JP7431245B2 - 窒化ケイ素を堆積する方法 - Google Patents
窒化ケイ素を堆積する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7431245B2 JP7431245B2 JP2021542125A JP2021542125A JP7431245B2 JP 7431245 B2 JP7431245 B2 JP 7431245B2 JP 2021542125 A JP2021542125 A JP 2021542125A JP 2021542125 A JP2021542125 A JP 2021542125A JP 7431245 B2 JP7431245 B2 JP 7431245B2
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- Prior art keywords
- silicon nitride
- nitride material
- plasma
- silicon
- flowable
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 151
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 151
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 124
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 109
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 101
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 83
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 claims description 78
- UMVBXBACMIOFDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[Si] Chemical compound [N].[Si] UMVBXBACMIOFDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 73
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 23
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- QUPDWYMUPZLYJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl Chemical compound C[CH2] QUPDWYMUPZLYJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 11
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 amino, silyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FZHAPNGMFPVSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanamine Chemical compound [SiH3]N FZHAPNGMFPVSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 61
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 23
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 16
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 14
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 11
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 11
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 9
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910017840 NH 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
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- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108091028072 EteRNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004469 SiHx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VOSJXMPCFODQAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1l3fa4 Chemical compound [SiH3]N([SiH3])[SiH3] VOSJXMPCFODQAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
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- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WYEMLYFITZORAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N boscalid Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1Cl WYEMLYFITZORAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012686 silicon precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000427 thin-film deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/04—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks
- C23C16/045—Coating cavities or hollow spaces, e.g. interior of tubes; Infiltration of porous substrates
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
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- H01L21/02123—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon
- H01L21/0217—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon the material being a silicon nitride not containing oxygen, e.g. SixNy or SixByNz
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/34—Nitrides
- C23C16/345—Silicon nitride
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- C23C16/448—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for generating reactive gas streams, e.g. by evaporation or sublimation of precursor materials
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- C23C16/45525—Atomic layer deposition [ALD]
- C23C16/45527—Atomic layer deposition [ALD] characterized by the ALD cycle, e.g. different flows or temperatures during half-reactions, unusual pulsing sequence, use of precursor mixtures or auxiliary reactants or activations
- C23C16/45536—Use of plasma, radiation or electromagnetic fields
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- C23C16/50—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L21/02208—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being characterised by the precursor material for deposition the precursor containing a compound comprising Si
- H01L21/02219—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being characterised by the precursor material for deposition the precursor containing a compound comprising Si the compound comprising silicon and nitrogen
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L21/0226—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process
- H01L21/02263—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase
- H01L21/02271—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition
- H01L21/02274—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition in the presence of a plasma [PECVD]
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- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02225—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer
- H01L21/0226—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process
- H01L21/02263—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase
- H01L21/02271—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition
- H01L21/0228—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition deposition by cyclic CVD, e.g. ALD, ALE, pulsed CVD
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- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02296—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer
- H01L21/02318—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment
- H01L21/02337—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to a gas or vapour
- H01L21/0234—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to a gas or vapour treatment by exposure to a plasma
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02296—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer
- H01L21/02318—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment
- H01L21/02345—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to radiation, e.g. visible light
- H01L21/02348—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to radiation, e.g. visible light treatment by exposure to UV light
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- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76801—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing
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Description
Claims (20)
- 窒化ケイ素膜を堆積する方法であって、
ケイ素-窒素前駆体及びプラズマ励起した共反応物質を処理チャンバ内に導入すること;
処理チャンバ内でプラズマを生成すること;
プラズマ中でケイ素-窒素前駆体及びプラズマ励起した共反応物質を反応させて処理チャンバ内の基板上に流動性窒化ケイ素材料を生成すること;並びに
流動性窒化ケイ素材料を処理して基板上に固体窒化ケイ素材料を生成すること
を含み、
ケイ素-窒素前駆体が、
及びそれらの任意の組合せからなる群より選択され、式中、
各Rは、H、アルキル、アリール、アミノ、シリル、イソシアネート、イソチオシアネート、それらの異性体、又はそれらの塩から独立して選択されるか、若しくは任意の2つのR基が結合して環式基を形成する、
方法。 - 各Rが、H、CH3、C2H5、C3H7、C4H9、NR’2、SiHx、N=C=S、N=C=O、又はそれらの異性体から独立して選択されるか、若しくは任意の2つのR基が結合して環式基を形成し;
各R’が、H、CH3、C2H5、C3H7、C4H9、又はそれらの異性体から独立して選択され;かつ
xが、1、2、又は3の整数である、
請求項1に記載の方法。 - プラズマ励起した共反応物質が、アンモニア、酸素(O2)、又はアンモニアと酸素との組合せを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- プラズマ励起した共反応物質が、アルゴン、ヘリウム、窒素(N2)、水素(H2)、又はそれらの任意の組合せをさらに含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- ケイ素-窒素前駆体が約0.67から約5のN/Si原子比を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 基板に形成されたトレンチを流動性窒化ケイ素材料で少なくとも部分的に満たすこと;及び
流動性窒化ケイ素材料を硬化してトレンチ内に固体窒化ケイ素材料を生成すること
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 流動性窒化ケイ素材料を硬化してトレンチ内に固体窒化ケイ素材料を生成するときに、流動性窒化ケイ素材料が約10Åから約500Åの厚さを有する、請求項11に記載の方法。
- トレンチを流動性窒化ケイ素材料で少なくとも部分的に満たすこと及び流動性窒化ケイ素材料を硬化してトレンチ内に固体窒化ケイ素材料を生成することを、少なくとも1回から約20回、連続的に繰り返すことをさらに含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 窒化ケイ素膜が、互いに連続して形成された固体窒化ケイ素材料の複数の層を含み、かつ窒化ケイ素膜が約50Åから約500Åの厚さを有する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 流動性窒化ケイ素材料を基板上に層として堆積すること;
流動性窒化ケイ素材料を含む層を処理して固体窒化ケイ素材料の層を生成すること;及び
前記堆積することと生成することを繰り返して、互いに連続して形成された固体窒化ケイ素材料の複数の層を含む窒化ケイ素膜を生成すること
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記流動性窒化ケイ素材料を処理して固体窒化ケイ素材料を生成することがさらに、前記流動性窒化ケイ素材料を熱アニーリング、プラズマアニーリングプロセス、又はUVアニーリングプロセスに曝露することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ケイ素-窒素前駆体が環状アミノシランを含み、約1.2から約5のN/Si原子比を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 窒化ケイ素膜を堆積する方法であって、
ケイ素-窒素前駆体及びプラズマ励起した共反応物質を処理チャンバ内に導入すること;
ケイ素-窒素前駆体及びプラズマ励起した共反応物質をプラズマと反応させて処理チャンバ内の基板上に流動性窒化ケイ素材料を生成すること;
基板に形成されたトレンチを流動性窒化ケイ素材料で少なくとも部分的に満たすこと;及び
流動性窒化ケイ素材料を処理してトレンチ内に固体窒化ケイ素材料を生成すること
を含み、
ケイ素-窒素前駆体が、
及びそれらの任意の組合せからなる群より選択され、式中、
各Rが、H、CH3、C2H5、C3H7、C4H9、NR’2、SiHx、N=C=S、N=C=O、又はそれらの異性体から独立して選択されるか、若しくは任意の2つのR基が結合して環式基を形成し;
各R’が、H、CH3、C2H5、C3H7、C4H9、又はそれらの異性体から独立して選択され;かつ
xが、1、2、又は3の整数である、
方法。
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