JP7284093B2 - 水素化異性化触媒 - Google Patents
水素化異性化触媒 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP7284093B2 JP7284093B2 JP2019550760A JP2019550760A JP7284093B2 JP 7284093 B2 JP7284093 B2 JP 7284093B2 JP 2019550760 A JP2019550760 A JP 2019550760A JP 2019550760 A JP2019550760 A JP 2019550760A JP 7284093 B2 JP7284093 B2 JP 7284093B2
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- catalytically active
- active material
- precursor
- platinum
- molecular sieve
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title description 28
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 136
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 65
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001657 ferrierite group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003057 platinum Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 25
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 syngas Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/58—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins
- C10G45/60—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/64—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
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- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/58—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins
- C10G45/60—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/62—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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Description
a)金属酸化物と分子ふるいとを組み合わせて支持材ペーストを形成するステップ、
b)上記支持材ペーストを押出しまたはペレット化して、支持材粒子を形成するステップ、
c)上記支持材粒子を、クエン酸、乳酸またはギ酸などの有機添加剤を含む白金塩の溶液で、インシピエント・ウェットネス含浸法により含浸処理して、触媒前駆体を供するステップ、
d)上記触媒前駆体を、空気中で120℃~200℃の温度で乾燥するステップ、
を含む方法に関し、
このような方法の付随する利点は、粒子中への向上した含浸深さ及び分子ふるい上への選択的な含浸にある。
触媒1:
155のシリカ/アルミナ比(SAR)を有する市販のEU-2ゼオライトを、硝酸及びアルミナ粉末で解膠したアルミナゲルと、押出物の最終組成が乾質基準で65重量%のゼオライト及び35重量%のアルミナとなる比率で混合した。こうして得られたペーストを、直径1.86mmの円筒形の開口部を持つダイプレートに通して出す。次いで、押出物を120℃で一晩乾燥し、次いで500℃で空気中、2時間か焼する。この基材上に、インシピエント・ウェットネス含浸によって、クエン酸及びPt(NH3)4 2+,2HCO3 -の水溶液を、基材上に堆積される白金の含有率が600℃で分解した後に最終的に0.5重量%となるように堆積し、この際、クエン酸濃度は0.6Mである。次いで、これらの押出物を空気中、150℃で乾燥する。この調製は、PtがEU-2ゼオライト上に存在する完全に含浸された触媒を生成する。
155のシリカ/アルミナ比(SAR)を有する市販のEU-2ゼオライトを、硝酸及びアルミナ粉末で解膠したアルミナゲルと、押出物の最終組成が乾質基準で65重量%のゼオライト及び35重量%のアルミナとなる比率で混合した。こうして得られたペーストを、直径1.86mmの円筒形の開口部を持つダイプレートに通して出す。次いで、押出物を120℃で一晩乾燥し、次いで500℃で空気中、2時間か焼する。この基材上に、インシピエント・ウェットネス含浸によって、アンモニア及びPt(NH3)4 2+,2HCO3 -の水溶液を、基材上に堆積される白金の含有率が600℃で分解した後に最終的に0.5重量%となるように堆積し、この際、アンモニア濃度は0.15Mである。次いで、これらの押出物を空気中、310℃で乾燥する。この調製は、Ptがアルミナ及びEU-2ゼオライトの両方上に存在する外殻含浸触媒を生成する。
水素化脱酸素化されたコーン油を、例示触媒上での水素化異性化のための供給物として使用した。この供給物の特性を表2に示す。
1. 白金、分子ふるい及び金属酸化物支持材を含む触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料であって、上記白金の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が上記分子ふるい上に分散しており、及び上記白金の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が、2nmまたは1nm未満のサイズを有するクラスタ中に分散していることを特徴とする前記触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
2. 白金、分子ふるい及び金属酸化物支持材を含む触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料であって、前記白金は、白金表面積の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が上記分子ふるい上にクラスタ中にあるように分散していること、及び更に、上記白金は、白金表面積の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が、2nmまたは1nm未満のサイズを有するクラスタ中のクラスタ中にあるように分散していることを特徴とする、前記触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
3. 白金、分子ふるい及び金属酸化物支持材を含む触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料であって、前記白金は、白金質量の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が上記分子ふるい上にクラスタ中にあるように分散していること、及び更に、上記白金は、白金質量の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が、2nmまたは1nm未満のサイズを有するクラスタ中のクラスタ中にあるように分散していることを特徴とする、前記触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
4. 少なくとも0.5重量%の炭素を更に含む、前記1.、2.または3.に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
5. 少なくとも1重量%の有機添加剤またはそれから誘導される化合物を含む、前記
4.に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
6. 上記金属酸化物支持材が、アルミナ、シリカ、シリカ-アルミナ及びチタニアを含む群から選択される、前記1.、2.、3.、4.または5.に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
