JP7039044B2 - Nsclcをはじめとする肺がんなどの数種の腫瘍に対する新規免疫療法 - Google Patents
Nsclcをはじめとする肺がんなどの数種の腫瘍に対する新規免疫療法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
a)がん-精巣抗原:T細胞によって認識され得る、これまでに同定された最初のTAAはこのクラスに属し、元々はがん-精巣(CT)抗原と称されたが、それは、そのメンバーが組織学的に異なるヒト腫瘍で発現し、正常組織では精巣の精母細胞/精原細胞のみに存在し、時として胎盤に存在するためである。精巣の細胞は、クラスIおよびIIのHLA分子を発現しないので、これらの抗原は正常組織のT細胞によって認識され得ず、したがって免疫学的に腫瘍特異的と見なされる。CT抗原の周知の例は、MAGEファミリーメンバーまたはNY-ESO-1である。
b)分化抗原:これらのTAAは、腫瘍と、それから腫瘍が生じる正常組織との間で共有され;ほとんどは、メラノーマおよび正常なメラノサイトに見られる。これらのメラノサイト系関連タンパク質の多くは、メラニン生合成に関与し、したがって腫瘍特異的でないが、それでもなおがん免疫療法のために広く利用されている。例としては、黒色腫に対するチロシナーゼとMelan-A/MART-1、または前立腺がんに対するPSAが挙げられるが、これに限定されるものではない。
c)過剰発現されるTAA:広範に発現されるTAAをエンコードする遺伝子は、組織学的に異なるタイプの腫瘍で、ならびに多数の正常組織で、概してより低い発現レベルで検出されている。正常組織によってプロセシングされ潜在的に提示されるエピトープの多くは、T細胞認識閾値レベルに満たない可能性がある一方で、腫瘍細胞におけるそれらの過剰発現は、先に確立された免疫寛容を破壊することで抗がん応答を引き起こし得る。このクラスのTAAの顕著な例は、Her-2/neu、Survivin、TelomeraseまたはWT1である。
d)腫瘍特異的抗原:これらのユニークなTAAは、正常な遺伝子(β-カテニン、CDK4など)の変異から生じる。これらの分子変化のいくつかは、腫瘍性形質転換および/または進行に関連する。腫瘍特異的抗原は、通常、正常組織に対する自己免疫反応のリスクなしに、強力な免疫応答を誘導できる。他方、これらのTAAは、ほとんどの場合、その上でそれらが同定されたまさにその腫瘍のみと関係があり、通常は、多くの個々の腫瘍間で共有されない。
e)異常な翻訳後修飾から生じるTAA:このようなTAAは、特異的でなく腫瘍で過剰発現もされないが、それでもなお、腫瘍で主に活性である翻訳後プロセスによって腫瘍関連になる、タンパク質から生じてもよい。このクラスの例は、腫瘍でMUC1のような新規エピトープをもたらす改変グリコシル化パターンから、または腫瘍特異的であってもなくてもよい分解中のタンパク質スプライシング事象から生じる。
f)腫瘍ウイルスタンパク質:これらのTAAはウイルスタンパク質であり、それらは発がん過程で重要な役割を果たしてもよく、外来性である(ヒト由来でない)ため、それらはT細胞応答を誘起し得る。このようなタンパク質の例は、ヒト乳頭腫16型ウイルスタンパク質E6およびE7であり、これらは子宮頸がんで発現される。
ヒトでは、膜貫通輸送体のATP-結合カセット(ABC)ファミリーは、少なくとも48の遺伝子と、7つの遺伝子サブファミリーを有する。予測されたABCA13タンパク質は5,058個のアミノ酸残基からなり、これまでに記載された中では、最大のABCタンパク質である(Prades et al.,2002)。Knight et al.は、ABCA13タンパク質が、マウスおよびヒトの海馬および皮質で発現されると判定し、これらの双方の領域は、統合失調症および双極性障害に関連がある(Knight et al.,2009)。ABCA13遺伝子は染色体7p12.3に位置するが、この領域は、膵臓に影響を及ぼす遺伝性疾患(シュバッハマン・ダイアモンド症候群)、ならびにT細胞腫瘍浸潤および転移(INM7)に関与する遺伝子座を含有し、したがってこれらの病態の位置的候補である(Prades et al.,2002)。
ヒトメタロエラスターゼ(HME)またはマクロファージメタロエラスターゼ(MME)としてもまた知られているMMP12は、エラスチン分解能力が認められている亜鉛エンドペプチダーゼである。それとは別に、これは、コラーゲン、フィブロネクチン、ラミニン、プロテオグリカンなどのその他のマトリックスタンパク質、およびα-1-アンチトリプシンなどの非マトリックスタンパク質に及ぶ、幅広い基質範囲を有する。喘息、肺気腫、および慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)では、MMP12が、肺胞破壊および気道再構築に寄与してもよい(Cataldo et al.,2003;Wallace et al.,2008)。MMP12は、マクロファージ移動に関与するとされており、プラスミノーゲンからアンギオスタチンを生成し得ることから、血管新生阻害に寄与する(Chakraborti et al.,2003;Chandler et al.,1996;Sang,1998)。その他のメタロプロテイナーゼと同様に、MMP12は、胎芽形成、創傷治癒、および月経周期のような生理学的過程に関与するが(Chakraborti et al.,2003;Labied et al.,2009)、組織破壊の病理過程にもまた関与する。
DST(BPAG1-e)は、接着結合プラークタンパク質のプラキンタンパク質ファミリーのメンバーをコードする。BPAG1-eは、上皮組織で発現されて、ケラチン含有中間フィラメントを半接着斑(HD)に固着させる。HDは、重層上皮および複合上皮内の上皮間質付着を促進する、多タンパク質接着複合体である。それらの機能の調節は、その中で細胞が基質から剥離して、運動性表現型を獲得する、創傷治癒およびがん浸潤におけるケラチノサイトの分化および移動などの、多様な生物学的過程において非常に重要である(Litjens et al.,2006)。
