JP7395642B2 - モノアミジン及びジアミジンのエンド-エキソヌクレアーゼ阻害剤とエンド-エキソヌクレアーゼ活性を阻害する方法 - Google Patents
モノアミジン及びジアミジンのエンド-エキソヌクレアーゼ阻害剤とエンド-エキソヌクレアーゼ活性を阻害する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/13—Amines
- A61K31/155—Amidines (), e.g. guanidine (H2N—C(=NH)—NH2), isourea (N=C(OH)—NH2), isothiourea (—N=C(SH)—NH2)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C257/00—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines
- C07C257/10—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines with replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group by nitrogen atoms, e.g. amidines
- C07C257/18—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines with replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group by nitrogen atoms, e.g. amidines having carbon atoms of amidino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
- A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
- A61K31/166—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the carbon of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. procainamide, procarbazine, metoclopramide, labetalol
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
- A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
- A61K31/502—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. cinnoline, phthalazine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Hydrogenated Pyridines (AREA)
Description
R3は、低級アルキル、オキシアルキル、シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アミノアルキルまたはハロゲンからなるグループから選択され、R4はH、低級アルキル、オキシアルキル、シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アミノアルキルまたはハロゲンからなるグループから選択され、R5は低級アルキルである。
R1が低級アルキル、オキシアルキル、シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アミノアルキルまたはハロゲンからなるグループから選択され、R2がH、低級アルキル、オキシアルキル、シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アミノアルキルまたはハロゲンからなるグループから選択され、R5が、第1の「O」と第2の「O」とを接続する少なくとも2つの炭素の直線炭素鎖を備える低級アルキルである。
R1、R2およびR5は、例えばがん細胞の増殖を阻害したり、または患者のがん細胞からなる腫瘍の増殖を阻害したりするための治療有効量で、上下に開示されたR1,R2およびR5のいずれかのグループまたはサブグループに応じて選択される。
化合物1などの適切なp‐シアノ‐フェノールエーテルが(無水)エタノール中において塩酸で処理され、生成物2の形成がそれ以上観察されなくなるまで攪拌される。化合物2は、反応混合物から分離され、イミンの形成に特徴づけられる。
化学式(II)の化合物を調製するための合成戦略は、p‐ブロモフェノールを使用することからなり、パラ位のニトリル部分を置換して化合物5を生成することができる。ジニトリル6は、化合物6を得るための塩基の存在下において、適切なアルキルジブロミド、アルキルジハライド、または2つの脱離基を有するアルキル試薬で、化合物5の少なくとも2当量を処理することにより得られる。ジニトリルを化学種IIに変換するための6のさらなる反応は、HClの存在下においてエタノールで処理し、1当量の適切なアミン(R2NH2)で処理した後、エタノール中においてアンモニアで処理することにより達成できる。
化合物IIIは化合物6から得ることができ、化合物6はスキーム2のステップを使って調製できる。ジニトリルを化合物IIIに変換するための化合物6の反応は、HClの存在下においてエタノールで処理し、1当量の第1の適切なアミン(R1NH2)と1当量の第2の適切なアミン(R2NH2)とで処理することにより達成できる。当然理解できることであるが、R1がR2と等しいとき、少なくとも2当量の適切なアミン(R2NH2)を代わりに用いることができる。
細胞のエンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼ濃度の測定
