JPH10142120A - 化学発光法分析計のサンプル希釈方法 - Google Patents
化学発光法分析計のサンプル希釈方法Info
- Publication number
- JPH10142120A JPH10142120A JP8318776A JP31877696A JPH10142120A JP H10142120 A JPH10142120 A JP H10142120A JP 8318776 A JP8318776 A JP 8318776A JP 31877696 A JP31877696 A JP 31877696A JP H10142120 A JPH10142120 A JP H10142120A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- converter
- nox
- sample
- sample gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000003113 dilution method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000012898 sample dilution Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title abstract 3
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 46
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/38—Diluting, dispersing or mixing samples
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/76—Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence
- G01N21/766—Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence of gases
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/12—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using combustion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0011—Sample conditioning
- G01N33/0018—Sample conditioning by diluting a gas
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/0037—NOx
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2247—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas
- G01N1/2252—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas in a vehicle exhaust
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2247—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas
- G01N2001/2264—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas with dilution
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/005—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods investigating the presence of an element by oxidation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/17—Nitrogen containing
- Y10T436/177692—Oxides of nitrogen
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/17—Nitrogen containing
- Y10T436/177692—Oxides of nitrogen
- Y10T436/178459—Only nitrogen dioxide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/17—Nitrogen containing
- Y10T436/177692—Oxides of nitrogen
- Y10T436/179228—Both nitrogen oxide and dioxide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/25625—Dilution
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
タを通過する際に発生する副生成物を低減できるように
した化学発光法分析計のサンプル希釈方法を提供する。 【解決手段】 サンプルガスライン2のNOx コンバー
タ3よりも上流側に、サンプルガス希釈用のN2 ガスを
導入する。
Description
の排気ガス中のNOx 成分(窒素酸化物)を常圧下で測
定するための化学発光法分析計におけるサンプル希釈方
法に関する。
法分析計では、サンプルガス中のCO2 やH2 Oによっ
て受ける消光作用を低減させるために、反応槽中のこれ
らの濃度を低下させるために希釈をおこなっている。
ガスであるO2 ガスが使用され、また、例えば図2に示
すように、その希釈ガスの混合点aをサンプルガスライ
ンbにおけるNOx コンバータcの下流側に設けてい
た。なお、図2中、dはサンプル取入口、eはフィル
タ、fは常圧化学発光法分析計、gはデオゾナイザー
(オゾン分解器)、hはフローセンサー、iはサンプル
ガス出口、jはO2 取入口、kは希釈ガスライン、lは
オゾナイザー(オゾン発生器)である。
スの混合点aをNOx コンバータcよりも下流側の位置
に設けていると、そのNOx コンバータcを通過した後
に、排気ガス中の特定成分(高沸点炭化水素物)によっ
て発生する副生成物が、その混合点aとNOx コンバー
タcとの間のサンプルガスラインb内に折出し、その配
管を詰まらせることがあった。
サンプルガス中の特定成分がNOxコンバータを通過す
る際に発生する副生成物量を低減できるようにした化学
発光法分析計のサンプル希釈方法を提供することを目的
としている。
決するための手段を以下のように構成している。すなわ
ち、サンプルガスをNOx コンバータに経由させてその
サンプルガス中のNOx 成分をNOに変換し、化学発光
法により、そのNOx 成分を検出する化学発光法分析計
のサンプル希釈方法にあって、前記サンプルガスを導入
するめのサンプルガスラインの前記NOx コンバータよ
りも上流側に、前記サンプルガスを希釈するためのN2
ガスを導入することを特徴としている。
スが希釈されるため、特定成分によって発生する副生成
物の量そのものが低減され、NOx コンバータよりも下
流側の配管の詰まりが効果的に防止される。
のサンプル希釈方法の実施形態につき図面を参照しつつ
詳細に説明する。図1は常圧化学発光法分析装置の構成
を示し、符号1は自動車の排気ガス等のサンプルガスを
導入するためのサンプル取入口、2はNOx サンプルガ
スライン、3はNOx 成分をNOに変換するNOx コン
バータ、4はフィルタ、5はNOサンプルガスライン、
6は常圧化学発光法分析計、7はデオゾナイザー、8は
サンプルガス出口、9はバイパス排気ライン、10はフ
