ็น็ถญใใขใญใใใ
๏ผaromid๏ผ็น็ถญใชใฉใฎ็ฒ็ ใใ่ฃๅผท็จ็น็ถญใ้ ๅ
ใใใใจใๆฅ็ๅผทใใ่็ฑๆงๅใณ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใฎๅ
ไธใซๆๅนใงใใใใจใ่ฆๅบใใใใ ๅบๆฌ็ใชๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคๅใณๆฅ็ๅค
ใใฉใคใใผ็ตๆ็ฉใฏไพใใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ3882274ๅท
ๅใณๅ็ฌฌ3890407ๅทใฎๅๅ ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ใใช้ๅธธใฎๆนๆณใงไฝใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฏ้ ใใขใซใใใฆใ ใ้ผใชใฉ
ใฎ้ๅฑใฎ่กจ้ขใ้ๅฑใใใฉในใใใฏใไปใฎใใชใ
ใผใ็น็ถญใใปใฉใใใฏใๆจๆใชใฉใๅซใๅคๆงใชๅฏพ
่ฑก็ฉใซๆฅๅใใใใใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฏ็ฌฌ
๏ผใฎ็ณปใ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใๅซๆใใใใใฆ็ฌฌ
๏ผใฎ็ณปใๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใๅซๆใใๅคๆถฒ็ณปๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใจ
ใใฆไฝฟ็จใงใใใใใใใฏใๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใฏใใฉใค
ใใผ็ณปใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใงใใใๅคๆถฒ็ณปใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใใ
ๅ ดๅใซใฏใๆฅๅใในใ็้ขใไธก้ขใๅใ ใฎ็ณปใๆทท
ๅใใฆๅพใๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใง่ขซ่ฆใใใใใฆ็ธไบใซๆฅ่งฆ
ใใใใใใฉใคใใผ็ณปใซใใใฆใฏใใพใใใฉใคใ
ใผ็ตๆ็ฉใพใใฏๆฅ็ๆดปๆงๅคใๆฅๅใในใ็้ขใไธก
้ขใซๅกๅธใใใใใฆ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใๅซใๆฅ
็ๅคๆจน่ใๅฐใชใใจใ็้ขใซๅกๅธใใฆใใ็ธไบใซ
ๆฅ่งฆใใใใไธ่ฌใซใใใฉใคใใผ็ณปใฏๆฑใๆใใฎ
ใงไพฟๅฉใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใฒใจใคใฎ็นๅพดใฏใ้ผใใขใซใใใฆใ ใ
้ ใชใฉใฎ้ๅฑๅบไฝใฎ่กจ้ขใใใฉใคใใผใๆฅ็ๅคใฎ
ๅกๅธๅใซใปใจใใฉไบๅๅฆ็ใใใใจใชใใๅฟ ่ฆใซ
ๅฟใใฆ่ฉฒ้ๅฑๅบไฝใๆฅ็ใใใฎใซๆฌๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉ
ใไฝฟ็จใงใใใใจใซใใใๅพใคใฆใ็พๅจๅฉ็จใใ
ใฆใใๅคง้จๅใฎใใฉใคใใผใๆฅ็ๅคใง้ๅธธๅฟ ่ฆใจ
ใใใฆใใไบๅๅฆ็ใใใใจใชใใๅซๆฒนๆงใงใใ
ไปฅๅคใฏใใใใช้ๅฑ้ขใๆฅ็ใงใใใใใใซใๆฌ
็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฏๅฎคๆธฉใงใๆๅนใซไฝ็จใใใฎใงใ
ๆฅ็ๅคใๅบไฝใซๅกๅธใใใใ็กฌๅใใใใใซๅ ็ฑ
ใใๅฟ ่ฆใฏใชใใใพใใ็ฉบๆฐใๆ้คใใๅฟ ่ฆใใ
ใใใใ็ดฐๅญใซ็ฉบๆฐใๅญๅจใใ่กจ้ขใซใฏ้ฉ็จใงใ
ใชใใคใๅซๆฐๆงๆฅ็ใจใฏ็ฐใชใคใฆใๅคๅญๆงๅบไฝใซ
ใ้ฉ็จใงใใใ ไปฅไธๅฎๆฝไพใซใใๆฌ็บๆใ่ชฌๆใใใใ็นใซๆญ
ใใชใ้ใใ้จใๆฏใใใฆ๏ผ ใฏ้้ๅบๆบใงใใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ ่ฉฆ้จ ่งฆๅช้ใฎใธใใใซในใบใธใฉใฆใฌใผใๅใณใกใใซ
ใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใๅธ้ๅคใฎๅญๅจไธใงๅนณๅๅๅญ้ใ
54.0ใฎใใชใซใใญใฉใฏใใณใใชใชใผใซ1.0ใขใซใ
ๅนณๅๅๅญ้ใ2000ใฎใใชใซใใญใฉใฏใใณใใชใชใผ
ใซ0.65ใขใซๅใณใใซใจใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใ4.3ใข
ใซๅๅฟใใใใในใฆใฎใใใญใญใทๅบใๅๅฟใใใฆ
ใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใๅธ้ๅคใซๆบถ่งฃใใใคใฝใทใข
ใใผใๅฎ่ฝใฆใฌใฟใณใใฌใใชใใผใๅพใใใจใซใ
ใคใฆๆฅ็ๆงๆจน่๏ผไปฅไธARโใจ็ฅ่จใใ๏ผใไฝ
ใคใใๅๅฟ็ณปใซ4.3ใขใซใฎใใใญใญใทใจใใซใขใฏ
ใชใฌใผใใๅ ใใๅ จ้จใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใ้จๅใๅ
ๅฟใใฆใใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผMMA๏ผใขใใ
ใผใฎๆจน่ๅบๅฝขๅ65๏ผ ใงใขใฏใชใซๅใใชใฆใฌใฟใณ
ARโใๅพใใใใพใงๅๅฟใ็ถใใใ ่ฉฆ้จไพ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆ๏ผๅไฝใฏ้้้จ๏ผใใใคๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใ
้ๅธธใฎๆนๆณใงไฝใคใใ
ใชๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใซ้ขใใใ้ๅไฝ็ฉ่ณชใใใฎ็ฉ่ณช
ใจๅ ฑ้ๅๅใงใใใขใใใผใๅใณๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ
ๆบถๆถฒใพใใฏๅๆฃๆถฒใใใชใๆฅ็ๅคใฏใใใใ้ซๆธฉ
ๆง่ฝๅใณๅ่ถใใ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใซใใฎ็นๅพดใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซ้ขใใใ็นใซใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฏ้ซๆธฉใซใใใๆฅ็ๆง่ฝใๆนๅใใใใค่
็ฑๅฃๅๆงใๅไธใใใใจใซ้ขใใใ ๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใฏไธปใจใใฆ้ๅฑๆๆใจใใฉในใใ
ใฏๆๆใๆฅๅใใใใใซไธ่ฌใซไฝฟ็จใใใฆใใใ
ใ็ฅใใใ่ฃฝๅใงใใใๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใฏใใฎ่ท้
ใๆฏๆใใ็นๆงใๅฟๅ้คๅป็นๆงใๅใณๆฅๅใในใ
ๅทฅๆฅญๆๆใฎๅผทๅบฆใไธๅใๆฅ็ๅผทๅบฆใฎใใใซใ็นใซ
่ท้ๅฟๅใๆฐๅๆใซ้ไธญใใใใใใๅบใ็ฏๅฒใซ
ใใใคใฆๅๆฃใใใใฎใๆใพใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใๅทฅๆฅญ
ๆๆใๆฉๆขฐ็ใซไพใใฐใชใใใใ็นๆบถๆฅใซใใคใฆ
ๆฅๅใใๆนๆณใฎ้ญ ๅ็ใชไปฃๆฟๆนๆณใจใชใคใฆใใใ
ใใฎๆฅ็ๅคใไฝฟ็จใใใจใๆฉๆขฐ็ๆฅๅๆณใซๅฟ ่ฆใช
ใณในใใฎ้ซใไปไธใๅฆ็ใไธ่ฆใซใชใใใใใฎๅฟ
่ฆๆงใไฝไธใใใพใใใใใใใๅค้ขใๅพใใใ
ไธใซใ้ๅฑ้จๅใใฒใจใคไปฅไธๅซใ็ต็ซ้จๆใฎ่ ้ฃ
ใฎๅฏ่ฝๆงใๅฐใชใใจใๆๅถใงใใใๅ ใใฆใใใ
ใๆฅ็ๅคใฏ่กจ้ขใๅบใ็ฏๅฒใซใใใคใฆๅฆ็ใใชใ
ใฆใๅค็จฎๅคๆงใช้ๅฑใๆฅๅใใใใใซไฝฟ็จใงใ
ใใไพใใฐใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ4223115ๅทๅใณๅ็ฌฌ
3890407ๅทใฎๅๅ ฌๅ ฑใซใฏใๅซๆฒน้ๅฑ้ขใๆฅๅใใ
ใซๆๅนใชๆๆใงใใใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใ่จ
่ผใใใฆใใใ ใใฎใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใฏ้ญ ๅ็ใงใใ
ใใๆฌ ็นใใชใใใใงใฏใชใใไพใใฐใใใฎ็จฎใฎ
ๆฅ็ๅคใฏ่ปไฝใ้จๅใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใใใซ่ปฝ้ใฎ้ๅฑ
ๅใณใใฉในใใใฏๆๆใๆฅๅใใใใใซไฝฟ็จใใ
ใใใจใๅคใใชใคใฆใใฆใใใใใฎใใใช็จ้ใง
ใฏใๆฅ็ๅคใฎ็กฌๅๅพๅฅฝใพใใใฏๆธฉๅบฆใซ้ขใใฆใฏๅจ
ๅฒๆกไปถใงๆๅพใฎ็ต็ซไฝใๅก่ฃ ใใๅก่ฃ ้ขใ100โ
ไปฅไธใฎๆธฉๅบฆใงไธๅบฆ็ผไปใใฆๅกๆใใคใซใ ใฎ็กฌๅๅ
ใณๆฅ็ใฎๆนๅใ่จใคใฆใใใใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅค็ต
ๆ็ฉใฏๅจๅฒๆธฉๅบฆๆกไปถไธใงใฏใใใใๆฅ็ๆงใ็คบใ
ใใใใฎๆฅ็ๅคใงๆฅๅใใใ็ต็ซไฝใฏใ้ซๆธฉใง็ผ
ไปใใใใใจใ็ผไปใใซ้ฉ็จใใใๆธฉๅบฆใซ็ธๅฝใ
ใๆธฉๅบฆใง่ฉฆ้จใใๅ ดๅใซๆฅ็ๅผทๅบฆใใใชใไฝไธ
ใใใพใ้ซๆธฉ็ผไปใๅพๅจๅฒๆธฉๅบฆใง่ฉฆ้จใใฆใๅๆ
ๆฅ็ๅผทใใไฝไธใใใใจใๅคใคใใๅฝ็ถใชใใจใ
ใใไปใฎ็นๆงใซๆชๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใใซใ้ซๆธฉ็นๆงใฎใฟ
ใๆนๅใงใใใฐใใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใฎ็จ้
ใๆกๅคงใงใใใฏใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝๅใณใใใใ่็ฑๅฃ
ๅๆงใใใคใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใๆไพใใใ
ใฎใงใใใใใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใใใฐใๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฐ่ฆใขใฏ
ใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏไธ่จใฎๅๆๅใ็ตๅ
ใใฆใชใใใฎใงใใใ (a) ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใ
ใชใใผใจใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใชใฌใใคใณ
็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๆใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใใญ
ใญใทๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใจใใใๅพใใใๅฐใใจใใฒ
ใจใคใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใงใใคใฆใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅฐใใจใ
๏ผๅๆใใใค้้ขใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใๅฎ่ณช็
ใซๆใใชใใใฎใ (b) (i)ใใฟใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใจใ(ii)ใใฟใธใจ
ใณใจใในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใใใชใซใใใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใใฟใธใจใณใจๅ ฑ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๅฐใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎใขใใใผใจใฎใณใใชใใผใจใ(iii)ใใฟ
ใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใใใณๅ่จใณใใชใใผใ
ใใชใ็พคใซๅฑใใใใฎ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผ้้๏ผ
ใพใงใฎๅฐ้ใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใ
ๅ ฑ้ๅใใฆๅคๆงใใใฆใใใใฎใใฎไธญใใ้ธๆ
ใใใๅคๆงใใใใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆ
ใจใ(iv)ใใใใฎใใฎใฎๆททๅ็ฉใจใใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใฟใธใจใณ็ณป
ใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใใใใณ (c) ๅ่จใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใจๅ่จใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆ
ๆใจใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใช
ใใผๆๆ(A)๏ผ ในใใฌใณใใใณใขใฏใชใซใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใฎ
ใขใใใผใใใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใ้จๅ้
ๅใใฆๅพใใใใทใญใใใงใใคใฆใใชใใผใจๆช้
ๅใขใใใผใจใๅ ฑใซๅซๆใใฆใใใใฎใใใใณใ
ใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใๅพใใใใใชใใผใจ
ใใใใขใใใผใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใจใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใ
ใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๅฏ
่ฝใชๆๆ(B)๏ผ ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)๏ผใใใณๅฎคๆธฉๆดป
ๆงใฌใใใฏใน่งฆๅช็ณป(D)๏ผ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใๆฐ่ฆใชใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ต
ๆ็ฉใฏๅคๆงใใใใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใ
ใชใใผๆๆๅใณๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใซๅญๅจใใฆใใใใจ
ใฎใใๅฐ้ใฎใซใซใใญใทใซๅใ้คใใฐใ้้ข็ถๆ
ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใพใใฏ็กๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉ็นใซใกใฟใฏใช
ใซ้ ธใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใใฆใใชใใใจใซใใฎ็นๅพด
ใใใใ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใๅญๅจใใใชใใใจใใๆใใ
ใชๆชๅฝฑ้ฟใๅใผใใใจใชใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝใๆนๅใใใ
ใจใซใชใใจ่ใใใใใใใใฎ็ตๆใฏ้ฉใใซไพกใ
ใใใจใใใฎใฏใ๏ผใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎ้ใง้ ธๅๅ
็ฉใ็นใซใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใ้ ๅใใใใจใ้ๅฑๆฅ็
ๆงใๅไธใใใใใคใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซ้
ๅใใใ้ ธใฎ้ใ๏ผใ๏ผ้้ใ่ถใใใจใใขใฏใช
ใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅคใฎ็กฌๅใไฟ้ฒใใใฎใซๆๅนใงใใใจ็ฅ
ใใใฆใใใใใงใใใ ใใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใใใฐใๆฌ็บๆใซใใๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅๆงใข
ใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏๆฌกใฎๅๆๅใใใช
ใใ (a) ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใ
ใชใใผใจใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใชใฌใใคใณ
็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๆใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใใญ
ใญใทๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใจใใใๅพใใใๅฐใใจใใฒ
ใจใคใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใงใใคใฆใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅฐใใจใ
๏ผๅๆใใใค้้ขใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใๅฎ่ณช็
ใซๆใใชใใใฎใ (b) (i)ใใฟใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใจใ(ii)ใใฟใธใจ
ใณใจใในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใใใชใซใใใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใใฟใธใจใณใจๅ ฑ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๅฐใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎใขใใใผใจใฎใณใใชใใผใจใ(iii)ใใฟ
ใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใใใณๅ่จใณใใชใใผใ
ใใชใ็พคใซๅฑใใใใฎ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผ้้๏ผ
ใพใงใฎๅฐ้ใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใ
ๅ ฑ้ๅใใฆๅคๆงใใใฆใใใใฎใใฎไธญใใ้ธๆ
ใใใๅคๆงใใใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆ
ใจใ(iv)ใใใใฎใใฎใฎๆททๅ็ฉใจใใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใฟใธใจใณ็ณป
ใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใใใใณ (c) ๅ่จใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใจๅ่จใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆ
ๆใจใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใช
ใใผๆๆ(A)๏ผ ในใใฌใณใใใณใขใฏใชใซใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใฎ
ใขใใใผใใพใใฏใใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใ
้จๅ้ๅใใฆๅพใใใใทใญใใใงใใคใฆใใชใใผ
ใจๆช้ๅใขใใใผใจใๅ ฑใซๅซๆใใฆใใใใฎใใ
ใใณใใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใๅพใใใใใช
ใใผใจใใใใขใใใผใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใจใฎๆททๅ
็ฉใใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆ(B)๏ผ ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)๏ผ ๅฎคๆธฉๆดปๆงใฌใใใฏใน็ตๅใ่งฆๅช็ณปใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจ
ใคใฎ้ๅ ๅค(D)๏ผ ๅฎคๆธฉๆดปๆงใฌใใใฏใน็ตๅใ่งฆๅช็ณปใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจ
ใคใฎ้ ธๅๅคใงใใคใฆๅฎคๆธฉใงๅ่จ้ๅ ๅคใจๅๅฟใใฆ
ใฉใธใซใซ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๅ่จใใชใใผๆๆใจๅ่จ้ๅ
ๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆใจใฎ้ๅใ้ๅงใใใซ่ถณใ้้ขๅบใ็
ๆใๅพใใใฎใใๅซๆใใๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅค(E)ใ ใใใฆๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ตๆ็ฉใฏใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅ
ใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅค
ใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ10ใ90้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ13ใ
83้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใ
ใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎ
ๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผใ30้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ27
้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใในใใฌใณใใใณใขใฏใชใซใพ
ใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใฎใขใใใผใใใใใขใใใผ
ใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใๅพใใใใใชใใผใใใใใขใใ
ใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใ้จๅ้ๅใใฆๅพใใใใทใญใใ
ใพใใฏใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ
ๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผใ90้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ17
ใ87๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆง
ๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ0.1ใ20้้
๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ10้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใ้ๅ ๅค
ใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ0.05ใ10้
้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ0.1ใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใ้ ธ
ๅๅคใฎ้ใฏๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ0.5ใ
30้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ10้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏๅ่จๅคๆงใใฟใธใจ
ใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆไธญใซๅ ฑ้ๅๅใ
ใใฆใใใใจใใใๅฐ้ใฎใซใซใใญใทใซไพกๅใณๅซ
ใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ้ ธไพกใ้คใใฐใ้้ข็ถๆ ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅ
ๅ็ฉๅใณ็กๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใใฆใใช
ใใใจใซใใฎ็นๅพดใใใใๆฌ็บๆใซใใๆฅ็ๅค็ต
ๆ็ฉใซใฏๅ ดๅใซๅฟใใฆ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅ จ
้้ใซๅบใใใฆ50้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ25้
้๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใฎใชใฌใใค
ใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใขใใใผใ้ๅๆงๆๆๅ
ใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ60้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎใๅฅฝ
ใพใใใฏ30้้๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅ
ๆงใใชใใผๆๆ๏ผๆฅต้็ฒๅบฆๆฐใ0.1ใ0.3ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซ
ใใใใฎใใชใใผๆๆใฏๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎในใ
ใฌใณใขใใใผใใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผใ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ
ใขใใใผใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปใฎ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใขใใใผ
ใพใใฏใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ้ๅใใฆๅพใใใฎใงใ
ใ๏ผใใใใฆ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบ
ใใใฆ40้้ใพใงใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ30้้๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎ
ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎไปๅ ้ๅๆงใฎใจใฉในใใใผๆง
ใใชใใผๆๆ๏ผไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใฏ๏ผโๆชๆบใง
ใใ๏ผใ้ ๅใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใ็นใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅๆงใขใฏใชใซ็ณป
ๆฅ็ๅคใฏๆฌ่ณช็ใซๆฌกใฎๅๆๅใใใชใใ ๏ผก ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใจใใฆใฎใ (a) ในใใฌใณใใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใจใใซใก
ใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ฝโใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใค
ใฝใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ฝโใใใซใกใฟใฏใช
ใฌใผใใใใญใทใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใจใใซโใ
ใญใทใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใใชใใผๅใณๆช้ๅใข
ใใใผใฎไธก่ ใๅซใใใใใใขใใใผ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธ
ใฎ้จๅ้ๅใทใญใใใๅใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใ
ใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅ
ๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆ็ด10ใ็ด90้้๏ผ ใ (b) ใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใใชใใผใจๅฐใชใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใใ
ใคใใใญใญใทๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใจใฎๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉใงใ
ใคใฆใ้้ขใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใ
ใฆใใชใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
ไธ่จๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ็ด10ใ็ด90้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ็ด
13ใ็ด87้้๏ผ ใ (c) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใฎใจใใฌใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝ
ๅใขใใใผ๏ผใ็ด20้้๏ผ ๏ผใใฎใขใใใผใฎ้
ใฏ(a)ใงไฝฟ็จใใใใขใใใผใฎ้ใซๅ ็ฎใใ
ใ๏ผใ (d) ไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ๏ผโๆชๆบใฎๅฐใชใใจใ
ใฒใจใคใฎใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆ๏ผใ็ด40
้้๏ผ ใ ๏ผใใ ใใ(a)๏ผ(b)๏ผ(c)ๅใณ(d)ใฎๅ้้๏ผ ใฏ
(a)๏ผ(b)๏ผ(c)ๅใณ(d)ใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใ๏ผ (e) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉๆๅน้ใ (f) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅ ๅคๆๅน้ใ ใใใชใๆททๅ็ฉ๏ผใใใฆ ๏ผข ๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใจใใฆใฎใๅฎคๆธฉใซใใใฆ้ๅ ๅคใซ