アドリカンとしてもまた知られているMXRA5は、接着プロテオグリカンをコードして、ECM再構築および細胞-細胞接着に関与する一群の遺伝子に属する(Rodningen et al.,2008)。MXRA5のがんにおける機能は知られていないが、皮膚、脳、肺、および卵巣などの多様な組織から得られた腫瘍で、MXRA5中の体細胞突然変異が同定されている。RT-PCRがアドリカン(MXRA5)について実施され、正常な結腸組織と比較して、結腸がんにおける過剰発現のマイクロアレイ所見が確認された(13個の結腸直腸腫瘍および13個の正常組織)(Zou et al.,2002)。最近の研究では、マトリックス-リモデリング関連5が、NSCLC中で2番目に頻繁に変異する遺伝子であった(1番目はTP53)(Xiong et al.,2012)。
CDK4は、Ser/Thrタンパク質キナーゼファミリーのメンバーである。これは、細胞周期G1相の進行に重要な、タンパク質キナーゼ複合体の触媒性サブユニットである。このキナーゼの活性は、細胞周期中のG1相からS相への転移に限定され、その発現は、主に転写レベルで調節される(Xiao et al.,2007)。CDK4およびCDK6酵素、そして例えばサイクリンなどのそれらの調節因子は、胎芽形成、恒常性、および発がんにおいて重要な役割を果たす(Graf et al.,2010)。
これらの遺伝子は、広範に発現されるヘテロ核内リボ核タンパク質(hnRNP)のサブファミリーに属する。hnRNPはRNA結合タンパク質であり、それらはヘテロ核RNA(hnRNA)と複合体形成する。これらのタンパク質は、核内のプレmRNAに付随して、mRNA前駆体プロセッシングと、mRNA代謝および輸送のその他の側面とに影響を与えるようである。
TANCファミリーはTANC1およびTANC2を含んでなり、それは2005年に同定された(Han et al.,2010)。マウスにおけるTANC1欠乏症は、海馬の棘突起密度を低下させ、空間的学習を損なった一方で、TANC2欠乏症は、胚性致死を引き起こしたので、TANCファミリータンパク質は、樹状突起棘、空間的学習、および胚発生の調節に関与する。対照的に、培養神経細胞内のTANC1およびTANC2の過剰発現は、樹状突起棘および興奮性シナプスの密度を高める。TANC1および2タンパク質は、主に脳で発現され、その中では、かなりの割合のタンパク質が小胞膜内に位置する(Han et al.,2010)。
RNF213は、C3HC4タイプのRINGフィンガードメインを含有するタンパク質をコードして、これは2つの亜鉛原子を結合する特化したタイプのZnフィンガーであり、タンパク質-タンパク質相互作用の仲介に関与すると考えられる。
SLC34A2は、pH感受性ナトリウム依存性リン酸輸送体である。十分に分化した腫瘍におけるSLC34A2遺伝子発現の上方制御は、卵巣発がんにおける細胞分化過程を反映してもよく、卵巣がんの診断および予後診断のための潜在的マーカーの役割を果たし得る(Shyian et al.,2011)。RT-PCRは、乳頭甲状腺がんにおけるSLC34A2の発現増大を確認した(Kim et al.,2010b)。乳がん組織にはまた、正常組織と比較して、SLC34A2遺伝子発現の顕著な増大もあった(Chen et al.,2010a)。
ヒストンH3リジン4特異的メチルトランスフェラーゼであるSMYD3の上方制御が、結腸直腸がん(CRC)および肝細胞がん(HCC)の増殖において、重要な役割を果たすことが以前報告された。別の研究では、ほとんどの乳がん組織でもまた、SMYD3の発現が上昇することが明らかにされた。CRCおよびHCCと同様に、この遺伝子に対する低分子干渉RNAによるSMYD3のサイレンシングは、乳がん細胞の成長阻害をもたらし、SMYD3発現の増大もまた、乳がん細胞の増殖に必須であることが示唆された(Hamamoto et al.,2006)。RNA干渉によるSMYD3のノックダウンは、c-Met発現を下方制御し、HGFによって誘導される細胞移動および浸潤を阻害する(Zou et al.,2009)。SMYD3は、HeLa細胞増殖および移動/浸潤において重要な役割を果たし、それはヒト子宮頸がんにおける有用な治療標的であってもよい(Wang et al.,2008b)。
AKR1C1とAKR1C2は、7つのアミノ酸残基のみが異なる(Le et al.,2010)。AKR1C1およびAKR1C2は、アンドロゲン、エストロゲン、およびプロゲステロンの活性と、対応する受容体の占有およびトランス活性化とを調節する(Penning et al.,2000;Steckelbroeck et al.,2004)。肝臓特異的であるAKR1C4を除くAKR1C酵素は、異なる正常および病的組織で発現され、したがって肺、乳房、前立腺、子宮内膜のがん、骨髄性白血病などのいくつかの疾患に関連した(Brozic et al.,2011;Byrns et al.,2011)。シスプラチンに対する感受性は、上皮性肺がん細胞系(Chen et al.,2010b)およびNSCLC患者における、AKR1Cレベルと関係するようであった(Kuang et al.,2012;Stewart,2010)。したがって、AKR1Cの過剰発現は、ヒト非小細胞肺がん(NSCLC)における、予後不良および化学療法抵抗性の指標である(Wang et al.,2007)。AKR1C2の過剰発現はまた、前立腺がんにおける疾患進行に関連する(Huang et al.,2010)。RNAiによるAKR1C2発現の枯渇は、生体内および生体外で腫瘍形成を阻害し、それはAKR1C2 siRNAが、肝がん発症遮断において重要な役割を果たすかもしれないことを強く示唆する(Dong-Dong,2007)。
レティキュロカルビン1は、ERの管腔内に位置するカルシウム結合タンパク質である。免疫組織化学的検査は、胎児および成人の様々な臓器におけるRCNの広範な分布を実証し、大部分は、内分泌および外分泌器官にあった。RCNの過剰発現は、腫瘍形成、腫瘍浸潤、および薬剤耐性で役割を有してもよい(Fukuda et al.,2007)。レティキュロカルビン1(RCN1)は、内皮(EC)および前立腺がん(PCa)の双方の細胞系上にある、細胞表面関連タンパク質である。細胞表面のRCN1発現は、骨髄内皮細胞の腫瘍壊死因子α処理によって、上方制御された(Cooper et al.,2008)。RCN1は、結腸直腸がん(CRC)において上方制御され、がん細胞内またはがん細胞近くの間質細胞内に局在する。それは、CRCマーカーの新規候補であり得る(Watanabe et al.,2008)。RCN3は、分泌経路に局在する複数EFハンドCa2+結合タンパク質のCREC(Cab45/レティキュロカルビン/ERC45/カルメニン)ファミリーのメンバーである(Tsuji et al.,2006)。乏突起膠腫中では、RCN3が、潜在的に重要な候補遺伝子として示唆される。しかしRCN3の機能については、ほとんど知られていない(Drucker et al.,2009)。