細胞株のヒトエンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼ濃度は、ChowとResnick (1987)により記載された免疫ブロット法に従って測定した(全文は下記)。対数増殖期細胞は、リシスバッファー(0.125 M Tris-HCl pH7.0, 20% グリセロール, 4% SDS, 0.5 mM EDTA)で煮沸した。その後、Laemmli U. K.の「Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head ofbacteriophage T4」(1970) (Nature 227(5259): 680-685)に記載された方法に従って、溶解した細胞を10,000gで10分間遠心分離し、25μlの上澄みを10%SDS-ポリアクリルアミドゲルで電気泳動(SDS-PAGE)した。SDS-PAGEゲルで分離されたタンパク質は、電気泳動的にニトロセルロース膜に転写された。その後、ニトロセルロース膜は、ChowとResnick(1988)により以前に記載された方法に従って、0.5%脱脂粉乳を含むバッファーB(10 mMTris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl)において、サルCV-1エンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼに対するウサギ抗血清と反応させた。膜をバッファーBにおいて15分間、3回洗浄した後、0.5%脱脂粉乳を含むバッファーBにおいてホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼと結合したタンパク質A(Staphylococcus aureusから分離したポリペプチドで、抗原結合部位で相互作用することなく、免疫グロブリン分子のFc領域と結合する)を膜に添加し、室温で3時間インキュベートした。その後、膜はバッファーBで15分間洗浄した。ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼの酵素反応において、対応するタンパク質位置で、基質4-クロロ-1-ナフトールの発色現象により、陽性シグナルが示された。陽性シグナルの相対量は、HP4cスキャナーと、その対応するスキャナーのプログラムを使って検出した。この方法に基づいて、通常の細胞と、HT29、MCF‐7およびHeLa細胞株のエンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼ濃度が計算された。単独の図に示された結果は、エンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼの濃度が通常の細胞よりもこれらのがん細胞において非常に高いことを示している。これらの結果から、エンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼ酵素を阻害することは、がん細胞を選択的に攻撃する手段を提供していることを示唆している。加えて、この結果は、体液または組織中の酵素濃度を測定することは、がんを検出したりその進行をモニタリングしたりする手段を提供していることを示唆している。
細胞生存率の測定
細胞生存率を次の方法に従って測定した。
エンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼの分離および試験
ヒトエンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼは、LiuとChowら(1995)により説明された方法に従って分離した。培養細胞はトリプシン‐EDTAで剥離し、細胞懸濁液を4℃、700gの遠心力で10分間、遠心分離した。細胞ペレットは冷やしたリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で2度洗浄した。その後、細胞は5mM EDTAと1mM PMSF (バッファーA)とを含む20mM Tris-HClに再懸濁されて超音波処理された。得られた細胞溶解懸濁液は、4℃、10,000gで15分間遠心分離した。その後その上清を、ChowとResnick (1987)によって前に説明されたように、抗体タンパク質A-セファロース親和性カラムに投入した。バッファーAで全体的に(extensively)洗浄した後(すなわち溶出液のA280がゼロになるまで)、カラムを3.5M MgCl2を含むバッファーAに溶出させて、エンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼを溶出させた。溶出したエンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼは、少なくともバッファーを2度交換し、蒸留水を1度交換してバッファーAに対して全体的に透析した。その後、そのエンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼは凍結乾燥により濃縮した。
表1:エンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼ活性および肺がん細胞H661の細胞増殖に対する阻害化合物(アミジン化合物)の効果。本願で用いた阻害化合物は、ペンタミジンと「モノアミジンA」であり、これはR3が-CH3(メチル基)であり、R4が「H」であり、「n」が「1」に等しい、化学式(I)の化合物に対応する。
*モノアミジンについて見られる負の値は、MTT試験によって測定されるように、生育阻害に加えて細胞死滅(死)によるものである。一例として、賦形剤は水であってもよい。
表2:エンド‐エキソヌクレアーゼ活性と、肺嚢胞の阻害および消失とに対する阻害化合物(アミジン化合物)の影響。ここで用いた阻害化合物は、ペンタミジン、化学式(II)の化合物に対応する「ジアミジンA」、および、同様に化学式(II)の化合物に対応する「ジアミジンB」であった。ジアミジンAにおいて、化学式(II)のR1とR2の両方がフェニルであり、「n」は5に等しい。ジアミジンBにおいてR1とR2の両方がイソプロピルであり、「n」は5に等しい。
モノアミジンおよびジアミジンの存在下における細胞生存
ペンタミジンとモノアミジンAの存在下における、H661肺がん細胞の生存率は、上述したMTT試験を行うことにより得ることができ、上記表1に示されている。モノアミジンAは、下記で説明する例6でさらに示されるように、用量依存的にがん細胞を選択的に攻撃する。
抗がん作用
モノアミジンAの抗がん作用が上記表1に示されている。
両側スチューデントt検定(two-tailedStudent T-test)を使って異なるグループ間の統計的有意性を比較した。
モノアミジンとジアミジンのがん細胞の増殖に対する影響
上記化合物の医薬組成物を用いてがんを有する患者を治療する。本願の化合物を人体全体にわたる標的組織に届けるための賦形剤は、塩分とD5W(5%ブドウ糖と水)を含む。本願の化合物の経口剤形の調製に使用される製剤添加剤には、緩衝剤、可溶化剤、懸濁剤、乳化剤、粘度調整剤、香料、乳糖充填剤(lactose filler)、抗酸化剤、防腐剤または染料などの添加物が含まれる。非経口およびその他の投与のための好ましい製剤添加剤が存在する。これらの製剤添加剤には、血清アルブミン、グルタミン酸またはアスパラギン酸、リン脂質および脂肪酸が含まれる。