ๅฏพใใฆๅๅฟๆงใ็คบใใฆใไธ่จ้ๅๆงๆฅ็็ตๆ็ฉ
ใฎไปๅ ้ๅใ้ๅงใใใ้้ขๅบใๅฝขๆใใๅฐใช
ใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ ธๅๅคๆๅน้ใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใๆฅ็็ตๆ็ฉใฏไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆ
ใ๏ผโๆชๆบใฎไธ่จใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใซ
ๅญๅจใใฆใใใใจใใใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎใซใซใใญ
ใทใซไพกใ้คใใฐใ้้ข็ถๆ ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉๅใณ็ก
ๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใฆใใชใใใจใซใ
ใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใ็ฌฌ๏ผใฎ็นใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅๆงใขใฏ
ใชใซ็ณปๆฅ็ๅคใฏๆฌ่ณช็ใซไธ่จใฎๆๅใใใชใใ AA ้ๅๆงๆฅ็็ตๆ็ฉใจใใฆใฎใ (a) ใใชใใฟใธใจใณใใขใใชใใผ๏ผใใฟใธใจใณ
ใจใในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซๅใณใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใใใชใซใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใใใใฎใ
ใฟใธใจใณใจๅ ฑ้ๅใงใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใข
ใใใผใจใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝ๏ผใใชใใฟใธใจใณใใขใใช
ใใผๅใณ็ด๏ผ้้๏ผ ใพใงใจใใๅฐ้ใฎๅฎ่ฝใขใ
ใใผใจๅ ฑ้ๅใใใใใจใซใใคใฆๅคๆงใใไธ่จ
ๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใใใคไบๆฌกใฌ
ใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ๏ผโๆชๆบใฎๅคๆงใใชใใผๆๆ็ด
๏ผใ็ด30้้๏ผ ใ (b) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผ
ใ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผ็ด25ใ็ด85้้๏ผ ใ (c) ๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ
้ฃฝๅ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใขใใใผ๏ผใ็ด50้้๏ผ ใ (d) (b)ๅใณ(c)ใฎใขใใใผใฎๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใใ
่ชๅฐใใใใ้็็ฒๅบฆๆฐใ็ด0.1ใ็ด1.3ใฎ็ฏๅฒ
ใซใใใใชใใผ๏ผใ็ด60้้๏ผ ใ ๏ผใใ ใใ(a)๏ผ(b)๏ผ(c)ๅใณ(d)ใฎๅ้ใฏ(a)๏ผ
(b)๏ผ(c)ๅใณ(d)ใฎๅ่จ้้ใซๅบใใ๏ผใ (e) ๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใ (f) ้ๅ ๅค ใใใชใๆททๅ็ฉใใใใณ AB ๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใจใใฆใฎใๅฎคๆธฉใซใใใฆไธ่จ้
ๅ ๅคใซๅฏพใใฆๅๅฟๆงใ็คบใใฆใไธ่จ้ๅๆงๆฅ็
ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎไปๅ ้ๅใ้ๅงใใใใฎใซๆๅนใช้
้ขๅบใๅฝขๆใใ้ ธๅๅคใ ใใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏไธ่จใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใ
ใผๆๆใซๅญๅจใใฆใใใใจใใใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใพใงใฎ
ๅฐ้ใฎใซใซใใญใทใซไพกๅใณๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ้ ธๅใ
้คใใฐใ้้ข็ถๆ ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉๅใณ็กๆฉ้ ธๅๅ
็ฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใฆใใชใ็นใซ็นๅพดใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซไฝฟ็จใใใฎใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใข
ใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉๅใณ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผ
ๅๅ็ฉใฎไปฃ่กจไพใๅ่จใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ
้ๅฎใใใชใใใกใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใใใซใขใฏ
ใชใฌใผใใใคใฝใใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผโใใจใ
ใญใทใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผโใกใใญใทใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌ
ใผใใ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎโใธใจใใซใขใใ๏ผโใจใใซ
ใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผโใจใใซใใญใทใซใขใฏใชใฌใผ
ใใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใกใใซใขใฏใชใญใใใช
ใซใใใชใใณใใซใฐใชใณใผใซใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใจ
ใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใธใจใใฌใณใฐ
ใชใณใผใซใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใใญใทใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซ
ใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใใชใกใใญใผใซใใญใใณใใชใข
ใฏใชใฌใผใใๅใณๅฏพๅฟใใใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใๅๅ
็ฉใๅฐใชใใ๏ผใคใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใคไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใช
ใซๅฎ่ฝๅบใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซๅฎ่ฝๅบใใใคๅคๅฎ่ฝ
ใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซใขใ
ใใผๅๅ็ฉใไฝฟ็จใใใจใๆฅ็ๅผทๅบฆใ่็ฑๆงๅใณ
่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใๆนๅใงใใใใจใ่ฆๅบใใใใใใช
๏ผใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใใใช๏ผใกใใซใกใฟใฏ
ใชใฌใผใโใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใชใฉใฎใใฒใจใค
ใใใไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉๅใณ็ฝฎๆใข
ใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉใ้ๅใใฆๅพใใใชใใผ
ใใใฒใจใคใใใไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉ
ๅใณ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซใขใใใผๅๅ็ฉใ้จๅ้ๅใใฆ
ๅพใใขใใใผไธญใใชใใผ๏ผpolymer in
monomer๏ผใทใญใใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซ้ฉ็จใงใ
ใใใใฎใใใชใขใใใผไธญใใชใใผใทใญใใใฏๅ ธ
ๅ็ใซใฏใใชใใผใจๆช้ๅใขใใใผใฎไธก่ ใๅซๆ
ใใฆใใใใพใใใชใใฌใณใๅซๆใงใใใใขใใ
ใผไธญใใชใใผๅใณใใฎ่ฃฝๆณใฏใใ็ฅใใใฆใใใฎ
ใงใใใใงใฏ่ชฌๆใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซๅฅฝ้ฉใช้ๅๆงใฎ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใข
ใใใผใซใฏในใใฌใณใใใใซในใใฌใณใใฏใญใญใน
ใใฌใณใใใใซใขใปใใผใใใใใซใใญใชใใณใ
ใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌ
ใใชใใผใฏใใ็ฅใใใฆใใใใฎใงใใใไปฃ่กจ็
ใชไพใๆใใใฐใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎ้้ขใคใฝใทใข
ใใผใๅบใใใคใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅๅ็ฉใจๅฐใช
ใใจใ๏ผใคใฎใใใญใญใทๅบใใใคใใชใชใผใซใขใ
ใใผใ้ซๅๅญ้ใใชใชใผใซใใใใใใชใชใผใซๆทท
ๅ็ฉใจใฎไปๅ ็ฉใ็ธฎๅ็ฉใใใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใค
ใฎ้้ขๆชๅๅฟใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใใใคๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใ็ขบๅฎใซๅพใใใใใใซใ้ๅฐ้ใฎใใชใคใฝใทใข
ใใผใใ็จใใฆใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใจใใชใชใผใซ
ใๅๅฟใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใใใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใใช
ใใผใไฝใใใใซๆ็จใชใใชใชใผใซใฏๅนณๅๅๅญ้
ใ็ด300ใ็ด3000ใฎใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ้ฉๅฝใชใใช
ใชใผใซใซใฏใใชใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใชใฉใฎใใชใข
ใซใญใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใจใใฌใณใชใญใทใใจใใชใก
ใใญใผใซใใญใใณใชใฉใฎใใชใชใผใซใจใๆชๅๅฟใ
ใใญใญใทใซๅบใใงใใใใใชๅฒๅใงไปๅ ้ๅใใ
ใใจๅพใใใใใชใจใผใใซใใชใชใผใซใใใช๏ผใ
ใฟใธใจใณโในใใฌใณ๏ผใใชใชใผใซใใใช๏ผใใฟใธ
ใจใณ๏ผใใชใชใผใซใชใฉใฎไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็ด
๏ผโๆชๆบใฎๆๆฉใใใญใญใทใซๅใจใฉในใใใผใใธ
ใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใชใกใใญใผใซใใญใใณใ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใฟใณใธใชใผใซใชใฉใฎใใชใชใผใซใใใฟ
ใซ้ ธใใใฌใใฟใซ้ ธใใขใธใใณ้ ธใใใฌใคใณ้ ธใ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใชใฉใฎใซใซใใณ้ ธใจใๆชๅๅฟใใใญใญใท
ใซๅบใใงใใใใใชๅฒๅใง้ๅใใฆๅพใใใชใจใน
ใใซใใชใชใผใซใใใใทๆฒนใใฐใชใปใญใผใซใขใใช
ใทใใฌใผใใๅน่พผใขใใๆฒนใๅน่พผๅคง่ฑๆฒนใชใฉใฎใ
ใใญใญใทใซๅ่่ช้ ธใฎใฐใชใปใชใใจในใใซใๅใณ
ฮตโใซใใญใฉใฏใใณใชใฉใฎใฉใฏใใณใฎ้ๅใซใใค
ใฆๅพใใใใใชใจในใใซใใชใชใผใซใใใใ ใใชใชใผใซใจๅๅฟใใฆๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใคใฝ
ใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใใชใใผใๅฝขๆใงใใใใชใค
ใฝใทใขใใผใใฏใขใใใผๆงใฎใใฎใงใใใฐไฝใงใ
ใใใๅณใกใ่่ชๆใ่็ฐๅผใ่ณ้ฆๆๅๅ็ฉใๅง
ใใจใใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎ้้ขใคใฝใทใขใใผใ
ๅบใใใค้้ๅใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅๅ็ฉใงใใใไปฃ
่กจ็ใชใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใซใฏ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใซใคใฌ
ใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใซใคใฌใณใธใคใฝ
ใทใขใใผใใ๏ผ๏ผ4โฒโใธใใจใใซใกใฟใณใธใคใฝใท
ใขใใผใใ๏ฝโ๏ผ๏ฝโใใจใใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผ
ใใใใชใกใใฌใณใใช๏ผใใจใใซใคใฝใทใขใใผ
ใ๏ผใใใญใตใกใใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใ๏ผ๏ผ
4โฒใกใใฌใณโใใน๏ผใทใฏใญใใญใทใซใคใฝใทใขใใผ
ใ๏ผใใคใฝใใญใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใๅใณไปใฎ่
่ชๆใ่็ฐๅผๅใณ่ณ้ฆๆใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใ
ใใฆใใใใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ็พๅจใงใฏใ
่็ฐๅผใ่ณ้ฆๆใฎใใชใคใฝใทใขใใผใใๅฅฝใพใใฆ
ใใใ ใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใใฌใใชใใผใซใชใฌใใคใณ
็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅฐๅ ฅใใใใใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใใใญ
ใญใทๅฎ่ฝๅๅ็ฉใซใฏใใใญใญใทใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผ
ใใใใใญใญใทใจใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใขใชใซใข
ใซใณใผใซใใใใซใขใซใณใผใซใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏ
ใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซไฝฟ็จใใใฎใซ้ฉๅฝใชใใฟใธใจใณ
็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใฏ่ฏใ็ฅใใใใ
ใฎใงใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใๅจๅฒๆธฉๅบฆๆชๆบใๅฅฝใพใใ
ใฏ็ด๏ผโๆชๆบใฎ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใฟใธใจใณใใใฎใใญใฒ
ใณๅ้ก็ธ็ฉใใ่ชๅฐใใใใจใฉในใใใผใงใใใฐ
ไฝใงใใใใ้ฉๅฝใชใจใฉในใใใผใซใฏใใฟใธใจใณ
ใใขใใชใใผใใใฟใธใจใณใจในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญ
ใใใชใซๅใณใกใฟใฏใชใญใใใชใซใจใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใ
ใใใใใใใใใขใใชใใผๅใณๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใฏใขใฏ
ใชใซ้ ธใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใ็กๆฐดใใฌใคใณ้ ธใใใใซ
้ ธใในใใฌใณใใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใชใฉใฎๅฎ่ฝ
ใณใผใขใใใผใๅฐ้๏ผ0.05ใ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผๅ ฑ้ๅๅใใ
ใใจใซใใคใฆๅคๆงใใใ ไบๆฌกใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็ด๏ผโๆชๆบใฎใจใฉในใใ
ใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๆฅ็
ๅฑคใฎๅฎคๆธฉๅฏๆๆงใๅคใใใฎใซๆๅนใงใ็นใซใชใฌใ
ใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉใๅซใๆฅ็ๅค็ต
ๆ็ฉใซใใใฆๆๅฉใงใใใ็นใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใจใฉในใใ
ใผใฏใใชใฏใญใญใใฌใณใดใ ใใใชใใฟใธใจใณใด
ใ ใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซโใใฟใธใจใณใใซใซใใญใท
ใซๅใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซโใใฟใธใจใณใในใใฌใณโ
ใใฟใธใจใณใดใ ใชใฉใฎใใฟใธใจใณๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใดใ ใ
ใใช๏ผใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใใใช๏ผใจใใซใขใฏ
ใชใฌใผใโใใญใฒใณๅใใใซใจใผใใซโใขใฏใชใซ
้ ธ๏ผใดใ ใชใฉใฎใใชใขใฏใชใฌใผใใดใ ใๅใณใจใ
ใฌใณโใใใซใขใปใใผใใดใ ใชใฉใฎใจใใฌใณๅ ฑ้
ๅไฝใงใใใใฌใฉใน่ปขไฝๆธฉๅบฆใ๏ผโๆชๆบใฎไปใฎใจ
ใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใ้ฉ็จใงใใใใจใใ
ใฎใฏใไฝใใฌใฉใน่ปขไฝๆธฉๅบฆใ้คใใฐใใจใฉในใใ
ใผใซ็นๅฅใชๅถ้ใใชใใใใงใใใใใ ใใๅๅญ
้ใ็ฒๅบฆใๆฅ็ๅคใฎไปใฎๆๅใซๅฏพใใ็ธๆบถๆงใชใฉ
ใฎ่ฃฝ้ ใในใๆฅ็ๅคใฎ็นๆงใซใฏๅถ้ใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใใใฎใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใๆฅต้็ฒๅบฆใ0.1
ใ็ด0.3ใฎใใชใใผๆๆใฏใฒใจใคไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใชใซ
ใขใใใผๅใณ้ใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใขใใใผใใใใใใฎ
ๆททๅ็ฉใ้ๅใใใจๅพใใใจใใงใใใใใชใใผ
ๆๆใไพ็คบใใใฐใใช๏ผใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผ
๏ฝโใใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใจใใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผ
๏ผ90๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผใใใช๏ผ๏ฝโใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผ
ใ๏ผใคใฝใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผ๏ผ50๏ผ50๏ผ ๏ผใใ
ใช๏ผ๏ฝโใใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใใใช๏ผใจใใซ
ใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผใใใใๅฅฝใพใใ็ฒๅบฆใฏไธ่จ็ฏ
ๅฒใฎไธญ้็จๅบฆใฎ็ฒๅบฆใงใใใใใใใใชใใผๆๆ
ใฏๆฌ็บๆใซๅพใคใฆ่ฃฝ้ ใใๆฅ็ๅคใชใใฐใใใชใ
ๆฅ็ๅคใซใ้ ๅใงใใใใ้ ๅใใใฎใซ็นใซๆๅฉ
ใชๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฏใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆๆ
ใๅซใใใฎใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซ้ฉ็จใใใฎใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชๅซ
ใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฏใชใณ้ ธใใใใฆใในใใคใณ้ ธใใใน
ใใณ้ ธๅใณใชใณ้ ธใฎๆๆฉ่ชๅฐไฝใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธ
ๆใใใใใใฎๆๆฉ่ชๅฐไฝใฏๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
ๆๆฉ้จๅใๅฅฝใพใใใฏๆซ็ซฏใซๅญๅจใใฆใใ็นใซ็น
ๅพดใใใใใใฎๆๆฉ่ชๅฐไฝใฏ้ฃฝๅใพใใฏไธ้ฃฝๅใฎ
ใใใใงใใคใฆใใใใใพใๅฅฝใพใใใฏๅฐใชใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅญๅจใใฆใ
ใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๆๆฉ้จๅ
ใๆใใฆใใใใใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใใใฐใๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ
ใฏๆฌกๅผ๏ผๅใณใง็คบใใใจใใงใใใ ใใ ใใๅ๏ผฒใฏๅไธใ็ฐใชใคใฆใใฆใใใใใ
ใใใ็ก้ขไฟใซ๏ผไพกใฎๆช็ฝฎๆๆๆฉๅบใๅใณใใญใฒ
ใณใใใใญใญใทใซใใขใใใ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผ
ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅใณๅฐใชใใจใใฒ
ใจใคใฎ้จๅใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ่ณ้ฆๆ ธใๆใใ
ใขใชใผใซๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใชใใจใ
ใฒใจใคใฎ็ฝฎๆๅบใใใค๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใ็ญ็ด โใชใณ็ตๅใไปใใฆใชใณๅๅญใซ
็ดๆฅ็ตๅใใฆใใ๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบใ็คบใใๅ๏ผธใฏๅ
ไธใ็ฐใชใคใฆใใฆใใใใใใใใ็ก้ขไฟใซๆฐด
็ด ใใใใญใญใทใซใใขใใใใกใซใซใใๅใณCH2
๏ผ๏ผฃใใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฎ่ฝๅบใ็คบใใ ใใ ใใ๏ผฒๅใณ๏ผธใฏๅ่ฟฐใใ้ใใงใใใใ
R1ใฏๆฐด็ด ใโR2โ๏ผธ๏ผR2ใฏ๏ผไพกใฎๆช็ฝฎๆๆๆฉ
ๅบใๅใณใใญใฒใณใใใใญใญใทใซใใขใใใ็ญ็ด
ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅ
ใณๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้จๅใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
่ณ้ฆๆ ธใๆใใใขใชใผใซๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใ
ใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ็ฝฎๆๅบใใใค๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉ
ๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใใ็ญ็ด โใชใณ็ตๅใ
ไปใใฆใชใณๅๅญใซ็ดๆฅ็ตๅใใฆใใ๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบ
ใ็คบใ๏ผใงใใใ ใใ ใใR1ใฏๅ่ฟฐใใ้ใใงใใใ ใใๅฅฝใพใใๅซใชใณๅๅใฏๅผใง็คบใใใจใใง
ใใใ ใใ ใใR3ใฏๆฐด็ด ใใใญใฒใณใ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ
๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅใณCH2๏ผ
CHโใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใR4ใฏๆฐด็ด ใ็ญ็ด
ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅ
ใณ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใใญใข
ใซใญใซๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใ๏ผกใฏโR5Oโ
ๅใณโ๏ผR6O๏ผoโ๏ผR5ใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพ
ใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎ่่ชๆใ่็ฐๅผใฎใขใซใญใฌใณๅบใ
R6ใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใข
ใซใญใฌใณๅบใใใใฆ๏ฝใฏ๏ผใ10ใฎๆดๆฐใงใใ๏ผใ
ใใใฆ๏ฝใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใงใใใ ไธ่จใฎๅผใใซใใใฆใ๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบ๏ผฒๅใณ
R2ใฏ็ตๅใใๆง้ ใใใคใใใชใใกใใใใๆ
ๆฉๅบใฏโ๏ผฏโ๏ผโ๏ผณโ๏ผโCOOโ๏ผโNHโ๏ผโ
NHCOOโๅใณโ๏ผR7O๏ผpโ๏ผ๏ผR7ใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐ
ใ๏ผใ๏ผใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใฌใณๅบใใ
ใใฆ๏ฝใฏ๏ผใ10ใฎๆดๆฐใงใใ๏ผใใใคใใใใใ
ใซใใคใฆ็ธไบใซๅ้ขใใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใใ
ใใใฏ้ฃ็ถใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎๆช็ฝฎๆใพใใฏ็ฝฎ
ๆ็ญๅๆฐด็ด ๅบใๅซๆใงใใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏใ๏ผไพกใฎ
ๅบใฏ้ๅๅพฉๅไฝไธญใซ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ22ๅฅฝใพใใ
ใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎ็ด้ใพใใฏ็ฐใใใคใขใซใญใฌใณๅบใงใ
ใใใชใใ็ตๅใใๆง้ ใใใค๏ผไพกใฎๅบใฏ๏ผใคไปฅ
ไธใฎไธ่จ็ด้ใพใใฏ็ฐใใใคใใฎใงใใใใ๏ผไพก
ใฎๅบใฏ้ฃฝๅใพใใฏไธ้ฃฝๅใฎใใใใงใใใใใพใ
่่ชๆใ่็ฐๅผใ่ณ้ฆๆใฎใใใใงใใใใใใฎ
ๅบใ็ตๅใใใใใคๅ ดๅใซใฏใๆททๅ็ฉใงใใคใฆใ
ใใใใใใฆไธ่ฌใซๅ้ไธญใพใใฏๅ็ฐไธญใฎ็ญ็ฐไธญ
ใฎ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใฏ๏ผใ็ด22ใงใใใ ไธ่จๅผโไธญใฎไปฃ่กจ็ใช๏ผธโ๏ผฒโๅใณ๏ผธโ
R2โๅบใซใฏไฝ็ดใขใซใฑใใซใใทใฏใญใใญใปใ
ใซใใใใญใญใทโไฝ็ดใขใซใฑใใซใใใญโไฝ็ดใข
ใซใฑใใซใใซใซใใญใทโไฝ็ดใขใซใฑใใซใไฝ็ดใข
ใซใญใซใใขใใโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใใใญใญใทโไฝ
็ดใขใซใญใซใใกใซใซใใโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใขใซใณ
ใญใทโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใใญโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใธโ
ใในใใใกใใซโใขใใโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใใใจใ
ใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใใขใใใใจใ
ใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใใใญใใจใใซ
โใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใใใจใใซโใขใ
ใโใในใใใกใใซใใใญใใจใใซโใขใใโใ
ในใใใกใใซใใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใไฝ
็ดใขใซใญใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซใใใญ
โไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใใกใใซๅ
ใณใขใใโไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซโใใใญใญใทโใในใใ
ใกใใซใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใช
ใใใชใใไฝ็ดใจใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใ
ใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎๅบใๆใใ ใขใชใซ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใใใคๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใใใ
ใใใซไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใใใคใใฎใฎๆนใๅฅฝใพใใใใ
ใใๅฅฝใพใใใฎใฏใฒใจใคใฎใใใซไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใพใ
ใฏใขใชใซ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใ็นใซใใใซไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใ
ใใคใในใใคใณ้ ธใใในใใณ้ ธๅใณใชใณ้ ธใฎใขใ
ใจในใใซใงใใใไปฃ่กจ็ใชๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใซใฏใชใณ
้ ธใ๏ผโใกใฟใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใในใใจใผ
ใใใในโ๏ผ๏ผโใกใฟใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซ๏ผ
ใในใใจใผใใ๏ผโใขใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใ
ในใใจใผใใใในโ๏ผ๏ผโใขใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจ
ใใซ๏ผใในใใจใผใใใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผโใกใฟใฏใชใญ
ใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซ๏ผใในใใจใผใใใจใใซใกใฟใฏ
ใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใในใใจใผใใใกใใซใขใฏ
ใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใในใใจใผใใใจใใซใขใฏ
ใชใญใคใซใจใใซใในใใจใผใใR3ใๆฐด็ด ใใกใ
ใซใงใR4ใใใญใใซใใคใฝใใใซใใจใใซใใญ
ใทใซใใใญใใญใใซใใใญใคใฝใใใซใใใญใจใ
ใซใใญใทใซใงใใๅผใฎๅๅ็ฉใใใใซใในใใณ
้ ธใใทใฏใญใใญใปใณโ๏ผโใในใใณ้ ธใฮฑโใใ
ใญใญใทใใใณโ๏ผโใในใใณ้ ธใ๏ผโใใใญใญใท
โ๏ผโใใจใใซใกใฟใณโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใในใใณ้ ธใ
๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใในใ
ใณ้ ธใ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผโใใจใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใ
ในใใณ้ ธใ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผโใใใญใญใทใใญใใณ
โ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใในใใณ้ ธใฮณโใฐใชใทใใญใทใใญ
ใใซใในใใณ้ ธใใขใใโใใชใน๏ผใกใใฌใณใใน
ใใคใณ้ ธ๏ผใฮณโใขใใใใญใใซใในใใณ้ ธใใช
ใณ้ ธโใขใโ๏ผโใขใใใจใใซใจในใใซใใขใชใซ
ใในใใณ้ ธใใขใชใซใในใใคใณ้ ธใฮฒโใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใใซใในใใคใณ้ ธใใธใขใชใซใใน
ใใคใณ้ ธใใใน๏ผฮฒโใกใฟใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญใทใจใ
ใซ๏ผใในใใคใณ้ ธๅใณใขใชใซใกใฟใฏใชใญใคใซใชใญ
ใทใจใใซใในใใคใณ้ ธใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใ
ใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใใๅฎคๆธฉๅๅฟๆงใฌใใใฏในใปใซใ
ใใซ่งฆๅช็ณปใฏใใ็ฅใใใฆใใใฎใงใใใใงใฏ่ชฌ
ๆใใชใใๅบๆฌ็ใซใฏใใใฎ่งฆๅช็ณปใฏๅฎคๆธฉใซใใ
ใฆ็ธไบๅๅฟๆดปๆงใ็คบใใฆใไปๅ ้ๅๅๅฟใ้ๅงใ
ใใใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆๆๅนใช้้ขๅบใ็ๆใใๅฐ
ใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ ธๅๅคใจๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้
ๅ ๅคใใใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝใซใฏ็ธไบๅๅฟๆดปๆงใ็คบใๅ ฌ็ฅ้ ธๅ
ๅคๅใณ้ๅ ๅคใฎๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅ จ้จใไฝฟ็จใงใใใไปฃ่กจ
็ใช้ ธๅๅคใซใฏใใณใพใคใซใใซใชใญใทใใไปใฎใธ
ใขใทใซใใซใชใญใทใใชใฉใฎๆๆฉ้้ ธๅ็ฉใใฏใกใณ
ใใใญใใซใชใญใทใใชใฉใฎใใใญใใซใชใญใทใใ
๏ฝโใใใซใใซใชใญใทใใณใพใจใผใใชใฉใฎ้้ ธใจ
ในใใซใใกใใซใจใใซใฑใใณใชใฉใฎใฑใใณใฎใใ
ใญใใซใชใญใทใใใใใใณ้ ธใณใใซใใชใฉใฎ้ท็งป
้ๅฑใฎๆๆฉๅกฉใๅใณๅกฉๅในใซใใใซใชใฉใฎไธๅฎๅฎ
ใชๅกฉ็ด ใๅซๆใใๅๅ็ฉใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใ
ใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ไปฃ่กจ็ใช้ๅ ๅคใซใฏในใซใใคใณ้ ธๅใณใใฎ็กๆฉ
ๅกฉใใขใพใคใฝ้ ช้ ธใใใชใซใชใฉใฎใขใพๅๅ็ฉใใ
ในโ๏ผใใชใซในใซใใณใกใใซ๏ผใขใใณใใในโ
๏ผใใชใซในใซใใณใกใใซ๏ผใจใใซใขใใณใใในโ
๏ผใใชใซในใซใใณใกใใซ๏ผใใณใธใซใขใใณใชใฉใฎ
ฮฑโใขใใในใซใใณใใธใคใฝใใญใใซโ๏ฝโใใซ
ใคใธใณใใธใกใใซใขใใชใณใใธใกใใซโ๏ฝโใใซ
ใคใธใณใชใฉใฎ็ฌฌไธใขใใณๅใณใขใใณโใขใซใใใ
็ธฎๅ็ฉไพใใฐใใใซใขใซใใใใชใฉใฎ่่ชๆใขใซ
ใใใใจใขใใชใณใใใใซใขใใณใชใฉใฎ็ฌฌไธใขใ
ใณใจใฎ็ธฎๅ็ฉใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใใซ้ๅฎใ
ใใชใใใฌใใใฏในใปใซใใใซ่งฆๅช็ณปใจไธ็ทใซๅ ฌ
็ฅไฟ้ฒๅคใไฝฟ็จใใใจใชใๆๅฉใงใใใ ๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฏๅฎคๆธฉใง็กฌๅๆงใ็คบใใฎใงใไพใใฐไบ
ๆถฒ็ณปใจใใใใใฆๅฅฝใพใใใฏใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅ
ใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉๅใณ๏ผๅใฏใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉ
ในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใๅซใ็ณปใใ้ ธๅๅคใๅ
้ขใใฆใใใๅคงๅใฎๅ ดๅใๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฏใชใฌใ
ใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ้จๅๅใณ๏ผๅใฏใใฟใธ
ใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใๅซใ็ณปใซๆบถ
่งฃใใใๅๆฃใใใใใฎ็ณปใฏๅฅฝใพใใใฏใฌใใใฏ
ในใปใซใใใซ่งฆๅช็ณปใฎ้ๅ ๅคใๅซๆใใใใใ
ใใ้ ธๅๅคๅซๆ็ณปใซๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใ้ ๅใใๆนใ
ๆๅฉใชๅ ดๅใใใใใใใใซใใฆใใๅซใชใณๅๅ
็ฉๆ็กใซ้ขไฟใชใใ้ ธๅๅคๅซๆ็ณปใซ้ ธๅๅคใใใ
ใฆๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใๅญๅจใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใใใๅฎๅฎใช
ๆบถๆถฒใๅๆฃๆถฒใจใใฆ็ถญๆใงใใใใใฏใซใ้ ๅใ
ใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๆดปๆงๅคใซไฝฟ็จใใใฎใซๅฅฝ้ฉใชใใ
ใฏใซใฏๅ็ดใชไธๆดปๆงๆบถๅคใๅธ้ๅคไพใใฐๅกฉๅใกใ
ใฌใณใใใใซใใณใธใซใใฟใฌใผใใชใฉใงใใใฐใ
ใใใใใๆบถๅคใๅธ้ๅคใฎๆททๅ็ฉใไฝฟ็จใงใใใ
ใใ ใใใใใฏใซใฏๅฎคๆธฉใง้ ธๅๅคใซๅๅฟๆงใ็คบใ
้จๅใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ไปฅไธๅซๆใใฆใใฆใฏใชใใชใใใ
ใใฏใซใฏไธๆดปๆงๆบถๅคใๅธ้ๅคใฎใปใใซๅฐใชใใจใ
ใฒใจใคใฎใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใใผใๅซใๆททๅ็ฉใง
ใใคใฆใใใใใใฎๅ ดๅใใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใ
ใผใฏใใฉใคใใผ็ตๆ็ฉใซๅญๅจใใ้ ธๅๅคใซๅฏพใใฆ
ๅฎ่ณช็ใซไธๆดปๆงใชใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒ
ใจใคใฎใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใใผใๅซๆใใ็นใซๅฅฝ
ใพใใใใใฏใซ(1)ใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็ด๏ผโใ็ด
150โใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๆจๆบๆๆฉ
ใใชใใผใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใใผใใใพใใฏ(2)ๅ
ใซ่ฟฐในใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใขใใใผไธญใใชใใผ
็ด0.05ใ็ด50้้๏ผ ใๅใณใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใคใณใ
ใผใๆฅ็ๆดปๆงๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉใ้ ๅใใ
ๅ ดๅใซใฏใใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉๅใณ้ ธๅๅคใๅฎๅฎใชๆบถ
ๆถฒใๅๆฃๆถฒใจใใฆ็ถญๆใงใใๅฐใชใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ
ๆๆฉๆบถๅค็ด40ใ็ด99้้๏ผ ใใใชใๆททๅ็ฉใงใ
ใใใใใฏใซใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใใชใใผ
ใใคใณใใผๆๆใซใฏใใชใขใซใญใซใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ
ใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใๅใณใใใใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใใชในใ
ใฌใณๅใณใใใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใใใซ้ๅไฝๅใณๅ ฑ้
ๅไฝใใใชใจในใใซใใใชใฑใใณใใใชในใซใ
ใณใใใจใใผใซๆจน่ใใใชใใใซใใใฉใผใซใใ
ใใฆใใชใซใผใใใผใใใใใใใๆฌ็บๆใฏใใ
ใใซ้ๅฎใใใชใใ ใใใฏใซใซใฏๆบถๅคใๅธ้ๅคๅใณใใคใซใ ๅฝขๆใ
ใคใณใใผใฎใปใใซๅค้จๅฏๅกๅคใๆ่ปๅคใๆฒๆพฑ้ฒๆญข
ๅคใๅฎๅฎๅคใชใฉใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใ้ ๅใงใใใใใฉใฎๆทป
ๅ ๅคใๆดปๆงๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅฎๅฎๆงใซ่จฑๅฎนใงใใชใ็จๆช
ๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใใใฎใงใใคใฆใฏใชใใชใใ ๅผ ๏ผใใ ใใ๏ผบใฏใกใใฌใณใ๏ผนใฏๆฐด็ด ใใใใญใญ
ใทใใขใใใใใญใฒใณใ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพ
ใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซใๅใณใขใซใญใซ้จๅใฎ็ญ
็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใณใญใท
ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใ๏ฝใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใใใใฆ๏ฝ
ใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใงใใ๏ผใง็คบใใใ็ฌฌไธใขใใณใ้ๅๆง
ๆฅ็ๆๆใฎ0.01ใ10้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ0.5ใ๏ผ้
้๏ผ ไฝฟ็จใใใจใๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅใไฟ้ฒ
ใใใใฎใงๆๅฉใงใใใ็นใซๅฅฝใพใใ็ฌฌไธใขใใณ
็กฌๅไฟ้ฒๅคใฏ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎใธใกใใซใขใใชใณๅใณ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎ
โใธใกใใซใขใใใกใใซใใจใใผใซใงใใใ ๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฎ่็ฐๅขๆงใฏ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅ จ
้้ใซๅบใใใฆ็ด0.005ใ็ด15้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ
็ด0.1ใ็ด10้้๏ผ ใฎใใขใชใใใณ้ ธไบ้ใใขใช
ใใใณ้ ธใซใซใทใฆใ ใใขใชใใใณ้ ธใใชใฆใ ใใข
ใชใชใใใณ้ ธในใใญใณใใฆใ ๅใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉ
ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใ้ๅฑใขใชใใใผใๅใณ
ใชใณ้ ธไบ้ใใชใณ้ ธใซใซใทใฆใ ใใชใณ้ ธใใฐใใท
ใฆใ ๅใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใชใ้ๅฑใในใใจใผ
ใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ้ ๅใใใจๆนๅใงใใใไธ่จ้ๅฑใข
ใชใใใผใใฏๆบถ้ๅบๆบใง้ๅฑใในใใจใผใ๏ผ้จใซ
ใคใ็ด๏ผใ็ด๏ผ้จๅญๅจใใใใใใฎ็จฎใฎๆททๅ็ฉใฏ
ใใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๆนๆณใๅซใใฆ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ4017315ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ
ใซ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ใชใณ้ ธใ้ฃฝๅ๏ผไธ้ฃฝๅๆๆฉใธใซใซใใณ้ ธๅใณ้ ธ
็กๆฐด็ฉใฎๅคๅกฉๅบๆง้ๅกฉ็นใซไบๅกฉๅบๆงใใฟใซ้ ธ้ใ
ไธๅกฉๅบๆงใใฌใคใณ้ ธ้ใๅๅกฉๅบๆงใใใซ้ ธ้ใไบ
ๅกฉๅบๆงไบใชใณ้ ธ้ๅใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใใฆ้ ธ
ๅไบ้ใ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ
็ด0.1ใ็ด15้้๏ผ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ็ด๏ผใ็ด10้้๏ผ
ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใ้ใง้ ๅใใใใจใ่็ฐๅขๆงใฎๅไธ
ใซๅฝน็ซใคใ ๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซไธ่ฌใซ็จใใใใฆใใใใคใฉใผ
ใ้กๆใชใฉใฎไปใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใซๆทปๅ ใงใ
ใใใใจใใใณใฐใพใใฏใใชใณใฐใใใใขใคใใฐ
ใฉในใ็ญ็ด ็น็ถญใใใญใณ็น็ถญใใขใญใใใ
๏ผaromid๏ผ็น็ถญใชใฉใฎ็ฒ็ ใใ่ฃๅผท็จ็น็ถญใ้ ๅ
ใใใใจใๆฅ็ๅผทใใ่็ฑๆงๅใณ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใฎๅ
ไธใซๆๅนใงใใใใจใ่ฆๅบใใใใ ๅบๆฌ็ใชๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคๅใณๆฅ็ๅค
ใใฉใคใใผ็ตๆ็ฉใฏไพใใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ3882274ๅท
ๅใณๅ็ฌฌ3890407ๅทใฎๅๅ ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ใใช้ๅธธใฎๆนๆณใงไฝใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฏ้ ใใขใซใใใฆใ ใ้ผใชใฉ
ใฎ้ๅฑใฎ่กจ้ขใ้ๅฑใใใฉในใใใฏใไปใฎใใชใ
ใผใ็น็ถญใใปใฉใใใฏใๆจๆใชใฉใๅซใๅคๆงใชๅฏพ
่ฑก็ฉใซๆฅๅใใใใใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฏ็ฌฌ
๏ผใฎ็ณปใ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใๅซๆใใใใใฆ็ฌฌ
๏ผใฎ็ณปใๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใๅซๆใใๅคๆถฒ็ณปๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใจ
ใใฆไฝฟ็จใงใใใใใใใฏใๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใฏใใฉใค
ใใผ็ณปใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใงใใใๅคๆถฒ็ณปใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใใ
ๅ ดๅใซใฏใๆฅๅใในใ็้ขใไธก้ขใๅใ ใฎ็ณปใๆทท
ๅใใฆๅพใๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใง่ขซ่ฆใใใใใฆ็ธไบใซๆฅ่งฆ
ใใใใใใฉใคใใผ็ณปใซใใใฆใฏใใพใใใฉใคใ
ใผ็ตๆ็ฉใพใใฏๆฅ็ๆดปๆงๅคใๆฅๅใในใ็้ขใไธก
้ขใซๅกๅธใใใใใฆ้ๅๆงๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใๅซใๆฅ
็ๅคๆจน่ใๅฐใชใใจใ็้ขใซๅกๅธใใฆใใ็ธไบใซ
ๆฅ่งฆใใใใไธ่ฌใซใใใฉใคใใผ็ณปใฏๆฑใๆใใฎ
ใงไพฟๅฉใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใฒใจใคใฎ็นๅพดใฏใ้ผใใขใซใใใฆใ ใ
้ ใชใฉใฎ้ๅฑๅบไฝใฎ่กจ้ขใใใฉใคใใผใๆฅ็ๅคใฎ
ๅกๅธๅใซใปใจใใฉไบๅๅฆ็ใใใใจใชใใๅฟ ่ฆใซ
ๅฟใใฆ่ฉฒ้ๅฑๅบไฝใๆฅ็ใใใฎใซๆฌๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉ
ใไฝฟ็จใงใใใใจใซใใใๅพใคใฆใ็พๅจๅฉ็จใใ
ใฆใใๅคง้จๅใฎใใฉใคใใผใๆฅ็ๅคใง้ๅธธๅฟ ่ฆใจ
ใใใฆใใไบๅๅฆ็ใใใใจใชใใๅซๆฒนๆงใงใใ
ไปฅๅคใฏใใใใช้ๅฑ้ขใๆฅ็ใงใใใใใใซใๆฌ
็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใฏๅฎคๆธฉใงใๆๅนใซไฝ็จใใใฎใงใ
ๆฅ็ๅคใๅบไฝใซๅกๅธใใใใ็กฌๅใใใใใซๅ ็ฑ
ใใๅฟ ่ฆใฏใชใใใพใใ็ฉบๆฐใๆ้คใใๅฟ ่ฆใใ
ใใใใ็ดฐๅญใซ็ฉบๆฐใๅญๅจใใ่กจ้ขใซใฏ้ฉ็จใงใ
ใชใใคใๅซๆฐๆงๆฅ็ใจใฏ็ฐใชใคใฆใๅคๅญๆงๅบไฝใซ
ใ้ฉ็จใงใใใ ไปฅไธๅฎๆฝไพใซใใๆฌ็บๆใ่ชฌๆใใใใ็นใซๆญ
ใใชใ้ใใ้จใๆฏใใใฆ๏ผ ใฏ้้ๅบๆบใงใใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ ่ฉฆ้จ ่งฆๅช้ใฎใธใใใซในใบใธใฉใฆใฌใผใๅใณใกใใซ
ใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใๅธ้ๅคใฎๅญๅจไธใงๅนณๅๅๅญ้ใ
54.0ใฎใใชใซใใญใฉใฏใใณใใชใชใผใซ1.0ใขใซใ
ๅนณๅๅๅญ้ใ2000ใฎใใชใซใใญใฉใฏใใณใใชใชใผ
ใซ0.65ใขใซๅใณใใซใจใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใ4.3ใข
ใซๅๅฟใใใใในใฆใฎใใใญใญใทๅบใๅๅฟใใใฆ
ใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใๅธ้ๅคใซๆบถ่งฃใใใคใฝใทใข
ใใผใๅฎ่ฝใฆใฌใฟใณใใฌใใชใใผใๅพใใใจใซใ
ใคใฆๆฅ็ๆงๆจน่๏ผไปฅไธARโใจ็ฅ่จใใ๏ผใไฝ
ใคใใๅๅฟ็ณปใซ4.3ใขใซใฎใใใญใญใทใจใใซใขใฏ
ใชใฌใผใใๅ ใใๅ จ้จใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใ้จๅใๅ
ๅฟใใฆใใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ๏ผMMA๏ผใขใใ
ใผใฎๆจน่ๅบๅฝขๅ65๏ผ ใงใขใฏใชใซๅใใชใฆใฌใฟใณ
ARโใๅพใใใใพใงๅๅฟใ็ถใใใ ่ฉฆ้จไพ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆ๏ผๅไฝใฏ้้้จ๏ผใใใคๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใ
้ๅธธใฎๆนๆณใงไฝใคใใ
ใ่กจใ
ๅๆๅใๆททๅใใฆๅไธใช็ตๆ็ฉใๅพใๅพใๆฅ็
ๅคใไฝฟ็จใใฆ้ผ๏ผ้ผ๏ผๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผSAE1010๏ผใ
ๆฅๅใใใไธๆนใฎ้ขใซๅๅใซๆททๅใใๆฅ็ๅคใๅก
ๅธใใไปๆนใฎ่ขซ่ฆใใฆใใชใ้ขใๆฅ็ๅคใซๆผๅงโ
ใใฌในใใฆ่ฉฆ้จ็ต็ซไฝใไฝใคใใๅ็ต็ซไฝใฎๅ จๆฅ
็ๅคๅฑคใฎๅใใฏ็ด20ใใซใงใใคใใ่ฉฆ้จ็ใ12ๆ
้ๅฎคๆธฉใง็กฌๅใใๆฌกใซ่ฉฆ้จ็ใฎๅๅใ204โใง30
ๅ้ๅพ็ผไปใๅฆ็ใใใ้ใญๅชๆญใในใใ็กฌๅ็ต
็ซไฝใซใคใใฆASTM ๏ผคโ1002โ72ใซๅพใคใฆๅฎคๆธฉ
ๅใณ204โใง่กใคใใใในใ็ตๆ๏ผๅไฝใกใฌใใน
ใซใซ๏ผใ่กจใซ็คบใใ
ๅคใไฝฟ็จใใฆ้ผ๏ผ้ผ๏ผๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผSAE1010๏ผใ
ๆฅๅใใใไธๆนใฎ้ขใซๅๅใซๆททๅใใๆฅ็ๅคใๅก
ๅธใใไปๆนใฎ่ขซ่ฆใใฆใใชใ้ขใๆฅ็ๅคใซๆผๅงโ
ใใฌในใใฆ่ฉฆ้จ็ต็ซไฝใไฝใคใใๅ็ต็ซไฝใฎๅ จๆฅ
็ๅคๅฑคใฎๅใใฏ็ด20ใใซใงใใคใใ่ฉฆ้จ็ใ12ๆ
้ๅฎคๆธฉใง็กฌๅใใๆฌกใซ่ฉฆ้จ็ใฎๅๅใ204โใง30
ๅ้ๅพ็ผไปใๅฆ็ใใใ้ใญๅชๆญใในใใ็กฌๅ็ต
็ซไฝใซใคใใฆASTM ๏ผคโ1002โ72ใซๅพใคใฆๅฎคๆธฉ
ๅใณ204โใง่กใคใใใในใ็ตๆ๏ผๅไฝใกใฌใใน
ใซใซ๏ผใ่กจใซ็คบใใ
ใ่กจใ
ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใใใๆฅ็ๅค็ณปใใซใซใใญใทใซๅใ
ใฟใธใจใณโใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใช
ใใผๆๆใซๅญๅจใใฆใใ้ ธๅไปฅๅคใฎ้ ธ็นใซใกใฟใฏ
ใชใซ้ ธใๅซใใงใใชใๅ ดๅใซใๆฅ็ๅผทใๅใณ่็ฑ
ๅฃๅๆงใๅไธใใใใจใๅคใใ ่ฉฆ้จ ่ฉฆ้จใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉโ๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใไฝฟ็จ
ใใฆไปฅไธใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใไฝใคใใ
ใฟใธใจใณโใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใช
ใใผๆๆใซๅญๅจใใฆใใ้ ธๅไปฅๅคใฎ้ ธ็นใซใกใฟใฏ
ใชใซ้ ธใๅซใใงใใชใๅ ดๅใซใๆฅ็ๅผทใๅใณ่็ฑ
ๅฃๅๆงใๅไธใใใใจใๅคใใ ่ฉฆ้จ ่ฉฆ้จใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉโ๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใไฝฟ็จ
ใใฆไปฅไธใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใไฝใคใใ
ใ่กจใ
ใขใคใใผใฐใฉใน
่ฃๅผท็จใใคใฉใผใฎ้ ๅใใฆใใชใ่ฉฆ้จใฎโ
๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใฏๅฏพ็ งใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพ
ใคใฆๅๆฅ็ๅคใซใใๅธ่ฒฉๅใฎ1010ๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผใๆฅ
ๅใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพใคใฆๅฎคๆธฉๅใณ204ใใง้ใญๅช
ๆญใในใใ่กใคใใ็ตๆ๏ผๅไฝใกใฌใในใซใซ๏ผใฏ
่กจใซ็คบใ้ใใงใใใ
่ฃๅผท็จใใคใฉใผใฎ้ ๅใใฆใใชใ่ฉฆ้จใฎโ
๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใฏๅฏพ็ งใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพ
ใคใฆๅๆฅ็ๅคใซใใๅธ่ฒฉๅใฎ1010ๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผใๆฅ
ๅใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพใคใฆๅฎคๆธฉๅใณ204ใใง้ใญๅช
ๆญใในใใ่กใคใใ็ตๆ๏ผๅไฝใกใฌใในใซใซ๏ผใฏ
่กจใซ็คบใ้ใใงใใใ
ใ่กจใ
ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใซ่ฃๅผท
ใใคใฉใผใ้ ็ฝฎใใใจใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝใๅไธใใใใจ
ใๅคใใ ่ฉฆ้จ ่ฉฆ้จใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉโ๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใไฝฟ็จ
ใใฆใไปฅไธใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใไฝใคใใ
ใใคใฉใผใ้ ็ฝฎใใใจใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝใๅไธใใใใจ
ใๅคใใ ่ฉฆ้จ ่ฉฆ้จใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉโ๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใไฝฟ็จ
ใใฆใไปฅไธใฎๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใไฝใคใใ
ใ่กจใ
่ฉฆ้จใฎๆฅ็ๅคโ๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใฏๅฏพ็
งใจใใฆ
ไฝฟ็จใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพใคใฆๅๆฅ็ๅคใไฝฟ็จใใฆๅธ
่ฒฉใฎๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผๅใณSEA1010ๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผใๆฅๅ
ใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพใคใฆๅฎคๆธฉๅใณ204โใง้ใญๅชๆญ
ใในใใ่กใคใใ็ตๆใฏ่กจใซ็คบใ้ใใงใใใ
ไฝฟ็จใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพใคใฆๅๆฅ็ๅคใไฝฟ็จใใฆๅธ
่ฒฉใฎๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผๅใณSEA1010ๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผใๆฅๅ
ใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพใคใฆๅฎคๆธฉๅใณ204โใง้ใญๅชๆญ
ใในใใ่กใคใใ็ตๆใฏ่กจใซ็คบใ้ใใงใใใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใใใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้
็จๆฅ็ๅคใซใใคใฆ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใๅคงใใๅไธใใใ
ใจใๅคใใใพใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎใขใฏใชใซๅฎ่ฝ
ๅบใใใคใใชใขใฏใชใฌใผใใไฝฟ็จใใใจใ่็ฑๅฃ
ๅๆงใ ใใงใชใใ้ซๆธฉๆฅ็ๆง่ฝใ่ใใๅไธใใ
ใใจใๅคใใ ่ฉฆ้จ ๆฌกใฎไบๆถฒ็ณปใใฉใคใใผ็ตๆ็ฉใไฝใคใ๏ผๅไฝใฏ
้้้จ๏ผใ
็จๆฅ็ๅคใซใใคใฆ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใๅคงใใๅไธใใใ
ใจใๅคใใใพใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎใขใฏใชใซๅฎ่ฝ
ๅบใใใคใใชใขใฏใชใฌใผใใไฝฟ็จใใใจใ่็ฑๅฃ
ๅๆงใ ใใงใชใใ้ซๆธฉๆฅ็ๆง่ฝใ่ใใๅไธใใ
ใใจใๅคใใ ่ฉฆ้จ ๆฌกใฎไบๆถฒ็ณปใใฉใคใใผ็ตๆ็ฉใไฝใคใ๏ผๅไฝใฏ