ローセンサである。
イン、13はN2 ガスライン12からサンプルガスライ
ン2への混合点、14はO2 ガス取入口、15はO2 ガ
スライン、16はオゾナイザー(オゾン発生器)、17
〜20は電磁開閉弁、21,22はレギュレータ、23
〜26はキャピラリー、27はニードルバルブ、28,
29は50°C温調エリアである。
でサンプルガスにN2 ガスを混合さるようにしたので、
まず、高価なO2 ガスの消費量を少なくすることがで
き、また、N2 ガスはNOx コンバータ3の効率を低下
させることがないため、NOxコンバータ3の性能の劣
化を効果的に防ぐことができる。
の希釈効果により、NOx コンバータ3で特定成分(高
沸点炭化水素物)により発生する副生成物が少なくなる
ため、常圧化学発光分析計6に至るまでの配管の詰まり
を抑制することができ、これにより、メンテナンス性が
向上し、また、指示の安定性が得られ検出精度も向上す
る。
いるのは、O2 や空気ではNOx コンバータ3内でO2
過剰となり、NOx コンバータ3の効率が低下すること
等が懸念されるため、酸化作用のないN2 を使用してい
るのである。
f/cm2 に調圧することとし、キャピラリー24の下
流側でサンプルガスと混合させる。また、電磁弁17は
測定、校正時にのみオンさせるようにする。
法分析計のサンプル稀釈法によれば、サンプルガスをN
2 ガスで稀釈してから、NOx コンバータに導入するの
で、高価なO2 ガスの消費量を低減することができ、ま
た、NOx コンバータで発生する副生成物を低減できる
ため、配管の詰まりを少なくし、メンテナンス性も向上
することができ、指示の安定性が得られ、検出精度も向
上する。
を実施するための装置の一実施形態を示す構成図であ
る。
成図である。
Claims (1)
- 【請求項1】 サンプルガスをNOx コンバータに経由
させてそのサンプルガス中のNOx 成分をNOに変換
し、化学発光法により、そのNOx 成分を検出する化学
発光法分析計のサンプル希釈方法であって、前記サンプ
ルガスを導入するめのサンプルガスラインの前記NOx
コンバータよりも上流側に、前記サンプルガスを希釈す
るためのN2 ガスを導入することを特徴とする化学発光
法分析計のサンプル希釈方法。
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP31877696A JP3606499B2 (ja) | 1996-11-13 | 1996-11-13 | 化学発光法分析計のサンプル希釈方法 |
US08/947,012 US5976889A (en) | 1996-11-13 | 1997-10-08 | Gas analyzer and method for detecting NOx |
DE19746446A DE19746446C2 (de) | 1996-11-13 | 1997-10-21 | Verfahren zur Verdünnung von Proben für ein Chemilumineszenzanalysegerät und zur Anwendung des Verfahrens geeignetes Chemilumineszenzanalysegerät |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP31877696A JP3606499B2 (ja) | 1996-11-13 | 1996-11-13 | 化学発光法分析計のサンプル希釈方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH10142120A true JPH10142120A (ja) | 1998-05-29 |
JP3606499B2 JP3606499B2 (ja) | 2005-01-05 |
Family
ID=18102824
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP31877696A Expired - Fee Related JP3606499B2 (ja) | 1996-11-13 | 1996-11-13 | 化学発光法分析計のサンプル希釈方法 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5976889A (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3606499B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE19746446C2 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6207460B1 (en) * | 1999-01-14 | 2001-03-27 | Extraction Systems, Inc. | Detection of base contaminants in gas samples |
EP1243918A3 (en) * | 2001-03-23 | 2004-10-06 | Instrumentarium Corporation | An improved chemiluminescent gas analyzer |
US20040200265A1 (en) * | 2001-10-22 | 2004-10-14 | Gideon Eden | Vehicle particulate analysis method and apparatus |
US7798020B2 (en) * | 2004-07-21 | 2010-09-21 | Sensors, Inc. | Fast response proportional sampling system and method for exhaust gas analysis |
US20060108221A1 (en) * | 2004-11-24 | 2006-05-25 | William Goodwin | Method and apparatus for improving measuring accuracy in gas monitoring systems |
WO2006122548A1 (en) * | 2005-05-20 | 2006-11-23 | Instrumatic Holding Aps | Chemiluminescent gas analyser with a cooling unit for measuring oxides of nitrogen |
WO2010025745A1 (de) * | 2008-09-03 | 2010-03-11 | Testo Ag | Verfahren zur messwerterfassung und messwertanzeige |
DE102009023224A1 (de) | 2009-05-29 | 2010-12-02 | Avl Emission Test Systems Gmbh | Anordnung zur geregelten Zuführung und Förderung eines Gasgemisches in eine Analysekammer |
CN104792932B (zh) * | 2014-01-21 | 2016-03-23 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 多组分进料的催化剂/吸附剂评价装置 |
CN104181152B (zh) * | 2014-08-06 | 2016-10-26 | 中山大学 | 在线检测二硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂残留的装置及方法 |
Family Cites Families (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3659100A (en) * | 1970-08-14 | 1972-04-25 | Geomet | System and method of air pollution monitoring utilizing chemiluminescence reactions |