IL8は、炎症応答の主要な媒介物の1つである、CXCファミリーのケモカインである。このケモカインは、いくつかの細胞型によって分泌される。これは化学誘引物質として機能し、強力な血管新生因子でもある。CXC(ELR+)ケモカイン様IL8は、血管新生を誘導し、NSCLCなどの血管新生表現型を有するがんにおいて、重要であってもよい(Arenberg et al.,1997)。最近、腫瘍由来IL8は、原発腫瘍(乳がん、大腸がん、および黒色腫腫瘍)に戻る循環腫瘍細胞の誘引剤の機能を果たして、より高悪性度の腫瘍表現型をもたらすことが分かった(Kim et al.,2009)。IL-8レベルは、診断前数年間の肺がんリスクと関係がある。IL-8とCRPの組み合わせは、引き続く肺がん予測におけるより確固とした生物マーカーである(Pine et al.,2011)。KRASまたはEGFRの活性化変異は、NSCLCにおけるIL-8発現を上方制御して;IL-8は、男性喫煙者高齢患者からのNSCLC、胸膜が関与するNSCLC、およびKRAS変異腺がんで高度に発現され;IL-8は、発がん性KRAS駆動NSCLC中で、細胞の成長および移動における役割を果たす(Sunaga et al.,2012)。
P2RY6は、Gタンパク質共役型受容体ファミリーに属する。このファミリーは、場合によっては、様々なアデノシンおよびウリジンヌクレオチドと重複する、異なる薬理学的選択性がある、いくつかの受容体サブタイプを有する。P2Y6サブタイプは、胎盤で特に高レベルで発現され、P2Y6が胎盤機能において重要な役割を果たすことが示唆される。しかし、胎盤内のP2Y6の細胞局在は、知られていない。P2Y6は、栄養膜の発達、分化、および新生物において、重要な役割を果たしてもよい(Somers et al.,1999)。肺上皮の炎症応答におけるピリミジン活性化P2Y受容体の重要な役割が、示唆された(Schafer et al.,2003)。
HUWE1は、HECTE3ユビキチンリガーゼファミリーのメンバーをコードする。HECTドメインはC末端にあり、中間体ユビキチン-チオエステル結合を形成する活性部位システインを含有する。
VCANは、アグリカン/バーシカンプロテオグリカンファミリーのメンバーである。VCANは、ヒアルロナン、テネイシン、フィビュリン-1、フィブロネクチン、CD44およびL-セレクチン、フィブリリン、インテグリン、およびリンクタンパク質をはじめとする、細胞外基質のいくつかの分子と関わりがあることが知られている(Zheng et al.,2004)。VCANは、多様な組織で発現される。これは組織成長の初期段階で高度に発現され、組織成熟後にはその発現が低下する。その発現はまた、創傷修復および腫瘍成長においても上昇する(Ghosh et al.,2010)。RNA干渉によるヒト肺腺がん(A549)細胞内のVCANノックダウンは、生体内で腫瘍成長を有意に阻害したが、生体外では阻害しなかった(Creighton et al.,2005)。VCANは、p53の直接標的である。VCANの高度発現はまた、初期段階前立腺がんの、そして乳がんの、腫瘍周囲間質組織でも発見されており、それは高悪性度腫瘍挙動と関連付けられている(Yoon et al.,2002)。
ドローシャは、RNA誘導サイレンシング複合体(RISC)と相互作用して、RNAi経路の一部として相補的メッセンジャーRNA(mRNA)の切断を誘導することで、多種多様なその他の遺伝子を調節する細胞によって天然に発現される、マイクロRNA(miRNA)、または短いRNA分子のプロセッシング開始に関与するクラス2RNase III酵素である。マイクロRNA分子は、pri-miRNAとして知られている長いRNA一次転写産物として合成され、それはドローシャによって切断されて、pre-miRNAとして知られている、約70塩基対長の特徴的なステムループ構造が生じる(Lee et al.,2003)。ドローシャは、マイクロプロセッサ複合体と称されるタンパク質複合体の一部として存在し、それは二本鎖RNA結合タンパク質パシャ(DGCR8とも称される)(Denli et al.,2004)もまた含有し、それはドローシャ活性に必須であり、適切なプロセッシングに必要なpri-miRNAの一本鎖フラグメントを結合できる(Han et al.,2006)。ヒトドローシャは、それがリボソームRNA前駆体プロセッシングに関与する核dsRNAリボヌクレアーゼと同定された2000年に、クローン化された(Wu et al.,2000)。ドローシャは、同定およびクローン化された、最初のヒトRNase III酵素であった。miRNAのプロセッシングと活性に関与するその他の2つのヒト酵素は、ダイサーおよびアルゴノートタンパク質である。ドローシャおよびパシャはどちらも細胞核に局在し、そこでpri-miRNAからpre-miRNAへのプロセッシングが起こる。次に、この後者の分子は、細胞質内でRNaseダイサーによってさらにプロセシングされて、成熟miRNAになる(Lee et al.,2003)。ドローシャおよびその他のmiRNAプロセッシング酵素は、がんの予後に重要であってもよい(Slack and Weidhaas,2008)。
ホスファチジルイノシトール-4-リン酸アダプター2(FAPP2=PLEKHA8)の遺伝子は、小胞の成熟およびトランスゴルジ体から原形質膜への輸送に関与するとされているプレクストリン相同領域がある、細胞質脂質トランスフェラーゼをコードする(Cao et al.,2009)。FAPP2遺伝子を標的とするリボザイムの大腸がん細胞への導入は、Fas作動性抗体の存在下で、それらのアポトーシスを誘導した。また、FAPP2 siRNA形質移入神経膠腫および乳房腫瘍細胞は、アポトーシスに顕著な増大を示した(Tritz et al.,2009)。その後の研究は、ゴルジ装置におけるスフィンゴ糖脂質代謝に関与する、脂質輸送タンパク質としてのFAPP2の役割に脚光を当てた(D’Angelo et al.,2012)。ホスホイノシトール4-リン酸アダプタータンパク質2(FAPP2)は、スフィンゴ糖脂質(GSL)生成に重要な役割を果たし、そのC末端領域を使用して、新規合成グルコシルセラミドをさらなる同化処理のために、シスゴルジ体内の細胞質ゾルに面するグルコシルセラミドシンターゼから搬出する(Kamlekar et al.,2013)。