้้้จ๏ผใ
ใ่กจใ
ไปฅไธใฎใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅคใไฝใคใ๏ผๅไฝ
ใฏ้้้จ๏ผใ
ใฏ้้้จ๏ผใ
ใ่กจใ
ใน
ใใฉใคใใผ็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅ็ณป๏ผก๏ผ๏ผขใๆททๅใใใใช
ใจในใใซ็ณปใฎใใขใคใใฐใฉในๅผทๅใใฉในใใใฏ็ด
ๆใซๅกๅธใใใใใฎใใฉในใใใฏ็ด ๆใซใใฉใคใ
ใผใฎ0.1ใใซๅใใฎๆนฟๅผใใคใซใ ใ่ขซ่ฆใใฆใ
ใใๅจๅฒใฎๆธฉๅบฆๅใณๆนฟๅบฆๆกไปถใง30ๅ้ไนพ็ฅใใใ
ใใฎใใใซใใฆๅฆ็ใใใใฉในใใใฏ็ด ๆใๅธ่ฒฉ
ใฎๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผ้จๅใซๆฅๅใใใใใใฎ้ผใฏไบใๆฅ
็ๅคโ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใใใใใง20ใใซ
ๅใใซ่ขซ่ฆใใฆใใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพใคใฆใใฉในใ
ใใฏ๏ผ้ผ็ต็ซไฝใๆฅๅใใฆใในใใใใใใ ใใ
ๅพ็ผไปใๆธฉๅบฆใฏ138โใงใใคใใ็ตๆใฏ่กจใซ็คบ
ใ้ใใงใใใ
ใใฉใคใใผ็ตๆ็ฉใฎๅ็ณป๏ผก๏ผ๏ผขใๆททๅใใใใช
ใจในใใซ็ณปใฎใใขใคใใฐใฉในๅผทๅใใฉในใใใฏ็ด
ๆใซๅกๅธใใใใใฎใใฉในใใใฏ็ด ๆใซใใฉใคใ
ใผใฎ0.1ใใซๅใใฎๆนฟๅผใใคใซใ ใ่ขซ่ฆใใฆใ
ใใๅจๅฒใฎๆธฉๅบฆๅใณๆนฟๅบฆๆกไปถใง30ๅ้ไนพ็ฅใใใ
ใใฎใใใซใใฆๅฆ็ใใใใฉในใใใฏ็ด ๆใๅธ่ฒฉ
ใฎๅท้ๅงๅปถ้ผ้จๅใซๆฅๅใใใใใใฎ้ผใฏไบใๆฅ
็ๅคโ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผๅใณโ๏ผใใใใใง20ใใซ
ๅใใซ่ขซ่ฆใใฆใใใใ่ฉฆ้จใซๅพใคใฆใใฉในใ
ใใฏ๏ผ้ผ็ต็ซไฝใๆฅๅใใฆใในใใใใใใ ใใ
ๅพ็ผไปใๆธฉๅบฆใฏ138โใงใใคใใ็ตๆใฏ่กจใซ็คบ
ใ้ใใงใใใ
ใ่กจใ
ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใใใใใฉในใใใฏใจ้ๅฑใๆฅๅใ
ใใใใซๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅคใไฝฟ็จใใฆใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝๅ
ใณ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใฎใใใใใๅไธใใใใจใๅคใใ ่ฉฆ้จ ไบ้ใใคใ้ผใใขใซใใใฆใ ๅใณใใฉใคใใผใง
ๅฆ็ใใฆใใชใใใฉในใใใฏๆๆใๆฅๅใใๅ ดๅ
ใซใๅใ็ตๆใๅพใใใใใใชใใกใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝๅ
ใณ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใฎใใใใๅไธใใใ
ใใใใซๆฌ็บๆใฎๆฅ็ๅคใไฝฟ็จใใฆใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝๅ
ใณ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใฎใใใใใๅไธใใใใจใๅคใใ ่ฉฆ้จ ไบ้ใใคใ้ผใใขใซใใใฆใ ๅใณใใฉใคใใผใง
ๅฆ็ใใฆใใชใใใฉในใใใฏๆๆใๆฅๅใใๅ ดๅ
ใซใๅใ็ตๆใๅพใใใใใใชใใกใ้ซๆธฉๆง่ฝๅ
ใณ่็ฑๅฃๅๆงใฎใใใใๅไธใใใ
Claims (1)
- ใ็น่จฑ่ซๆฑใฎ็ฏๅฒใ ๏ผ (a) ๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅฎ่ฝใ
ใฌใใชใใผใจใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้ๅๆงใชใฌใ
ใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๆใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใ
ใใญใญใทๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใจใใใๅพใใใๅฐใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็
ๆ็ฉใงใใคใฆใใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅๅไฝใๅฐใ
ใจใ๏ผๅๆใใใค้้ขใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผใๅบใๅฎ
่ณช็ใซๆใใชใใใฎใ (b) (i)ใใฟใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใจใ(ii)ใใฟใธใจ
ใณใจใในใใฌใณใใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใกใฟใฏใช
ใญใใใชใซใใใณใใใใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใใฟใธใจใณใจๅ ฑ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๅฐใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎใขใใใผใจใฎใณใใชใใผใจใ(iii)ใใฟ
ใธใจใณใฎใใขใใชใใผใใใณๅ่จใณใใชใใผใ
ใใชใ็พคใซๅฑใใใใฎ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผ้้๏ผ
ใพใงใฎๅฐ้ใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅฎ่ฝใขใใใผใ
ๅ ฑ้ๅใใฆๅคๆงใใใฆใใใใฎใใฎไธญใใ้ธๆ
ใใใๅคๆงใใใใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆ
ใจใ(iv)ใใใใฎใใฎใฎๆททๅ็ฉใจใใใใชใ็พคใ
ใ้ธๆใใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใฟใธใจใณ็ณป
ใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆๆใใใใณ (c) ๅ่จใชใฌใใคใณ็ณปไธ้ฃฝๅใฆใฌใฟใณๅๅฟ็ๆ็ฉ
ใจๅ่จใใฟใธใจใณ็ณปใจใฉในใใใผๆงใใชใใผๆ
ๆใจใฎๆททๅ็ฉ ใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎใใช
ใใผๆๆ(A)ใจใ ในใใฌใณใใใณใขใฏใชใซใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใขใฏใชใซ็ณปใฎ
ใขใใใผใใใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใ้จๅ้
ๅใใฆๅพใใใใทใญใใใงใใคใฆใใชใใผใจๆช้
ๅใขใใใผใจใๅ ฑใซๅซๆใใฆใใใใฎใ ใใใณใใใใขใใใผใฎ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใใๅพใใใใ
ใชใใผใจใใใใขใใใผใฎๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใจใฎๆทท
ๅ็ฉใใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใค
ใฎ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆ(B)ใจใ ๆฌกๅผ๏ผๅใณ ๏ผๅผไธญใๅ๏ผฒใฏๅไธใ็ฐใชใคใฆใใฆใใใใใ
ใใใ็ก้ขไฟใซ๏ผไพกใฎๆช็ฝฎๆๆๆฉๅบใๅใณใใญใฒ
ใณใใใใญใญใทใซใใขใใใ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผ
ใฎใขใซใญใซๅบใใใณๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ้จๅใๅฐใ
ใจใใฒใจใคใฎ่ณ้ฆๆ ธใๆใใใขใชใผใซๅบใใใชใ
็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ็ฝฎๆๅบใใใค
๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใใ็ญ็ด โ
ใชใณ็ตๅใไปใใฆใชใณๅๅญใซ็ดๆฅ็ตๅใใฆใใ๏ผ
ไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบใ็คบใใใใใฆๅ๏ผธใฏๅไธใ็ฐใชใคใฆ
ใใฆใใใใใใใใ็ก้ขไฟใซๆฐด็ด ใใใใญใญใท
ใซใใขใใใใกใซใซใใๅใณCH2๏ผ๏ผฃ๏ผใใใชใ
็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฎ่ฝๅบใ็คบใ๏ผใ ๏ผๅผไธญใ๏ผฒๅใณ๏ผธใฏๅ่ฟฐใใ้ใใงใใใใ
R1ใฏๆฐด็ด ใโR2โ๏ผธ๏ผใใ ใใR2ใฏ๏ผไพกใฎๆช็ฝฎ
ๆๆๆฉๅบใๅใณใใญใฒใณใใใใญใญใทใซใใขใ
ใใ็ญ็ด ๅๅญๆฐใ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใขใซใญใซๅบๅใณๅฐใใจ
ใใฒใจใคใฎ้จๅใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎ่ณ้ฆๆ ธใๆใ
ใใขใชใผใซๅบใใใชใ็พคใใ้ธๆใใใๅฐใใจใ
ใฒใจใคใฎ็ฝฎๆๅบใใใคใฆ๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบใใใชใ็พค
ใใ้ธๆใใใ็ญ็ด โใชใณ็ตๅใไปใใฆใชใณๅๅญ
ใซ็ดๆฅ็ตๅใใฆใใ๏ผไพกใฎๆๆฉๅบใ็คบใใใใใฆ
๏ผธใฏๅ่จใฎ้ใใงใใ๏ผใใใใฆ ๏ผๅผไธญใR1ใฏๅ่จใฎ้ใใงใใ๏ผ ใง็คบใใใๅฐใใจใใฒใจใคใฎๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)ใจใ ๅฎคๆธฉๆดปๆงใฌใใใฏใน่งฆๅช็ณป(D)ใจใ ใ็ตๅใใใฆใชใใๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)ไปฅๅคใซใฏ้้ข
ใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉๅใฏ็กๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจ
ใใใชใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใใๅฎคๆธฉ็กฌๅๆงใฎๆง้ ็จ
ๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใ ๏ผ ๏ผใคใซๅๅฒๅ ่ฃ ใใใฆใใฆไฝฟ็จใฎ้ๆททๅใใ
ใใใซใใๆฅ็ๅคใงใใคใฆใใใฎ็ฌฌ๏ผใฎๅ ่ฃ
๏ผ๏ผใซใฏใใใชใใผๆๆ(A)ใจใ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆ
(B)ใจใๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)ใจใๅฎคๆธฉๆดปๆงใฌใใใฏใน่งฆ
ๅช็ณป(D)ใๆงๆใใ้ๅ ๅคๆๅใจใใๅ ๅซใใใใ
ใฎ็ฌฌ๏ผใฎๅ ่ฃ ๏ผ๏ผใซใฏใ่ฉฒๅฎคๆธฉๆดปๆงใฌใใใฏใน
่งฆๅช็ณป(D)ใๆงๆใใ้ ธๅๅคๆๅใงใใคใฆใๅฎคๆธฉใง
ๅ่จ้ๅ ๅคใจๅๅฟใใฆใฉใธใซใซ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๅ่จใ
ใชใใผๆๆใจๅ่จ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆใจใฎ้ๅใ้ๅง
ใใใซ่ถณใ้้ขๅบใ็ๆใๅพใใใฎใใๅซๆใใ
ๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅค(E)ใใๅ ๅซใใใฆใใฆใ ๅ่จใใชใใผๆๆ(A)ไธญใฎๆๅ(a)ใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆ
ๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคๆๅใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ10ใ90้้
๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใๅ่จใใชใใผๆๆ(A)ไธญใฎๆๅ(b)
ใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้ๅ ๅคๆๅ็ญใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบ
ใใใฆ๏ผใ30้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใ ๅ่จ้ๅๅฏ่ฝใชๆๆ(B)ใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆๅใณ้
ๅ ๅคๆๅ็ญใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ๏ผใ90้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏ
ๅฒใซใใใๅ่จๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)ใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆงๆๆ
ๅใณ้ๅ ๅคๆๅ็ญใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ0.1ใ20้
้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใๅ่จ้ๅ ๅคๆๅใฎ้ใฏ้ๅๆง
ๆๆใฎๅ จ้้ใซๅบใใใฆ0.05ใ10้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซ
ใใใๅ่จ้ ธๅๅคๆๅใฎ้ใฏๆฅ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใฎๅ จ้้
ใซๅบใใใฆ0.5ใ30้้๏ผ ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใใใใใฆ
ๅซใชใณๅๅ็ฉ(C)ใฎ้ ธไพกไปฅๅคใซใฏ้้ขใฎๆๆฉ้ ธๅๅ
็ฉๅใฏ็กๆฉ้ ธๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅญๅจใใใชใใใจ
ใ็นๅพดใจใใใ็น่จฑ่ซๆฑใฎ็ฏๅฒ็ฌฌ๏ผ้ ่จ่ผใฎๆง้
็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉใ
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US347847 | 1982-02-11 | ||
US06/347,847 US4452944A (en) | 1982-02-11 | 1982-02-11 | Structural adhesive formulations |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS58147477A JPS58147477A (ja) | 1983-09-02 |
JPS6228993B2 true JPS6228993B2 (ja) | 1987-06-23 |
Family
ID=23365537
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP58019911A Granted JPS58147477A (ja) | 1982-02-11 | 1983-02-10 | ๆง้ ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉ |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4452944A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0086469B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPS58147477A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR880000352B1 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE11559T1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA1188840A (ja) |
