JPS61124523A - 溶接性、低温延性及び強度の高いスチ−ルの製法 - Google Patents
溶接性、低温延性及び強度の高いスチ−ルの製法Info
- Publication number
- JPS61124523A JPS61124523A JP60193303A JP19330385A JPS61124523A JP S61124523 A JPS61124523 A JP S61124523A JP 60193303 A JP60193303 A JP 60193303A JP 19330385 A JP19330385 A JP 19330385A JP S61124523 A JPS61124523 A JP S61124523A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- steel
- weight
- ductility
- low
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 61
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 61
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 43
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003949 liquefied natural gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001199 N alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002835 noble gases Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BPPVUXSMLBXYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[3-(4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-2-methyl-4-methylsulfonylbenzoyl]-2-methyl-1h-pyrazol-3-one Chemical compound CC1=C(C(=O)C=2C(N(C)NC=2)=O)C=CC(S(C)(=O)=O)=C1C1=NOCC1 BPPVUXSMLBXYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001091551 Clio Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001435619 Lile Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001295 No alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXPSRPAUXQIYID-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[Na] Chemical compound [N].[Na] ZXPSRPAUXQIYID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-NJFSPNSNSA-N oxygen-18 atom Chemical compound [18O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002436 steel type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/005—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment of ferrous alloys
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0636—Metals
- F17C2203/0639—Steels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/22—Assembling processes
- F17C2209/221—Welding
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/03—Mixtures
- F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
- F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
- F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
- F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3432337.6 | 1984-09-03 | ||
| DE19843432337 DE3432337A1 (de) | 1984-09-03 | 1984-09-03 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines stahles und dessen verwendung |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS61124523A true JPS61124523A (ja) | 1986-06-12 |
| JPH0244888B2 JPH0244888B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) | 1990-10-05 |
Family
ID=6244527
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP60193303A Granted JPS61124523A (ja) | 1984-09-03 | 1985-09-03 | 溶接性、低温延性及び強度の高いスチ−ルの製法 |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4687525A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| EP (1) | EP0177739A3 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| JP (1) | JPS61124523A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| DE (1) | DE3432337A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61127815A (ja) * | 1984-11-26 | 1986-06-16 | Nippon Steel Corp | 高アレスト性含Ni鋼の製造法 |
| TW444109B (en) * | 1997-06-20 | 2001-07-01 | Exxon Production Research Co | LNG fuel storage and delivery systems for natural gas powered vehicles |
| TW396254B (en) * | 1997-06-20 | 2000-07-01 | Exxon Production Research Co | Pipeline distribution network systems for transportation of liquefied natural gas |
| TW396253B (en) * | 1997-06-20 | 2000-07-01 | Exxon Production Research Co | Improved system for processing, storing, and transporting liquefied natural gas |
| TW359736B (en) * | 1997-06-20 | 1999-06-01 | Exxon Production Research Co | Systems for vehicular, land-based distribution of liquefied natural gas |
| DZ2531A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-19 | 2003-02-08 | Exxon Production Research Co | Procédé de préparation d'une tôle d'acier double phase cette tôle et procédé pour renforcer la résistance à la propagation des fissures. |
| TW436597B (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 2001-05-28 | Exxon Production Research Co | Process components, containers, and pipes suitable for containign and transporting cryogenic temperature fluids |
| US6159312A (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 2000-12-12 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Ultra-high strength triple phase steels with excellent cryogenic temperature toughness |
| RU2149207C1 (ru) * | 1998-10-01 | 2000-05-20 | Таганов Игорь Николаевич | Легированная сталь |
| DE10050371A1 (de) * | 2000-10-11 | 2002-05-02 | Siemens Ag | Vorrichtung mit im kryogenen Temperaturbereich ferromagnetischem und mechanisch belastbarem Bauteil |
