JP7372731B2 - ペロブスカイト材料を堆積させる方法 - Google Patents
ペロブスカイト材料を堆積させる方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7372731B2 JP7372731B2 JP2017564574A JP2017564574A JP7372731B2 JP 7372731 B2 JP7372731 B2 JP 7372731B2 JP 2017564574 A JP2017564574 A JP 2017564574A JP 2017564574 A JP2017564574 A JP 2017564574A JP 7372731 B2 JP7372731 B2 JP 7372731B2
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- layer
- subcell
- perovskite
- precursor compounds
- perovskite material
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 327
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 165
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 123
- -1 halide anion Chemical class 0.000 claims description 90
- 150000001767 cationic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 78
- 229910001411 inorganic cation Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 78
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 61
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-O Methylammonium ion Chemical compound [NH3+]C BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 7
- PNKUSGQVOMIXLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamidine Chemical compound NC=N PNKUSGQVOMIXLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-O ethylaminium Chemical compound CC[NH3+] QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 281
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- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 17
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
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- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 16
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- QRCOYCIXYAXCOU-UHFFFAOYSA-K CN.I[Pb+](I)I Chemical compound CN.I[Pb+](I)I QRCOYCIXYAXCOU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 229910004613 CdTe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N telluride(2-) Chemical compound [Te-2] XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical class C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 2
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 207739-72-8 Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N(C=1C=C2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C2=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC(=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=C13)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1 XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTJZGOONVHNAQC-OQKWZONESA-N 4-[(e)-(diphenylhydrazinylidene)methyl]-n,n-dimethylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1\C=N\N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 YTJZGOONVHNAQC-OQKWZONESA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZHBOFZNNPZNWGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C#CC(C1=CC=CC=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C#CC1=CC=CC=C1 ZHBOFZNNPZNWGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N triiodide Chemical compound I[I-]I WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
[A][B][X]3 (I)
のペロブスカイトを含み、
式中、[A]は1以上の1価のカチオンであり、[B]は1以上の2価の無機カチオンであり、[X]は1以上のハロゲン化物アニオンである。
前記粗い表面上に無機材料を含む実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を堆積させるために蒸着を使用すること、及び
