JPS6145655B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS6145655B2 JPS6145655B2 JP52017042A JP1704277A JPS6145655B2 JP S6145655 B2 JPS6145655 B2 JP S6145655B2 JP 52017042 A JP52017042 A JP 52017042A JP 1704277 A JP1704277 A JP 1704277A JP S6145655 B2 JPS6145655 B2 JP S6145655B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- chitin
- solution
- dimethylacetamide
- film
- solvent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229920002101 Chitin Polymers 0.000 claims description 80
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 34
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 241000238557 Decapoda Species 0.000 description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000238097 Callinectes sapidus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000238424 Crustacea Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001235206 Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 alpha-ethyl glycoside Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCl FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940106681 chloroacetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229930182470 glycoside Natural products 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011085 pressure filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000029663 wound healing Effects 0.000 description 2
- CBOJBBMQJBVCMW-BTVCFUMJSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r)-2-amino-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.O=C[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO CBOJBBMQJBVCMW-BTVCFUMJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SXAMGRAIZSSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical group C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1=NOC(=N1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 SXAMGRAIZSSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZIFAVKTNFCBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethanol Chemical compound OCCCl SZIFAVKTNFCBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000003255 Carthamus tinctorius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000238366 Cephalopoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001529572 Chaceon affinis Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002683 Glycosaminoglycan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001149922 Metacarcinus magister Species 0.000 description 1
- OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-acelyl-D-glucosamine Natural products CC(=O)NC1C(O)OC(CO)C(O)C1O OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-FMDGEEDCSA-N N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-FMDGEEDCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBLBDJOUHNCFQT-LXGUWJNJSA-N N-acetylglucosamine Natural products CC(=O)N[C@@H](C=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO MBLBDJOUHNCFQT-LXGUWJNJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000778355 Tetilla <angiosperm> Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015241 bacon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010061592 cardiac fibrillation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004925 denaturation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036425 denaturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000578 dry spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002600 fibrillogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007863 gel particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002442 glucosamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001911 glucosamine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002338 glycosides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YPJJABHAGGFGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;n,n-dimethylacetamide;chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-].CN(C)C(C)=O YPJJABHAGGFGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZJZXSOKJEJFHCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;thiocyanate Chemical compound [Li+].[S-]C#N ZJZXSOKJEJFHCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229950006780 n-acetylglucosamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014102 seafood Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000003511 tertiary amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003809 water extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002166 wet spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
- C08L5/08—Chitin; Chondroitin sulfate; Hyaluronic acid; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
- C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0027—2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucans; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/003—Chitin, i.e. 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-(beta-1,4)-D-glucan or N-acetyl-beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; Chitosan, i.e. deacetylated product of chitin or (beta-1,4)-D-glucosamine; Derivatives thereof
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
- Artificial Filaments (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US05/659,280 US4062921A (en) | 1976-02-19 | 1976-02-19 | Solvents for and purification of chitin |
US05/728,257 US4059457A (en) | 1976-02-19 | 1976-09-30 | Chitin solution |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS52100499A JPS52100499A (en) | 1977-08-23 |
JPS6145655B2 true JPS6145655B2 (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) | 1986-10-09 |
Family
ID=27097797
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP1704277A Granted JPS52100499A (en) | 1976-02-19 | 1977-02-18 | Chitin containing solution |
Country Status (6)
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03356U (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) * | 1989-05-24 | 1991-01-07 |