US3904371A (en) * | 1974-03-04 | 1975-09-09 | Beckman Instruments Inc | Chemiluminescent ammonia detection |
US3963928A (en) * | 1974-05-17 | 1976-06-15 | Thermo Electron Corporation | Multiple chamber chemiluminescent analyzer |
US3967933A (en) * | 1974-05-23 | 1976-07-06 | Monitor Labs, Inc. | Dual channel nitrogen oxides analyzer |
US3996008A (en) * | 1975-09-17 | 1976-12-07 | Thermo Electron Corporation | Specific compound detection system with gas chromatograph |
GB1596784A (en) * | 1977-04-12 | 1981-08-26 | British American Tobacco Co | Gas detection |
US4333735A (en) * | 1981-03-16 | 1982-06-08 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Process and apparatus for measuring gaseous fixed nitrogen species |
US4335073A (en) * | 1981-05-04 | 1982-06-15 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | NOx Conversion efficiency detector |
DE3204456A1 (de) * | 1982-02-09 | 1983-08-18 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 8000 München | Apparatur zur bestimmung des schadstoffausstosses in abgasen unter zumischung von frischluft |
JPS58184531A (ja) * | 1982-04-21 | 1983-10-28 | Horiba Ltd | ガス分流比の測定又は制御装置 |
US4822564A (en) * | 1985-07-02 | 1989-04-18 | Sensors, Inc. | Chemiluminescent gas analyzer for measuring the oxides of nitrogen |
US4657744A (en) * | 1985-07-02 | 1987-04-14 | Sensors, Inc. | Chemiluminescent gas analyzer for measuring the oxides of nitrogen |
DE3707622A1 (de) * | 1987-03-10 | 1988-09-22 | Pierburg Gmbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum messen geringer gaskonzentrationen |
US4974453A (en) * | 1989-10-19 | 1990-12-04 | United States Department Of Energy | Method and apparatus for nitrogen oxide determination |
DE4018872C2 (de) * | 1990-06-13 | 1996-02-08 | Helmut Dipl Ing Roppelt | Verfahren zum Ermitteln der Massenkonzentrationen von Schadstoffen in den Abgasen von Brennkraftmaschinen |
JP2557618Y2 (ja) * | 1992-09-09 | 1997-12-10 | 株式会社堀場製作所 | 窒素酸化物分析計 |
US5453625A (en) * | 1994-02-08 | 1995-09-26 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Multiple layer caliper measurements using photoisomers |
US5464986A (en) * | 1994-02-08 | 1995-11-07 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Fluorescent spectral differential measurement of a substrate coating |
DE4424370A1 (de) * | 1994-07-11 | 1996-04-18 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Anordnung zum Aufbereiten von Abgasen, insbesondere von Verbrennungsmotoren |
DE19505415A1 (de) * | 1995-02-17 | 1996-08-22 | Helmut Dipl Ing Roppelt | Abgasprüfstand und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Abgasprüfstandes |
US5633170A (en) * | 1995-03-14 | 1997-05-27 | Neti; Radhakrishna M. | Method and apparatus for nitrogen oxide analysis |
US5756360A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1998-05-26 | Horiba Instruments Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing diluted gas to exhaust emission analyzer |
US5753185A (en) * | 1996-04-23 | 1998-05-19 | California Analytical Instruments, Inc. | Vehicle emissions testing system |
-
1996
- 1996-11-13 JP JP31877696A patent/JP3606499B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-10-08 US US08/947,012 patent/US5976889A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-21 DE DE19746446A patent/DE19746446C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5976889A (en) | 1999-11-02 |
DE19746446C2 (de) | 2002-10-17 |
DE19746446A1 (de) | 1998-05-14 |
JP3606499B2 (ja) | 2005-01-05 |
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