続いて、無機材料の前記固体層をハロゲン化物Xのガスで処理し、及びそれにより、前記粗い表面上に前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む、実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を形成するため、前記無機材料と前記ハロゲン化物とを反応させること、
を含んでよい。
前記第2のサブセルの隣接表面、及び
ペロブスカイト材料の前記固体層と前記第2のサブセルとの間に配置され、且つ、前記第2のサブセルの前記粗い表面に適合する、層の隣接表面、
のいずれか1つであってよい。ペロブスカイト材料の前記固体層は、前記第2のサブセルの前記粗い表面にそれぞれが実質的に適合する1以上の層によって前記第2のサブセルから分離されてよい。
前記第1のサブセルに隣接する前記第2のサブセルの表面は、粗さ平均(Ra)又は二乗平均平方根粗さ(Rrms)50nm以上を有し、且つ、
ペロブスカイト材料の前記固体層は、前記第2のサブセルの前記粗い表面に適合する表面上に、実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな層として配置されている、
マルチ接合光起電力デバイスが提供される。
前記第2のサブセルの隣接表面、及び
ペロブスカイト材料の前記固体層と前記第2のサブセルとの間に配置され、且つ、前記第2のサブセルの前記粗い表面に適合する、層の隣接表面、
のいずれかであり得る。
前記第1のサブセルの前記光活性領域の電荷輸送層、及び
前記第1のサブセルと前記第2のサブセルとの間に配置され、且つ、それらを接続する1以上のインターコネクト層、
のいずれかを含んでよい。
前記第1のサブセルの前記光活性領域の電荷輸送層の隣接表面、及び
前記第1のサブセルと前記第2のサブセルとの間に配置され、且つ、それらを接続するインターコネクト層の隣接表面、
のいずれかを含んでよい。
[A][B][X]3 (I)
のペロブスカイトを含んでよく、
式中、[A]は1以上の1価のカチオンであり、[B]は1以上の2価の無機カチオンであり、[X]は1以上のハロゲン化物アニオンである。
本明細書で使用される「光活性」という用語は、光に光電方法で応答することができる領域、層又は材料を指す。したがって、光活性領域、層又は材料は、(例えば、電子-正孔対又は励起子のいずれかを生成することによって)発電をもたらす光における光子により運ばれるエネルギーを吸収することができる。
マイクロ細孔は、2nmより小さい幅(すなわち細孔サイズ)を有する;
メソ細孔は、2nm~50nmの幅(すなわち細孔サイズ)を有する;且つ、
マクロ細孔は50nmより大きい幅(すなわち細孔サイズ)を有する;
さらに、ナノ細孔は、1nm未満の幅(すなわち細孔サイズ)を有すると考えられ得る;
が採用されていた。
図1は、透明又は半透明の正面電極101及び背面電極102を含む単一接合光起電力デバイス100を概略的に示しており、光活性領域110は、前記正面電極と前記背面電極との間に配置され、前記光活性領域は、一般式(I):
[A][B][X]3 (I)
のペロブスカイトを含み、
式中、[A]は1以上の1価のカチオンであり、[B]は1以上の2価の無機カチオンであり、[X]は1以上のハロゲン化物アニオンである。
光活性領域110が一般式(I)のペロブスカイト材料を含む、第1のサブセル210と、
正面電極201と背面電極202との間に配置された1以上のさらなるサブセル220と、
を包含するマルチ接合光起電力デバイス200を示す。特に、図4は、モノリシックに(monolithically)集積されたマルチ接合光起電力デバイスを示し、各サブセル210,220が、1以上のインターコネクト層(例えば、再結合層又はトンネル接合)を含む中間領域230によって隣接サブセルに接続される。モノリシックに集積されたマルチ接合光起電力デバイスにおいて、個々のサブセルが電気的に直列に接続されているので、再結合層又はトンネル接合と電流整合の必要が生じる。対照的に、機械的に積み重ねられたマルチ接合光起電力デバイスでは、個々のサブセルに別個の電気接点が設けられ、及び従って、電流整合を必要としない。しかしながら、追加の接点及び基板の追加のサイズ及びコスト、ならびに熱分散の困難性は、機械的に積み重ねられた構造を、モノリシックに集積された構造よりも好ましくなくする。
チオフェニル、フェネレニル、ジチアゾリル、ベンゾチアゾリル、ジケトピロロピロリル、エトキシジチオフェニル、アミノ、トリフェニルアミノ、カルボゾイル、エチレンジオキシチオフェニル、ジオキシチオフェニル、又はフルオレニル、
の1以上を含むポリマーもしくはコポリマーであってよい。したがって、本発明の光起電力デバイスに用いられるp型材料は、例えば、前述の分子ホール輸送材料、ポリマーもしくはコポリマーのいずれかを含むことができる。一実施形態では、p型領域は正孔輸送材料を含む。
を含んでよい。
ペロブスカイト材料を含む光活性領域を含む光起電力デバイスを製造する方法であって、ペロブスカイト材料の前記層は、粗面平均(Ra)又は二乗平均平方根粗さ(Rrms)50nm以上を有する表面の上に堆積される方法がまた提供される。この点で、当該方法は、
前記粗い表面上に前記ペロブスカイト材料の1以上の初期/一次(primary)前駆体化合物を含む実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を堆積させるために蒸着(vapour deposition)を使用すること、及び
続いて、前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む前記固体層を1以上のさらなる/二次(secondary)前駆体化合物で処理すること、
を含む。前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む前記固体層を1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物で処理することは、それにより、前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物と前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物とを反応させ、及び、前記粗い表面上に前記ペロブスカイト材料の実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を形成させる。前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む前記固体層を処理する前記ステップは、前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物を含む溶液で、前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む前記固体層を処理するため、溶液堆積(solution deposition)を使用することを含む。あるいは、前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む前記固体層を処理する前記ステップは、前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物で、前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む前記固体層を処理するため、蒸着を使用することを含む。