ACACAは、脂肪酸合成の律速段階であるアセチルCoAからマロニルCoAへのカルボキシル化を触媒する、ビオチン含有酵素である(Tong and Harwood,Jr.,2006)。ACACAの上方制御は複数のヒトがんで認識されており、迅速な成長と増殖のために、脂質生成を促進してがん細胞の要求を満たす。したがってACACAは、がん介入のための強力な標的として効果的であるかもしれず、代謝疾患治療のために開発された阻害剤が、がん治療のための潜在的治療薬になり得る(Wang et al.,2010a)。2つの研究が、RNA干渉によるACACAのサイレンシングが、FASN遺伝子発現のサイレンシング後に観察されたのとほぼ同程度に、成長阻害を引き起こして細胞死を誘導することを示している(Brusselmans et al.,2005;Chajes et al.,2006)。ACACAのアロステリック阻害剤であるTOFA(5-テトラデシルオキシ-2-フロ酸)は、肺がん細胞NCI-H460と大腸がん細胞HCT-8およびHCT-15に対して細胞傷害性であり、アポトーシスを誘導する(Wang et al.,2009a)。別の非常に強力なACACA阻害剤であるソラフェンAは、脂質生成をブロックして、前立腺がん細胞内の脂肪酸酸化を促進する。がん細胞は、増殖を停止して究極的に死滅する(Beckers et al.,2007)。これらの知見は、マロニルCoAの蓄積を以外に、脂質生成それ自体の阻害が、がん細胞死滅を引き起こしてもよく、最終的にACACAが、抗腫瘍療法の標的であってもよいことを示唆する(Brusselmans et al.,2005)。
インテグリンは、細胞の増殖、分化、および生存をはじめとする、多様な細胞および発達過程、ならびに発がん、がん細胞浸潤、および転位において、重要な役割を果たす。インテグリンα11(ITGA11/α11)は、間質線維芽細胞に局在し、通常、非小細胞肺がん(NSCLC)で過剰発現される。α11 mRNAは、肺腺がんおよび扁平上皮がんの双方で過剰発現された(Wang et al.,2002)。α11は、線維芽細胞が生体内でNSCLC細胞の成長を促進する能力において重要な役割を果たし、このような活性は、ある程度、そのIGF2発現の調節によって媒介されることが報告されている(Zhu et al.,2007)。NSCLC患者の臨床病理学的特徴では、hMTH1、SPD、HABP2、ITGA11、COL11A1、およびCK-19の過剰発現が、病理学的病期と有意に相関した(p<0.05)。さらに、hMTH1、SPD、ITGA11、およびCOL11A1の過剰発現は、リンパ節転移および予後不良と相関した(Chong et al.,2006)。
COL12A1遺伝子は、FACIT(中断された三重らせんがある原線維関連コラーゲン)コラーゲンファミリーのメンバーである、XII型コラーゲンのα鎖をコードする。XII型コラーゲンは、I型コラーゲンに結合して見られるホモ三量体であり、結合は、コラーゲンI原線維と周囲のマトリックスの間の相互作用を修飾すると考えられる(Oh et al.,1992)。COL12A1は基底膜調節に関与して、原線維とその他の基質要素の間に、特異的分子橋を提供してもよい(Thierry et al.,2004)。COL12A1は、心臓、胎盤、肺、骨格筋、および膵臓(Dharmavaram et al.,1998)で、関節軟骨および骨端軟骨をはじめとする多様な結合組織(Gregory et al.,2001;Walchli et al.,1994;Watt et al.,1992)で、発現される。COL12A1は、マイクロサテライト不安定性が低いまたは皆無である安定グループと比較して、マイクロサテライト不安定性が高い腫瘍において下方制御された(Ortega et al.,2010)。
ELA2(エラスターゼ2、好中球)としてもまた知られている好中球エラスターゼ(または白血球エラスターゼ)は、キモトリプシンと同じファミリーのセリンプロテイナーゼであり、広範な基質特異性を有する。それは炎症中に好中球によって分泌されて、細菌および宿主組織を破壊する(Belaaouaj et al.,2000)。慢性閉塞性肺疾患の発症における主要な当事者であるヒト好中球エラスターゼ(ELANE)は、最近、非小細胞肺がん進行に関与しているとされている。これは、(i)細胞内で、例えばアダプター分子インスリン受容体基質-1(IRS-1)を排除する、(ii)細胞表面で、CD40などの受容体を加水分解する、(iii)細胞外空隙内で、エラスチンフラグメント、すなわちがん細胞侵襲性および血管新生を強力に刺激するモルフォエラストキンを生成する、のいくつかのレベルで作用し得る(Moroy et al.,2012)。好中球エラスターゼは、腫瘍細胞内のエンドソーム区画にアクセスして、インスリン受容体基質-1(IRS-1)を分解することで、ヒトおよびマウス肺腺がんの双方で腫瘍細胞増殖を直接誘導した(Houghton et al.,2010)。
SERPINB3とも称される扁平上皮細胞がん抗原(SCCA)は、セリンプロテアーゼ阻害剤(セルピン)の高分子量ファミリーのメンバーである(Suminami et al.,1991)。頭頸部組織がんおよびその他の上皮性がんにおける、高レベルが報告されている(Torre,1998)。SCCAは、腫瘍周囲組織と比較して、腫瘍内で過剰発現されることが報告されており、HCCの組織学的検出のための潜在的マーカーとしての役割が示唆される(Pontisso et al.,2004)。セルピンB3/B4、特にセルピンB4は、異常な上皮性増殖において重要な役割を果たすようである。セルピンB3/B4の評価は、特に肺がんに対する感受性が増大している患者において、疾患進行を予測する上での予後診断的的価値を有し得る(Calabrese et al.,2012)。SCCA1(SERPINB3)は、リソソーム損傷によって誘導される細胞死を阻害する一方で、細胞死受容体アポトーシス経路とは独立してカスパーゼ-8を活性化することで、細胞をERストレスに対して感作させる(Ullman et al.,2011)。いくつかの所見は、SERPINB3が、表皮バリア中断の誘導において重要な役割を果たすことを示唆する。SERPINB3は、表皮内バリア機能の主要決定要因であってもよい(Katagiri et al.,2010)。