7. 上記分子ふるいが、AEI、AEL、AFO、AFX、ATO、BEA、CHA、FAU、FER、MEL、MFI、MOR、MRE、MTT、MWWまたはTONトポロジーを有するグループ、例えばEU-2、ZSM-11、ZSM-22、ZSM-23、ZSM-48、SAPO-5、SAPO-11、SAPO-31、SAPO-34、SAPO-41、SSZ-13、SSZ-16、SSZ-39、MCM-22、ゼオライトY、フェリエライト、モルデナイト、ZSM-5またはゼオライトベータから選択される一種以上の材料である、前記1.、2.、3.、4.、5.または6.に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
8. 前記分子ふるいがEU-2である、及び前記分子ふるいが50、90、125または155~200のシリカ/アルミナ比を有する、前記1.、2.、3.、4.、5.、6.または7.に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
9. 触媒活性材料のための前駆体を製造するための方法であって、次のステップ:
a)アルミナと分子ふるいとを組み合わせて支持材ペーストを形成するステップ、
b)上記支持材ペーストを押出しまたはペレット化して、支持材粒子を形成するステップ、
c)上記支持材粒子を、クエン酸、乳酸またはギ酸などの有機添加剤を含む白金塩の溶液で、インシピエント・ウェットネス含浸法により含浸処理して、触媒前駆体を供するステップ、
d)上記触媒前駆体を、空気中で120℃~200℃の温度で乾燥するステップ、
を含む方法。
10. 前記1.~8.のいずれか一つに記載の前駆体からまたは前記9.に従い製造される前駆体から触媒活性材料を製造する方法であって、前記前駆体を、150℃と350℃との間の温度で水素などの還元剤の流れと接触させる、前記方法。
11. 炭化水素または炭化水素混合物を脱蝋する方法であって、上記炭化水素または炭化水素混合物を、水素の存在下に、脱蝋条件下に、前記9.に従い製造された触媒活性材料または前記1.~8.のいずれか一つに記載の触媒活性材料と接触させることを含む、前記方法。
Claims (11)
- 白金、分子ふるい及び金属酸化物支持材を含む触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料であって、前記白金は、白金表面積の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が上記分子ふるい上にクラスタ中にあるように分散していること、及び更に、上記白金は、白金表面積の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が、2nmまたは1nm未満のサイズを有するクラスタ中にあるように分散していること、及び少なくとも0.5重量%の炭素を更に含むことを特徴とする、前記触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
- 白金、分子ふるい及び金属酸化物支持材を含む触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料であって、前記白金は、白金質量の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が上記分子ふるい上にクラスタ中にあるように分散していること、及び更に、上記白金は、白金質量の少なくとも80%、90%または95%が、2nmまたは1nm未満のサイズを有するクラスタ中にあるように分散していること、及び少なくとも0.5重量%の炭素を更に含むことを特徴とする、前記触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
- 少なくとも1重量%の有機添加剤またはそれから誘導される化合物を含む、請求項1または2に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
- 上記有機添加剤が、クエン酸、乳酸及びギ酸からなる群から選択される、請求項3に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
- 上記金属酸化物支持材が、アルミナ、シリカ、シリカ-アルミナ及びチタニアを含む群から選択される、請求項1、2、3または4に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
- 上記分子ふるいが、AEI、AEL、AFO、AFX、ATO、BEA、CHA、FAU、FER、MEL、MFI、MOR、MRE、MTT、MWWまたはTONトポロジーを有するグループ、例えばEU-2、ZSM-11、ZSM-22、ZSM-23、ZSM-48、SAPO-5、SAPO-11、SAPO-31、SAPO-34、SAPO-41、SSZ-13、SSZ-16、SSZ-39、MCM-22、ゼオライトY、フェリエライト、モルデナイト、ZSM-5またはゼオライトベータから選択される一種以上の材料である、請求項1、2、3、4または5に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
- 前記分子ふるいがEU-2である、及び前記分子ふるいが50、90、125または155~200のシリカ/アルミナ比を有する、請求項1、2、3、4、5または6に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体または触媒活性材料。
- 触媒活性材料のための前駆体を製造するための方法であって、次のステップ:
a)アルミナと分子ふるいとを組み合わせて支持材ペーストを形成するステップ、
b)上記支持材ペーストを押出しまたはペレット化して、支持材粒子を形成するステップ、
c)上記支持材粒子を、有機添加剤を含む白金塩の溶液で、インシピエント・ウェットネス含浸法により含浸処理して、触媒前駆体を供するステップ、
d)上記触媒前駆体を、空気中で120℃~200℃の温度で乾燥するステップ、
を含み、
ステップd)からの乾燥した触媒前駆体が少なくとも0.5重量%の炭素を更に含む、
方法。 - 前記有機添加剤が、クエン酸、乳酸及びギ酸からなる群から選択される、請求項8に記載の触媒活性材料のための前駆体を製造する方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一つに記載の前駆体からまたは請求項8または9に従い製造される前駆体から触媒活性材料を製造する方法であって、前記前駆体を、150℃と350℃との間の温度で水素などの還元剤の流れと接触させる、前記方法。
- 炭化水素または炭化水素混合物を脱蝋する方法であって、上記炭化水素または炭化水素混合物を、水素の存在下に、脱蝋条件下に、請求項8または9に従い製造された触媒活性材料または請求項1~7のいずれか一つに記載の触媒活性材料と接触させることを含む、前記方法。
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CN109999898A (zh) * | 2019-04-16 | 2019-07-12 | 太原理工大学 | 一种双功能抗硫加氢催化剂及其制备方法 |
KR102213789B1 (ko) | 2019-09-20 | 2021-02-08 | 에스케이이노베이션 주식회사 | 디젤 분획을 포함하는 공급원료로부터 윤활기유를 제조하는 방법, 및 이에 의해 제조되는 윤활기유 |
CN114130427B (zh) * | 2020-09-04 | 2024-11-01 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Y/ssz-13/稀土/asa复合材料、加氢裂化催化剂、催化剂载体、及其制备方法 |
US11697111B2 (en) | 2021-02-03 | 2023-07-11 | Uop Llc | Selective hydroisomerization catalyst |
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KR20190127821A (ko) | 2019-11-13 |
US20200048565A1 (en) | 2020-02-13 |
US11384296B2 (en) | 2022-07-12 |
WO2018167081A1 (en) | 2018-09-20 |
JP2020514037A (ja) | 2020-05-21 |
RU2019132220A (ru) | 2021-04-14 |
KR102531430B1 (ko) | 2023-05-11 |
RU2019132220A3 (ja) | 2021-11-11 |
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