| AU2002365596B2 (en) | 2001-11-27 | 2007-08-02 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | CNG fuel storage and delivery systems for natural gas powered vehicles |
| US6852175B2 (en) * | 2001-11-27 | 2005-02-08 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | High strength marine structures |
| SE0300224L (sv) * | 2003-01-30 | 2004-06-29 | Sandvik Ab | En gängtapp för att skära gängor i bottenhål och metoder för dess tillverkning |
| US9746134B2 (en) * | 2013-03-28 | 2017-08-29 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method of storing and using natural gas in a vehicle |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL289859A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) * | 1963-03-06 | |||
| DE1272555B (de) * | 1963-11-18 | 1968-07-11 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co | Stahllegierung mit einer hohen Zaehigkeit bei niedrigen Temperaturen und Verfahren zuihrer Waermebehandlung |
| JPS4935485B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) * | 1964-06-22 | 1974-09-24 | ||
| GB1116651A (en) * | 1964-06-22 | 1968-06-12 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co | Low-temperature tough steel |
| US3619302A (en) * | 1968-11-18 | 1971-11-09 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co | Method of heat-treating low temperature tough steel |
| DE2039910B2 (de) * | 1970-08-11 | 1973-08-02 | Nippon Steel Corp , Tokio | Waermebehandlungsverfahren fuer einen stahl |
| US3834949A (en) * | 1973-02-14 | 1974-09-10 | Inland Steel Co | Hot rolled flat steel article for cryogenic service and method for producing same |
| JPS5548572B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) * | 1973-08-15 | 1980-12-06 | ||
| US4138278A (en) * | 1976-08-27 | 1979-02-06 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Method for producing a steel sheet having remarkably excellent toughness at low temperatures |
| US4257808A (en) * | 1979-08-13 | 1981-03-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Low Mn alloy steel for cryogenic service and method of preparation |
| JPS5633425A (en) * | 1979-08-24 | 1981-04-03 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Manufacture of tempered high tensile steel sheet having excellent low temperature toughness |
-
1984
- 1984-09-03 DE DE19843432337 patent/DE3432337A1/de active Granted
-
1985
- 1985-08-30 US US06/771,305 patent/US4687525A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-08-30 EP EP85110945A patent/EP0177739A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1985-09-03 JP JP60193303A patent/JPS61124523A/ja active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3432337A1 (de) | 1986-03-13 |
| DE3432337C2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) | 1987-07-02 |
| JPH0244888B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) | 1990-10-05 |
| EP0177739A2 (de) | 1986-04-16 |
| US4687525A (en) | 1987-08-18 |
| EP0177739A3 (de) | 1988-11-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA2867798C (en) | High strength steel plate having low yield ratio excellent in terms of strain ageing resistance, method for manufacturing the same and high strength welded steel pipe made of the same | |
| US4776900A (en) | Process for producing nickel steels with high crack-arresting capability | |
| JP6589535B2 (ja) | 低温用厚鋼板及びその製造方法 | |
| JP7371604B2 (ja) | 高圧水素ガス環境用鋼材の製造方法 | |
| NO159745B (no) | Fremgangsmaate til selektivt aa konsolidere sandkorn som omgir et borehull i en underjordisk formasjon. | |
| JPS61130462A (ja) | 降伏応力110kgf/mm↑2以上の耐応力腐蝕割れ性のすぐれた高靭性超高張力鋼 | |
| JPS61124523A (ja) | 溶接性、低温延性及び強度の高いスチ−ルの製法 | |
| JP6492862B2 (ja) | 低温用厚鋼板及びその製造方法 | |
| Takasawa et al. | Effects of grain size on hydrogen environment embrittlement of high strength low alloy steel in 45 MPa gaseous hydrogen | |
| JP7121142B2 (ja) | 耐水素脆性に優れたCr系ステンレス鋼板 | |
| JP2014037589A (ja) | 表層のアレスト性に優れた高張力鋼板およびその製造方法 | |
| JPH0453929B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) | ||
| US20250369080A1 (en) | Method of forming low-carbon, high toughness, steel plates for railroad tank cars | |
| CN111979389B (zh) | 一种铁素体低温钢锻件及其低温深冷制备方法 | |
| EP2313537B1 (en) | Austenitic alloy for cryogenic applications | |
| WO2021182525A1 (ja) | クラッド鋼板およびその製造方法ならびに溶接構造物 | |
| JP7628404B2 (ja) | クラッド鋼板およびその製造方法ならびに溶接構造物 | |
| Garg et al. | Effect of Cold Work, Ageing on Hardness and Ultimate Tensile Strength of Microalloyed Steel | |
| CN109022708A (zh) | 一种超低温条件下使用的低碳易焊接正火抗酸管线钢板 | |
| JPH05195156A (ja) | 溶接熱影響部靱性の優れた高マンガン超高張力鋼およびその製造方法 | |
| JPS6320414A (ja) | 高靭性高張力鋼板の製造法 | |
| JPH06179909A (ja) | 極低温用鋼材の製造方法 | |
| JPS59136418A (ja) | 高靭性高強度鋼の製造方法 | |
| JPH06930B2 (ja) | 耐硫化水素応力腐食割れ特性と低温靭性に優れた極厚肉低溶接硬化性高張力鋼の製造方法 | |
| NO153531B (no) | Fremgangsmaate til rensning av en cyanursyre-reaksjonsblanding dannet ved pyrolyse av urea og/eller biuret i et inert loesningsmiddel. |