キネシンは、真核生物細胞に見られる、モータータンパク質のクラスに属するタンパク質である。キネシンは、微小管フィラメントに沿って移動し、ATPの加水分解によってエネルギー供給される(したがってキネシンはATPアーゼである)。キネシンファミリー遺伝子であるKif26bは、Sall1の下流標的である(Nishinakamura et al.,2011)。Kif26bは、尿管芽に接触する間葉細胞の付着を調節するので、腎臓発生に必須である。Kif26bの生体外過剰発現は、非筋肉ミオシンとの相互作用を通じて細胞接着の増大を引き起こした(Terabayashi et al.,2012;Uchiyama et al.,2010)。
ANKH(進行性強直症のヒトホモログ)は、細胞膜を通じた無機ピロリン酸(PPi)輸送を調節する(Wang et al.,2008a)。いくつかのデータは、ANKHの生体外および生体内発現および機能が低酸素環境で抑制されること、そして効果がHIF-1によって調節されることを示唆する(Zaka et al.,2009)。ヒトANKH遺伝子は、組織特異的様式で生体内で発現され、mRNA発現の最大レベルは、脳、心臓、および骨格筋に見られる(Guo et al.,2001)。ANKH遺伝子の変異は、常染色体優性頭蓋骨幹端異形成症と関連付けられている(Kornak et al.,2010)。ANKHは、増幅のない子宮頸がん細胞系と比較して、増幅のある細胞系で有意に上方制御された(Kloth et al.,2007)。染色体アーム5p上の領域のゲノム増幅が、小細胞肺がん(SCLC)で頻繁に観察されており、このアーム上の複数発がん遺伝子の存在が暗示される。Coe et al.は、従来のスクリーニングによる検出を回避した微小欠失の同定と、新規推定発がん遺伝子としてのTRIOおよびANKHの同定を記載した(Coe et al.,2005)。
ヒト細胞では、mRNA輸送因子NXF1は、核質内および核膜孔複合体にある(Zhang et al.,2011b)。核内転写部位から細胞質内翻訳部位へのmRNAの輸送は、真核生物の遺伝子発現における必須過程である。ヒト細胞内では、mRNA輸送因子NXF1(TAPとしてもまた知られている)が、mRNA、mRNAアダプタータンパク質、核膜孔複合体のフェニルアラニン-グリシン(FG)リピートに同時に結合することで、mRNA転写物に同伴して核を出る(Kelly and Corbett,2009)。NXF1は、NPCを通じてタンパク質カーゴ、tRNA、およびマイクロRNAを輸送するカリオフェリンタンパク質と、構造的または機構的類似点を有しない多ドメインタンパク質であることから、核輸送因子の中でもユニークである。NXF1によるmRNA輸送は、GTPase Ranとは無関係に起こる過程である(Gruter et al.,1998)。mRNPの核外輸出は、mRNPに結合し、FG-ヌクレオポリンとの一過性の相互作用によって、核孔(NPC)中心チャンネルを通じたそれらの移行を媒介する、NXF1などの輸送因子によって媒介される(Wickramasinghe et al.,2010)。mRNAは、NXF1/TAPが関与するバルク輸送経路、または染色体領域メンテナンス1(chromosome region maintenance 1)(CRM1)が関与するより特化した経路のどちらかによって、輸送され得る(Siddiqui and Borden,2012)。
RGS4は、GTPアーゼ加速タンパク質の機能を果して、μおよびδオピオイド受容体(それぞれMORおよびDOR)シグナル伝達を調節する。RGS4のオピオイド作動薬誘導低下は、ユビキチン-プロテアソーム経路を通じて起こり、モルヒネ依存状態における細胞恒常性維持に寄与してもよい(Wang and Traynor,2011)。RGS4は、β-細胞機能の調節において重要な役割を果たす(Ruiz,I et al.,2010)。Xie et al.は、RGS4が、転移カスケードの重要な段階である乳がんの移動および浸潤の新規サプレッサーであると提言した(Xie et al.,2009)。RGS4は、甲状腺がんで過剰発現された。甲状腺がん細胞におけるその発現レベルの効果的な下方制御は、甲状腺がん細胞の生存度を有意に減衰させ、甲状腺発がんにおけるRGS4の重要な役割が示唆される(Nikolova et al.,2008)。RGS4は、ヒト膵臓腫瘍細胞系で差次的に発現されて、膵臓がんの局所性腫瘍浸潤と肝臓転移の可能なマーカー遺伝子であることが分かった(Niedergethmann et al.,2007)。RGS4の過剰発現は、Gタンパク質媒介p38MAPK活性化を選択的に阻害し、結果的に、上皮細胞の増殖、移動、および血管内皮成長因子(VEGF)発現を低下させることで、肺上皮細胞管形成を遅延させ変化させた(Albig and Schiemann,2005)。
GFPT2は、神経突起伸長、初期神経細胞発生、神経ペプチドシグナル伝達/合成、およびニューロン受容体に関与する(Tondreau et al.,2008)。GFPT2中の遺伝的変異は、II型糖尿病および糖尿病性腎障害に関連する(Zhang et al.,2004)。さらにGFPT2中のSNPの結合は、酸化経路の調節に関与する遺伝子が、糖尿病性慢性腎不全の大きな要因になり得ることを示唆する(Prasad et al.,2010)。GFPT2遺伝子のDNAメチル化は、原発性急性リンパ芽球性白血病(ALL)サンプル中で検証された。複数のCpGアイランドのメチル化がある患者は、より好ましくない全生存期間を有した(Kuang et al.,2008)。GFPT2は、グルタミン代謝において役割を有し、間葉細胞系でより高度に発現されることが観察された。グルタミン代謝は、腫瘍進行において重要な役割を果たしてもよく、細胞代謝経路の阻害が、エピジェネティック療法の一形態であってもよい(Simpson et al.,2012)。
CERCAMは、内皮細胞表面に局在し(Starzyk et al.,2000)、家族性特発性側弯症と関連があると同定された9q候補領域である、染色体9q34.11上にマップされる(Miller et al.,2012)。CEECAM1遺伝子は、神経系内および唾液腺、膵臓、肝臓、および胎盤などのいくつかの分泌組織で幅広く転写される(Schegg et al.,2009)。CERCAMタンパク質は、ColGalT酵素GLT25D1およびGLT25D2に、構造的に類似する。しかしその機能は依然として分かっていないが、関連するGLT25D1タンパク質と機能的に異なるようであり、タンパク質は、GLT25D1およびGLT25D2タンパク質のようなグリコシルトランスフェラーゼとしては、機能しない(Perrin-Tricaud et al.,2011)。