[A][B][X]3 (I)
のペロブスカイトを含み、
式中、[A]は少なくとも1の1価のカチオンであり、[B]は少なくとも1の2価の無機カチオンであり、[X]は少なくとも1のハロゲン化物アニオンである。
i)前記2価の無機カチオンB及び前記第1のハロゲン化物アニオンXを含む初期前駆体化合物(すなわち、BX2);及び
ii)前記2価の無機カチオンB及び前記第2のハロゲン化物アニオンX’を含む初期前駆体化合物(すなわち、BX’2);
の一方又は両方を含むことができる。
i)前記第1の1価カチオンA及び前記第1のハロゲン化物アニオンXを含むさらなる前駆体化合物(すなわちAX);
ii)前記第1の1価カチオンA及び前記第2のハロゲン化物アニオンX’を含むさらなる前駆体化合物(すなわちAX’);
iii)前記第2の1価カチオンA’及び前記第1のハロゲン化物アニオンXを含むさらなる前駆体化合物(すなわちA’X);及び
iv)前記第2の1価カチオンA’及び前記第2のハロゲン化物アニオンX’を含むさらなる前駆体化合物(すなわちA’X’);
の1以上を含むことができる。
i)前記第1の1価カチオンA及び前記第1のハロゲン化物アニオンXを含む初期前駆体化合物(すなわちAX);
ii)前記第1の1価カチオンA及び前記第2のハロゲン化物アニオンX’を含む初期前駆体化合物’(すなわちAX’);
iii)前記第2の1価カチオンA’及び前記第1のハロゲン化物アニオンXを含む初期前駆体化合物(すなわちA’X);及び
iv)前記第2の1価カチオンA’及び前記第2のハロゲン化物アニオンX’を含む初期前駆体化合物(すなわちA’X’);
の1以上を含むことができる。
i)前記2価の無機カチオンB及び前記第1のハロゲン化物アニオンXを含むさらなる前駆体化合物(すなわち、BX2);及び
ii)前記2価の無機カチオンB及び前記第2のハロゲン化物アニオンX’を含むさらなる前駆体化合物(すなわち、BX’2);
の一方又は両方を含むことができる。
(i)前記2価の無機カチオンBと前記ハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物、及び
(ii)前記1価の無機カチオンAと前記ハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物、
のいずれかを含むことができる。前記さらなる前駆体化合物は、
(i)前記2価の無機カチオンBと前記ハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物、及び
(ii)前記1価の無機カチオンAと前記ハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物、
のうちの他方を含む。
前記粗い表面上に無機材料を含む実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を堆積させるために蒸着を使用すること、及び
続いて、無機材料の前記固体層をハロゲン化物Xのガスで処理し、及びそれにより、前記粗い表面上に前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む、実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を形成するため、前記無機材料と前記ハロゲン化物とを反応させること、
を含むことができる。
前記第1のサブセルの前記光活性両駅の電荷輸送層の隣接表面、又は
前記第1のサブセルと前記第2のサブセルとの間に配置され、且つ、それらを接続するインターコネクト層の隣接表面、
のいずれかである。
Claims (24)
- 光起電力デバイスを製造する方法であって、前記光起電力デバイスは、ペロブスカイト材料の層を含む光活性領域を含み、ここで、前記ペロブスカイト材料は、式 [A][B][X]3
(式中、[A]は少なくとも1の1価のカチオンを含み、[B]は少なくとも1の2価の無機カチオンを含み、[X]は少なくとも1のハロゲン化物アニオンを含む)
のペロブスカイトを含み、且つここで、ペロブスカイト材料の前記層が、粗さ平均(Ra)又は二乗平均平方根粗さ(Rrms)50nm以上を有する表面の上に配置され、当該方法は、
a)前記粗い表面上に前記ペロブスカイト材料の1以上の初期前駆体化合物を含む実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を堆積させるために蒸着を使用すること、
b)続いて、前記実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物で処理するために、溶液堆積を使用することであって、
前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物及び前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物は、
(i)2価の無機カチオンBとハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物、及び
(ii)1価のカチオンAとハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物、
からなる群から選択され、但し、次の:
前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物が2価の無機カチオンBとハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物を含む場合、前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物は、1価のカチオンAとハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物を含み、
前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物が1価のカチオンAとハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物を含む場合、前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物は、2価の無機カチオンBとハロゲン化物アニオンXとを含む化合物を含む、
という条件がある、
c)それにより、前記粗い表面上に前記ペロブスカイト材料の実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層を形成するため、前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物と前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物とを反応させること、