Chow, T. Y.-K.,とResnick, M. A. (1983) The identification of a deoxyribonuclease controlled by the RAD52 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. InFriedberg, E. C. and Bridges, B. A. (eds), Cellular Responses to DNA Damages.Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 447-455.
Chow, T. Y.-K.,とResnick, M. A. (1987) Purification andcharacterization of an endo-exonuclease activity of yeast that requires afunctional RAD52 gene. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 17659-17667
Chow, T. Y-K.,とResnick, M. A. (1988) An endo-exonucleaseactivity of yeast that requires a functional RAD52 gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 211,41-48.
Liu, G., Lehnert, S., and Chow, T. Y.-K.(1995) Mammalian endo-exonuclease activity and its level in various radiationsensitive cell lines. Mutagenesis 10, 91-94.
Sadekova, S., Lehnert, S.,およびChow, T. Y.-K. (1997) Induction ofPBP74/mortalin/Grp75, a member of the hsp70 family, by low doses of ionizingradiation: a possible role in the induced radioresistance. Int. J. Radiat. Biol.72, 653-660.
Niks, M.およびOtto, M. (1990) Towards an optimized MTT assay. J. Immunol. Methods.130, 149-151.
Hussain, R. F., Nouri, A. M. E., andOliver, R. T. D. (1993) A new approach for measurement of cytotoxicity usingcolorimetric assay. J. Immunol. Methods. 160, 89-96.
Yapp, D. T. T., Lloyd, D. K., Zhu, J.およびLehnert, S. M. (1997) Tumour treatment bysustained intratumoural release of cisplatin: effects of drug alone andcombined with radiation. Int. J. Rad. Oncol 39, 497-504.
Chow, T.Y-K., Alaoui-Jamali, M., Yeh, C.,Yuen, L.およびGriller,D. (2004) The DNA double-strandedbreak repair protein endo-exonuclease as a therapeutic target for cancer,Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 3, 911-919.
Hilderbrandt, E., Boykin, D.W., Kumar, A.,Tidwell, R. R.およびDykstra, C.C. (1998) Identification andCharacterization of an Endo/exonuclease in Prteumocystis carinii that isInhibited by Dicationic Diarylfurans with Efficacy Against PneumocystisPneumonia, J Euk. Mzcrobrol., 45, 112-121.
Laemmli, U. K., (1970) Cleavage of structuralproteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, (1970) Nature 227, 680-685.
Claims (10)
- 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、R3がメチル、プロピル、およびブチルからなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、R3がメチル、イソプロピル、およびイソブチルからなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする医薬組成物。
- 請求項3に記載の医薬組成物であって、R3がイソプロピルであることを特徴とする医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、R3がメチルであることを特徴とする医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、R3がメチルまたはイソブチルであることを特徴とする医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、R3がメチルまたはイソプロピルであることを特徴とする医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、R3がメチル、イソプロピル、またはフェニルであることを特徴とする医薬組成物。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物であって、nが1に等しいことを特徴とする医薬組成物。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物の、がんの治療のための薬剤の製造における使用。
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