GALNT2は、ゴルジ体中でペプチドのムチンタイプO-グリコシル化の第一段階を触媒する。これらの酵素は、N-アセチルガラクトサミン(GalNAc)を、UDP-GalNAcから標的タンパク質中のセリンまたはスレオニンのヒドロキシル基に転移する(Peng et al.,2010)。GALNT2は、検査された膵臓、結腸、胃、および乳房からのヒト腺がん細胞系のほとんどまたは全てにおいて、低レベルで構成的に発現された(Sutherlin et al.,1997)。研究は、O-グリカンおよびGALNT遺伝子が、多様な生物学的機能およびヒト疾患発症において、重要な役割を果たすことを示した。上皮性卵巣がん(Terry et al.,2010)および冠動脈疾患(Willer et al.,2008)のリスクは、GALNT2の単一ヌクレオチド多形性と関連付けられている。グリコシルトランスフェラーゼ活性の特定の変化に起因する、細胞表面糖タンパク質の異常なグリコシル化は、通常は、がんの浸潤および転移に関係する。GALNT2は、胃がん(Hua et al.,2012)、肝細胞がん(HCC)(Wu et al.,2011b)、およびヒト悪性神経膠腫(Liu et al.,2011a)における、腫瘍の移動と浸潤に関与する。
HNRNPM遺伝子は、広範に発現されるヘテロ核内リボ核タンパク質(hnRNP)のサブファミリーに属する。HNRNPMは、ヒトhnRNP複合体の豊富な構成要素であり、それは、それ自身のmRNA前駆体スプライシングを調節することで(Hase et al.,2006)、または代案の線維芽細胞成長因子受容体2のスプライシング調節に影響を及ぼすことで(Hovhannisyan and Carstens,2007)、mRNA前駆体のスプライシングに影響を及ぼし得る。生体外精製スプライソソームのプロテオミクス解析は、プレスプライセオソームH複合体中に、およびスプライソソーム集合全体にわたり、HNRNPMを検出した(Rappsilber et al.,2002;Wahl et al.,2009)。HNRNPMは、CDC5L/PLRG1スプライセオソーム部分複合体との相互作用を通じて、スプライソソーム機構に関与する(Lleres et al.,2010)。ヒトがん細胞では、いくつかの結果が、IMP-3およびHNRNPMの細胞質保持が、増殖に顕著な低下をもたらすことを示す。核IMP-3-HNRNPM複合体は、CCND1、D3、およびG1の効率的合成と、ヒトがん細胞増殖に重要である(Rivera et al.,2013)。
バソヌクリンは、非常に限られた組織分布があるジンクフィンガータンパク質である(Tseng,1998)。これまでのところ、バソヌクリンは、重層扁平上皮(皮膚、経口上皮、食道、膣、および角膜)の基底ケラチノサイトで、そして精巣および卵巣の配偶子形成細胞で、主に検出されている(Tseng and Green,1994;Weiner and Green,1998)。今や、バソヌクリンが、rRNA遺伝子(rDNA)の細胞型特異的転写因子であるというかなりの証拠がある。バソヌクリンのジンクフィンガーは、rDNAプロモーター内の3つの進化的に保存された部位と相互作用する(Iuchi and Green,1999;Tseng et al.,1999)。CpGメチル化によるエピジェネティックな調節は、腫瘍形成において、ならびにがん治療に対する応答において、重要な役割を有する。BNC1は、放射線抵抗性のH1299ヒト非小細胞肺がん(NSCLC)細胞系において、低メチル化された。H1299細胞内のBNC1 mRNA発現の抑制は、これらの細胞の電離放射線に対する抵抗性もまた低下させた(Kim et al.,2010a)。BNC1の異常なDNAメチル化は、慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)サンプルでもまた、検出された(Tong et al.,2010)。腎細胞がん(RCC)では、BNC1のメチル化は、腫瘍のサイズ、病期または等級とは無関係に、より不良な予後と関係した(Morris et al.,2010)。
FK506結合タンパク質10(FKBP10)は、FKBPタイプのペプチジル-プロリルシス/トランスイソメラーゼファミリーに属する。それは小胞体内に位置して、分子シャペロンの機能を果たす(Ishikawa et al.,2008;Patterson et al.,2000)。それは、肺の発達中に高度に発現され、肺傷害後に、細胞外基質タンパク質との協調様式で、再活性化され得る(Patterson et al.,2005)。
遺伝子FZD2、FZD1、およびFZD7は、全てフリズルド遺伝子ファミリーに由来し;この遺伝子ファミリーのメンバーは、Wntシグナル伝達タンパク質の受容体である、7つの膜貫通領域タンパク質をコードする。
どちらの遺伝子(ATP2A1およびATP2A2)もSERCACa(2+)-ATPアーゼをコードする。筋小胞体(SR)1/ERカルシウムATPアーゼ(SERCA)は、ATP加水分解と、SR/ER膜を越えるカルシウム輸送とを連結するカルシウムポンプである(MacLennan et al.,1997)。SERCAは、SERCA1(ATP2A1)、SERCA2(ATP2A2)、およびSERCA3の3つの相同遺伝子によってコードされる(Wu et al.,1995)。SERCAが、アポトーシス、分化、および細胞増殖の過程に対してもまた、直接的影響を有してもよいことを示す、いくつかの証拠が浮上してきた(Chami et al.,2000;Ma et al.,1999;Sakuntabhai et al.,1999)。
細胞外基質糖タンパク質のファミリーであるラミニンは、基底膜の主要な非コラーゲン性構成物である。それらは、細胞接着、分化、移動、シグナル伝達、神経突起伸長、および転移をはじめとする、多種多様な生物学的過程に関与するとされている。LAMC2遺伝子は、基底膜領域の主要構成要素の1つであるラミニン-5の一部である、ラミニン-5γ2鎖をコードする。LAMC2は、胃がんにおいて、プロモーター脱メチル化によって頻繁に上方制御された(Kwon et al.,2011)。LAMC2は、無血管黒色腫領域と比較して、血管性黒色腫領域で過剰発現されることが分かった(Lugassy et al.,2009)。LAMC2は、膀胱がん転移の生物マーカーであり、その発現レベルは腫瘍悪性度と関係した(Smith et al.,2009b)。LAMB3およびLAMC2遺伝子は、32の非SCLC細胞系の内21(66%)で同時発現されるが、13のSCLC細胞系ではその1つのみ(8%)で同時発現された。LAMB3およびLAMC2遺伝子の同時発現はまた、検査された4症例の原発性非SCLC細胞の全てで観察されたが、対応する非がん性の肺細胞では観察されなかった(Manda et al.,2000)。