を含む、方法。 - [X]が、フッ化物、塩化物、臭化物及びヨウ化物からなる群から選択される2つの異なるハロゲン化物アニオンを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- [A]が、メチルアンモニウム(CH3NH3 +)、ホルムアミジニウム(HC(NH)2)2 +)及びエチルアンモニウム(CH3CH2NH3 +)からなる群から選択される1以上の有機カチオンを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- [A]が、Cs+、Rb+、Cu+、Pd+、Pt+、Ag+、Au+、Rh+、及びRu+から選択される少なくとも1の1価の無機カチオンを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- [B]が、Pb2+及びSn2+からなる群から選択される少なくとも1の2価無機カチオンを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物のそれぞれが前記1以上の2価無機カチオン[B]の1つを含み、且つ、前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物のそれぞれが前記1以上の1価カチオン[A]の1つを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- [A]が1以上の無機カチオンを含み、且つ、前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物のそれぞれが、前記1以上の1価無機カチオン[A]の1つを含み、且つ、前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物のそれぞれが、前記1以上の2価無機カチオン[B]の1つを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記1以上の初期前駆体化合物のそれぞれ及び前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物のそれぞれが、前記1以上のハロゲン化物アニオン[X]の1つをさらに含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記光起電力デバイスが、第2のサブセルの上に配置された第1のサブセルを含むマルチ接合構造を有し、前記第1のサブセルが、前記ペロブスカイト材料を含む前記光活性領域を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第2のサブセルの隣接表面は、粗さ平均(Ra)又は二乗平均平方根粗さ(Rrms)50nm以上を有し、且つ、その上にペロブスカイト材料の前記層が配置されている前記粗い表面は、前記第2のサブセルの前記粗い表面に適合する表面である、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記第2のサブセルの前記粗い表面は、表面テクスチャが設けられた前記第2のサブセルの表面を含み、且つ、前記表面テクスチャは、ピラミッド及び逆ピラミッドのうちの1つを含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- その上にペロブスカイト材料の前記固体層が配置される前記表面が、
前記第2のサブセルの隣接表面、及び
ペロブスカイト材料の前記固体層と前記第2のサブセルとの間に配置され、且つ、前記第2のサブセルの前記粗い表面に適合する、層の隣接表面、
のいずれか1つである、請求項11に記載の方法。 - 前記ペロブスカイト材料の前記固体層は、前記第2のサブセルの前記粗い表面にそれぞれが実質的に適合する1以上の層によって前記第2のサブセルから分離される、請求項12に記載の方法。
- ペロブスカイト材料の前記層の厚さが少なくとも300nmである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ペロブスカイト材料の層の厚さが300~1000nmである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ペロブスカイト材料の前記層の厚さが300~700nmである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ペロブスカイト材料の前記層の厚さが300~600nmである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ペロブスカイトの前記層がピラミッドフィーチャを有する表面上に配置され、ここで、ピラミッドの高さが50nm~30μmの範囲である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記ピラミッドの高さが500nm~20μmの範囲である、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記ピラミッドの高さが1μm~10μmの範囲である、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記表面が、500nm~20μmの粗さ平均(Ra)又は二乗平均平方根粗さ(Rrms)を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記表面が、1μm~10μmの粗さ平均(Ra)又は二乗平均平方根粗さ(Rrms)を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 溶液堆積が第1の層上にコンフォーマルなコーティングをもたらし、ここで前記1以上のさらなる前駆体化合物は、1価のカチオン及びハロゲン化物アニオンXを含む化合物を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ペロブスカイト材料の実質的に連続し、且つ、コンフォーマルな固体層もまたコンパクトである、請求項1に記載の方法。
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KR102630952B1 (ko) | 2024-01-29 |
JP2018518845A (ja) | 2018-07-12 |
US20180174761A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
CN107743530A (zh) | 2018-02-27 |
WO2016198897A1 (en) | 2016-12-15 |
US11728098B2 (en) | 2023-08-15 |
KR20180016547A (ko) | 2018-02-14 |
CN107743530B (zh) | 2021-11-09 |
US20230420192A1 (en) | 2023-12-28 |
AU2016275301A1 (en) | 2017-12-21 |
JP2022189847A (ja) | 2022-12-22 |
CN113659081A (zh) | 2021-11-16 |
EP3308412A1 (en) | 2018-04-18 |
GB201510351D0 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
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