Families Citing this family (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS52114748A (en) * | 1976-03-17 | 1977-09-26 | Baba Sangyo Kikai | Winding device of warp starching machine |
US4125708A (en) * | 1977-02-15 | 1978-11-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Chitosan modified with anionic agent and glutaraldehyde |
JPS53127500A (en) * | 1977-04-11 | 1978-11-07 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd | Chitin dope |
US4278790A (en) * | 1978-07-31 | 1981-07-14 | Hopkins Agricultural Chemical Co. | Novel cellulose solutions |
US4309534A (en) * | 1979-02-15 | 1982-01-05 | University Of Delaware | Renatured chitosan and process of making same |
US4302252A (en) * | 1979-07-25 | 1981-11-24 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corp. | Solvent system for cellulose |
JPS5716999A (en) * | 1980-06-17 | 1982-01-28 | Kogyo Gijutsuin | Production of regenerated chitin fiber paper |
JPS58127736A (ja) * | 1982-01-26 | 1983-07-29 | Unitika Ltd | キチン成形品の製造法 |
JPS5968347A (ja) * | 1982-10-13 | 1984-04-18 | Unitika Ltd | キチンド−プ |
JPS59125908A (ja) * | 1982-12-28 | 1984-07-20 | Unitika Ltd | キチンからなる中空繊維及びその製造方法 |
DE3312022C2 (de) * | 1983-04-02 | 1987-02-26 | Akzo Gmbh, 5600 Wuppertal | Verfahren zur Herstellung von wasserunlöslichen Fasern aus Cellulosemonoestern der Maleinsäure, Bernsteinsäure und Phthalsäure mit einem extrem hohen Absorptionsvermögen für Wasser und physiologische Flüssigkeiten |
JPS6036410A (ja) * | 1983-08-08 | 1985-02-25 | Unitika Ltd | 生分解性薬物供与体の製造方法 |
US4532267A (en) * | 1984-02-15 | 1985-07-30 | Board Of Regents, University Of Washington | Vision correction lens made from an aminopolysaccharide compound or an ether or ester thereof |
US5290752A (en) * | 1984-03-16 | 1994-03-01 | Unitika Ltd. | Method for preparation of a shaped chitin body containing a physiologically active substance |
US4701444A (en) * | 1984-08-28 | 1987-10-20 | Ramot University Authority For Applied Research And Industrial Development Ltd. | Topical pharmaceutical preparations containing chitin soluble extract |
US5122371A (en) * | 1986-12-09 | 1992-06-16 | Chaslow Fred I | Biologically active agent having antihypertensive activity in mammals |
US5021207A (en) * | 1986-12-16 | 1991-06-04 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | High strength fibers from chitin derivatives |
JPH01198601A (ja) * | 1987-12-23 | 1989-08-10 | Nippon Suisan Kaisha Ltd | イカキチン成形体 |
WO2000015766A1 (en) | 1998-09-16 | 2000-03-23 | Oncopharmaceutical, Inc. | Treatment of oncologic tumors with an injectable formulation of a golgi apparatus disturbing agent |
JP2000297103A (ja) * | 1999-04-16 | 2000-10-24 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | キチン誘導体の製造方法 |
US6696483B2 (en) | 2000-10-03 | 2004-02-24 | Oncopharmaceutical, Inc. | Inhibitors of angiogenesis and tumor growth for local and systemic administration |
CA2868601C (en) | 2005-10-12 | 2018-11-27 | Thomas Freier | Processing of chitosan and chitosan derivatives |
FR2892939B1 (fr) * | 2005-11-10 | 2010-01-22 | Groupement Coeur Artificiel Total Carpentier Matra Carmat | Materiau hemocompatible composite et son procede d'obtention |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE565269A (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) * | 1957-03-27 | |||
US3892731A (en) * | 1973-11-23 | 1975-07-01 | Univ Delaware | Solvents for and purification of chitin |
-
1976
- 1976-09-30 US US05/728,257 patent/US4059457A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1976-12-22 CA CA268,493A patent/CA1062703A/en not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-02-18 GB GB7055/77A patent/GB1511219A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-02-18 JP JP1704277A patent/JPS52100499A/ja active Granted
- 1977-02-18 FR FR7704843A patent/FR2341595A1/fr active Granted
- 1977-02-18 DE DE2707164A patent/DE2707164C2/de not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03356U (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) * | 1989-05-24 | 1991-01-07 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA1062703A (en) | 1979-09-18 |
FR2341595B1 (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) | 1980-04-18 |
DE2707164A1 (de) | 1977-08-25 |
FR2341595A1 (fr) | 1977-09-16 |
JPS52100499A (en) | 1977-08-23 |
US4059457A (en) | 1977-11-22 |
DE2707164C2 (de) | 1985-05-23 |
GB1511219A (en) | 1978-05-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JPS6145655B2 (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) | ||
Ravi Kumar | Chitin and chitosan fibres: a review | |
JPS6250498B2 (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) | ||
US3892731A (en) | Solvents for and purification of chitin | |
CN103059319B (zh) | 甲壳素纳米纤维制备方法 | |
JPS5926450B2 (ja) | キチンの配向成形体の製造方法 | |
CN107118361B (zh) | 一种丝素蛋白/羧甲基壳聚糖复合凝胶及其制备方法 | |
JPH054370B2 (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) | ||
US4309534A (en) | Renatured chitosan and process of making same | |
JPS6146565B2 (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) | ||
JPH0611810B2 (ja) | 多孔性キチン成形体及びその製造方法 | |
JP7075473B1 (ja) | キチン溶解溶媒及びキチン溶出方法 | |
Tokura et al. | Studies on chitin. IV. Preparation of acetylchitin fibers | |
US4165433A (en) | Method for converting dextro to levo rotatory chitin | |
Zhang et al. | A bacteriostatic and hemostatic medical dressing based on PEG modified keratin/carboxymethyl chitosan | |
JPH0525289A (ja) | キチン成形体の製造法 | |
JP2754162B2 (ja) | キチンスポンジ,キチン紙,キチンフィルムの製造方法 | |
JP2008094989A (ja) | キトサンの水への溶解方法及びその組成物 | |
JP4868428B2 (ja) | 高純度キチンスラリーの製造方法 | |
JPS6261603B2 (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) | ||
JPS63211232A (ja) | 止血剤 | |
JPH05329341A (ja) | セルロース性の平坦膜の生体適合性を改善する方法 | |
JPH0224304B2 (US20090163788A1-20090625-C00002.png) | ||
JPS5968347A (ja) | キチンド−プ | |
Vikhoreva et al. | Immobilization of proteolytic enzymes in carboxymethylchitin films and sponges |