HSPA2は、乳がん(Mestiri et al.,2001)、子宮頸がん(Garg et al.,2010a)、膀胱尿路上皮がん(Garg et al.,2010b)、鼻咽頭がん(Jalbout et al.,2003)、および悪性腫瘍(Chouchane et al.,1997)などのヒトがんのサブセットにおいて、異常なレベルで発現される潜在的がん促進タンパク質と同定されている。HSPA2遺伝子活性のいくらかのレベルはまた、数種のヒトがん(Scieglinska et al.,2008)に由来する細胞系でも観察された一方で、がん細胞内のHSPA2遺伝子のサイレンシングは、成長停止と腫瘍形成性可能性低下をもたらした(Rohde et al.,2005;Xia et al.,2008)。さらにHSPA2遺伝子の多形性は、肺がん発症リスクの増大と関係がある(Wang et al.,2010b)。HSPA2の過剰発現は、ヒト乳がん、子宮頸がん、および膀胱尿路上皮がんにおいて、細胞増殖の増大、芳しくない分化、およびリンパ節転位と相関する(Garg et al.,2010a;Garg et al.,2010b;Mestiri et al.,2001)。
VPS13Bは、ゴルジ装置に局在する末梢膜タンパク質と同定され、それはそこでシスゴルジ体マトリックスタンパク質GM130と重なる。その細胞内局在に一致して、RNAiを用いたVPS13Bの枯渇は、ゴルジ体リボンのミニスタックへの断片化を引き起こす(Seifert et al.,2011)。Kolehmainen et al.(2003)は、染色体8q22上のコーエン症候群危険領域内で、VPS13Bとしてもまた知られているCOH1遺伝子を同定した(Kolehmainen et al.,2003)。VPS13B遺伝子中の機能喪失型変異は、常染色体性劣性コーエン症候群を引き起こす(Seifert et al.,2011)。VPS13Bおよびその他の遺伝子の変異は、マイクロサテライト不安定性がある胃がんおよび結腸直腸がんで記載された(An et al.,2012)。
細胞アポトーシス感受性(CSE1L)遺伝子は、有糸分裂紡錘体チェックポイントならびに増殖およびアポトーシスをはじめとする、複数の細胞機構を調節することが実証されている。CSE1Lは、細胞質および細胞核内の双方に位置する。核CSE1Lは、主要な腫瘍サプレッサータンパク質であるp53タンパク質の転写活性を調節する(Rao et al.,2011;Tanaka et al.,2007)。細胞質CSE1Lは微小管と結合し;この結合は、浸潤突起の伸長を刺激して、腫瘍細胞の移動を促進することが示されている(Tai et al.,2010)。CSE1Lは、良性および悪性皮膚メラニン細胞病変(Boni et al.,1999)、子宮内膜がん(Peiro et al.,2001)、卵巣がん(Brustmann,2004)、乳がん(Behrens et al.,2001)、膀胱尿路上皮がん(Chang et al.,2012)などの大部分のがんで高度に発現され、その発現はがん進行と相関することが示されている。CSE1Lのサイレンシングは、大腸がんのための可能な治療的アプローチであってもよい(Zhu et al.,2013)。
ジヒドロピリミジナーゼ関連タンパク質4(DPYSL4)は、海馬の神経細胞発達の制御因子であることが知られている。DPYSL4は、歯芽形態形成における、歯の上皮細胞の成長調節、極性化、および分化に関与する(Yasukawa et al.,2013)。いくつかの研究は、微小管重合の阻害を通じた神経突起伸長可能性の低下におけるDPYSL4の役割を示し、神経細胞死に先だつ核凝縮中における、そのビメンチンとの新規関連性もまた明らかにした(Aylsworth et al.,2009)。多種多様な腫瘍で頻繁に変異するp53腫瘍抑制遺伝子は、ゲノムの完全性の維持において重要な役割を果たす。DPYSL4のmRNAおよびタンパク質発現は、どちらもp53熟練細胞内の抗がん因子によって特異的に誘導された。DPYSL4は、DNA障害に応答して、p53によって制御されるアポトーシス誘導因子である(Kimura et al.,2011)。
サブユニットSEC61α、β、およびγを含んでなるヘテロ三量体のタンパク質チャンネルであるSEC61γは、SEC61トランスロコンのメンバーである(Greenfield and High,1999)。SEC61複合体は、新生ポリペプチドのER管腔内への移行、ならびに膜貫通タンパク質のER二重層内への組み込みのための、膜貫通孔を形成する(Osborne et al.,2005)。SEC61γは、腫瘍細胞生存に、そして小胞体ストレスへの細胞性応答に、必須である。さらにそれは、悪性細胞で高度に過剰発現され、正常細胞ではほぼ不在である(Lu et al.,2009)。SEC61γ発現のノックダウンは、アポトーシス、EGFR/AKT生存シグナル伝達抑止(Lu et al.,2009)、ならびに腫瘍細胞の成長阻害をもたらした(Neidert et al.,2012)。
ヒト遺伝子(ORMDL1、ORMDL2、およびORMDL3)は、成人および胎児組織で広範に発現される。それらは、ER中のタンパク質折りたたみに関与する可能性が高い小胞体内にアンカーされる、膜貫通タンパク質をコードする。ゲノム配列解析によって、Hjelmqvist et al.(2002)は、ORMDL1遺伝子を染色体2q32.2にマップした(Hjelmqvist et al.,2002)。ORMDLタンパク質は、哺乳類細胞におけるセラミド生合成の主要制御因子である(Siow and Wattenberg,2012)。ORMDL1は、プレセニリン1(PS1)変異に伴って、特異的に下方制御される(Araki et al.,2008)。
Pecanex様タンパク質(PCNXL3)は、複数回貫通膜タンパク質であり;それはpecanexファミリーに属する。