DE (1) | DE3304816A1 (ja) |
DK (1) | DK57583A (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2526438B1 (ja) |
GB (1) | GB2116185B (ja) |
NO (1) | NO830443L (ja) |
ZA (1) | ZA83853B (ja) |
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US4467071A (en) * | 1982-09-13 | 1984-08-21 | Lord Corporation | Epoxy modified structural adhesives having improved heat resistance |
DE3321797A1 (de) * | 1983-06-16 | 1984-12-20 | Rรถhm GmbH, 6100 Darmstadt | Heisssiegelfaehige beschichtungsmassen |
JPS6069177A (ja) * | 1983-09-26 | 1985-04-19 | Kuraray Co Ltd | ๆฅ็ๆนๆณ |
US4602073A (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1986-07-22 | National Starch And Chemical Corporation | Adhesive compositions |
US5028661A (en) * | 1986-10-14 | 1991-07-02 | Loctite Corporation | Adhesion promoters for thiolene adhesive formulations |
IE882227L (en) * | 1988-07-21 | 1990-01-21 | Loctite Ireland Ltd | Sealant composition |
JP2726446B2 (ja) * | 1988-10-04 | 1998-03-11 | ้ปๆฐๅๅญฆๅทฅๆฅญๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉ |
CA2049912C (en) * | 1991-03-13 | 1997-01-28 | Arden E. Schmucker | Adhesive composition |
US5340901A (en) * | 1991-12-09 | 1994-08-23 | Gencorp Inc. | Two-component, primerless, organic phosphorus containing polyurethane adhesive |
US5175228A (en) * | 1991-12-09 | 1992-12-29 | Gencorp Inc. | Two-component primerless urethane-isocyanurate adhesive compositions having high temperature resistance |
JP2642554B2 (ja) * | 1991-12-27 | 1997-08-20 | ้ปๆฐๅๅญฆๅทฅๆฅญๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉ |
US5606003A (en) * | 1994-09-01 | 1997-02-25 | Gencorp Inc. | Primerless urethane adhesive compositions |
US5965635A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-10-12 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Alkylacrylate ester composition for anchoring materials in or to concrete or masonry |
AU2535797A (en) * | 1996-04-15 | 1997-11-07 | Lord Corporation | Free radical polymerizable compositions including para-halogenated aniline derivatives |
KR100498948B1 (ko) * | 1997-07-30 | 2005-07-04 | ์ด ์์ด ๋ํฐ ๋ ๋ค๋ชจ์ ์ค๋ ์บํ๋ | ํฌ์คํฐ์ฐ ๋ฐ์ ์์ฑ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์ฝํ ์กฐ์ฑ๋ฌผ์ ์์ด ์ด๋ค์ ์ฉ๋ |
US6313257B1 (en) | 1999-03-23 | 2001-11-06 | Lord Corporation | Poly (mercaptopropylaryl) curatives |
JP4545356B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-11 | 2010-09-15 | ้ปๆฐๅๅญฆๅทฅๆฅญๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ไบ้ใกใใญ้ผๆฟ็จๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉ |
US6630555B2 (en) * | 2001-11-06 | 2003-10-07 | Lord Corporation | Internally blocked organoborate initiators and adhesives therefrom |
US6921454B2 (en) | 2001-11-27 | 2005-07-26 | Henkel Corporation | Elastomer toughened radiation curable adhesives |
US6730411B1 (en) * | 2002-02-07 | 2004-05-04 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Two-part structural adhesive systems and laminates incorporating the same |
US20040229990A1 (en) * | 2003-05-16 | 2004-11-18 | Lord Corporation | Acrylic structural adhesive having improved T-peel strength |
US20040242817A1 (en) * | 2003-05-29 | 2004-12-02 | Lord Corporation | Internally coordinated organoboranes |
US7060327B2 (en) * | 2003-11-13 | 2006-06-13 | Henkel Corporation | Corrosion protective methacrylate adhesives for galvanized steel and other metals |
KR20060022820A (ko) * | 2004-09-08 | 2006-03-13 | ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ ์์งํํ | (๋ฉํ)์ํฌ๋ฆด ์๋ฝ์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ |
AU2006247072A1 (en) * | 2005-05-19 | 2006-11-23 | Lord Corporation | Ambient curable protective sealant |
WO2008014466A2 (en) | 2006-07-28 | 2008-01-31 | Lord Corporation | Dual cure adhesive formulations |
EP2391690A2 (en) | 2009-02-02 | 2011-12-07 | Lord Corporation | Structural adhesives containing maleimide terminated polyimides |
US8859098B2 (en) | 2012-05-18 | 2014-10-14 | Lord Corporation | Acrylic adhesion promoters |
US20140030513A1 (en) | 2012-07-25 | 2014-01-30 | LORD Coporation | Post-vulcanization bonding |
WO2015143005A1 (en) | 2014-03-19 | 2015-09-24 | Lord Corporation | Amine co-accelerator for acrylic adhesives |
US10975275B2 (en) | 2015-11-03 | 2021-04-13 | Lord Corporation | Elastomer adhesive with rapid tack development |
KR102149045B1 (ko) | 2017-02-22 | 2020-08-28 | ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ ์์งํํ | ์ ์ฐฉ์ ์กฐ์ฑ๋ฌผ |
EP3564333B1 (en) | 2017-05-02 | 2020-11-18 | LG Chem, Ltd. | Two-liquid type adhesive composition |
KR102136705B1 (ko) | 2017-06-02 | 2020-07-22 | ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ ์์งํํ | ์ด์กํ ์ ์ฐฉ์ ์กฐ์ฑ๋ฌผ |
JP7286915B2 (ja) * | 2018-03-30 | 2023-06-06 | ๆฑใฝใผๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ๏ผๆถฒๅใใชใฆใฌใฟใณๆจน่ๅฝขๆๆง็ตๆ็ฉใ๏ผๆถฒๅใใชใฆใฌใฟใณๆจน่ๆฅ็ๅค็ตๆ็ฉ |
US20210301183A1 (en) | 2020-03-24 | 2021-09-30 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Low surface energy accelerated bonding adhesive formulation and process for the use thereof |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS4843939A (ja) * | 1971-10-07 | 1973-06-25 | ||
JPS51129438A (en) * | 1975-05-06 | 1976-11-11 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Adhesive composition |
JPS51132234A (en) * | 1975-04-21 | 1976-11-17 | Suriibondo:Kk | An anaerobic adhesive composition |
JPS532543A (en) * | 1976-06-29 | 1978-01-11 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Rapid-setting acrylic resin adhesive |
JPS54141826A (en) * | 1978-04-24 | 1979-11-05 | Lord Corp | Composition for bonding structure |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5783572A (en) * | 1980-09-15 | 1982-05-25 | Lord Corp | Rapid-setting phosphate reforming anaerobic composition |
US4322509A (en) * | 1980-10-03 | 1982-03-30 | Lord Corporation | Fast curing phosphate modified anaerobic adhesive compositions |
-
1982
- 1982-02-11 US US06/347,847 patent/US4452944A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1983
- 1983-02-08 ZA ZA83853A patent/ZA83853B/xx unknown
- 1983-02-09 GB GB08303567A patent/GB2116185B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-10 JP JP58019911A patent/JPS58147477A/ja active Granted
- 1983-02-10 DK DK57583A patent/DK57583A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-02-10 NO NO830443A patent/NO830443L/no unknown
- 1983-02-10 CA CA000421365A patent/CA1188840A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-11 FR FR8302175A patent/FR2526438B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1983-02-11 EP EP83101327A patent/EP0086469B1/de not_active Expired
- 1983-02-11 DE DE19833304816 patent/DE3304816A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1983-02-11 KR KR1019830000553A patent/KR880000352B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-02-11 AT AT83101327T patent/ATE11559T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS4843939A (ja) * | 1971-10-07 | 1973-06-25 | ||
JPS51132234A (en) * | 1975-04-21 | 1976-11-17 | Suriibondo:Kk | An anaerobic adhesive composition |
JPS51129438A (en) * | 1975-05-06 | 1976-11-11 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Adhesive composition |
JPS532543A (en) * | 1976-06-29 | 1978-01-11 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Rapid-setting acrylic resin adhesive |
JPS54141826A (en) * | 1978-04-24 | 1979-11-05 | Lord Corp | Composition for bonding structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ZA83853B (en) | 1983-10-26 |
DK57583A (da) | 1983-08-12 |
CA1188840A (en) | 1985-06-11 |
EP0086469B1 (de) | 1985-01-30 |
GB2116185B (en) | 1985-12-04 |
EP0086469A1 (de) | 1983-08-24 |
KR840004143A (ko) | 1984-10-06 |
NO830443L (no) | 1983-08-12 |
DK57583D0 (da) | 1983-02-10 |
KR880000352B1 (ko) | 1988-03-20 |
FR2526438A1 (fr) | 1983-11-10 |
DE3304816A1 (de) | 1983-08-18 |
FR2526438B1 (fr) | 1985-11-22 |
GB8303567D0 (en) | 1983-03-16 |
JPS58147477A (ja) | 1983-09-02 |
ATE11559T1 (de) | 1985-02-15 |
GB2116185A (en) | 1983-09-21 |
US4452944A (en) | 1984-06-05 |
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