mRNA前駆体スプライシングは、転写されたmRNA前駆体断片からイントロンを除去する、特化RNAとタンパク質サブユニットの複合体であるスプライソソームによって触媒される。スプライソソームは、およそ80の保存されたタンパク質に加えて、低分子核内RNAタンパク質(snRNP)U1、U2、U4、U5、およびU6からなる。SNRNP200は、スプライソソームの触媒活性化の必須段階である、U4/U6二本鎖の巻き戻しに必要な遺伝子である(Maeder et al.,2009)。SNRNP200の発現は、心臓、脳、胎盤、肺、肝臓、骨格筋、腎臓、および膵臓で検出された(Zhao et al.,2009)。SNRNP200の変異は、常染色体優性色素性網膜炎(adRP)と関係することが、最近発見されている(Benaglio et al.,2011;Liu et al.,2012)。
SAMSN1は、SH3およびSAM(不稔性αモチーフ)ドメインを含有する、推定上のアダプターおよびスキャフォールドタンパク質の新規遺伝子ファミリーのメンバーである。SAMSN1は、造血組織、筋肉、心臓、脳、肺、膵臓、内皮細胞、および骨髄腫で発現される。内在性SAMSN1発現は、分化および増殖誘導刺激に際して、一次B細胞で上方制御されることが示され、形質導入実験は、B細胞の血漿細胞への分化におけるSAMSN1の促進的役割を示唆する(Brandt et al.,2010)。急性骨髄性白血病および多発性骨髄腫患者からの細胞系および初代細胞は、SAMSN1を発現する(Claudio et al.,2001)。SAMSN1は、大細胞肺がん細胞系Calu-6において下方制御された(Yamada et al.,2008)。SAMSN1は、潰瘍性大腸炎関連がんにおいて差次的に発現された(Watanabe et al.,2011)。
結腸直腸および皮膚発がんに対する新規誘因としてのSTAT2は、遺伝子発現および炎症促進性媒介物の分泌を増大させるように作用してもよく、それは次に、発がん性STAT3シグナル伝達経路を活性化する(Gamero et al.,2010)。STAT2は、I型IFN誘導性アポトーシスの活性化における重要な媒介物である。より重要なことには、STAT2の発現または核局在における欠陥は、I型IFN免疫療法の有効性を低下させ得た(Romero-Weaver et al.,2010)。高悪性度星細胞腫と比較すると、低悪性度星細胞腫では、STAT2のより低い発現が検出された。結果は、グリア腫瘍内のSTATとPPARγシグナル伝達の間に存在する相関を示し、これらの腫瘍の成長および分化の調節における、STATの予測される重要な役割をさらに支持する(Ehrmann et al.,2008)。
ヒトCCR4-NOTデアデニラーゼ複合体は、少なくとも9つの酵素的および非酵素的サブユニットからなる。CNOT1は、CCR4-NOT複合体の酵素活性を示す上で重要な役割を有し、したがってmRNA脱アデニル化およびmRNA分解の制御において重要である。CNOT1枯渇は、CCR4-NOT複合体を構造的および機能的に劣化させてmRNAの安定化を誘導し、それは翻訳の増大をもたらして、ERストレス媒介アポトーシスを引き起こす。Ito et al.は、CNOT1が、CCR4-NOTデアデニラーゼの活性を確保することで、細胞生存に寄与すると結論づける(Ito et al.,2011)。乳がん細胞内の内在性CNOT1またはその他のCcr4-NotサブユニットのsiRNA媒介性枯渇は、ERα標的遺伝子の調節解除をもたらす(ERα標的遺伝子TTF1およびc-Mycの誘導増大)。これらの知見は、がんに関与する分子経路の理解に関連する、核内受容体シグナル伝達の転写抑制因子としてのヒトCcr4-Not複合体の機能を定義する(Winkler et al.,2006)。
SHMT2遺伝子は、セリンおよびテトラヒドロ葉酸からグリシンおよび5,10-メチレンテトラヒドロ葉酸への可逆反応を触媒する、ミトコンドリア型のピリドキサールリン酸依存性酵素をコードする。コードされた生成物は、主にグリシン合成に関与する。肺がんなどの多遺伝子性疾患では、遺伝子-遺伝子相互作用が、疾患の表現型の変動性の判定において、重要な役割を果たすことが予測される。MTHFR677、MTHFR1298、およびSHMT多形性の間の相互作用は、肺がん患者における遺伝子不安定性に対する、顕著な影響を有してもよい。細胞遺伝学的変化に関しては、タバコ特異的発がん性物質4-(メチルニトロソアミノ)-1-(3-ピリジル)-1-ブタノン[NNK]に曝露した肺がん患者からのリンパ球が、MTHFR677、MTHFR1298、およびSHMT対立遺伝子変異型の存在下における細胞遺伝的損傷の頻度に、大幅な増大を有したことが示された(Piskac-Collier et al.,2011)。結腸直腸がん患者の5-FUおよびFOLFIRIプロトコルの有効性における、SHMT遺伝子の多形性の役割についての薬理ゲノミクス研究は、全生存期間の変化もまたもたらす、顕著な効果を明らかにした(Timar et al.,2006)。
JunBは、二量体転写因子のAP-1(アクチベータータンパク質1)ファミリーのメンバーである。転写因子AP-1は、細胞増殖、形質転換、および死滅に関与する(Shaulian and Karin,2002)。JunBは、NF-eB経路を通じて調節されるかもしれず、HGFによって誘導されるJunBの上方制御は、MMP-9発現を通じた細胞増殖および細胞浸潤の調節において、重要な役割を果たすかもしれない(Lee and Kim,2012)。JunBは、リンパ腫、特にホジキンリンパ腫において、発がんの役割を果たすようである(Shaulian,2010)。JunBは、p16の必須上流制御因子であり、TACの悪性形質転換を阻止する細胞老化の維持に寄与する。したがってJunBは前立腺の発がんの制御において、明らかに重要な役割を果たす(Konishi et al.,2008)。JunBは、VHL欠陥ccRCCにおいて、腫瘍侵襲性を促進し血管新生を促進する(Kanno et al.,2012)。
TACC3は、ch-TOG(結腸および肝臓腫瘍過剰発現遺伝子)と、微小管を動原体糸に架橋させるクラスリンとの複合体中に存在する。TACC3は、精巣、肺、脾臓、骨髄、胸線、および末梢血白血球をはじめとする、特定の増殖性組織で発現される。TACC3発現は、いくつかのヒト腫瘍型では変化する。細胞内では、TACC3は、中心小体および紡錘体微小管の双方に局在するが、星状微小管には局在しない(Hood and Royle,2011)。TACC3発現はp53発現と相関し、腫瘍がTACC3およびp53を高度に発現した患者は、腫瘍が双方の免疫染色について低レベルの発現を有した患者よりも、予後が有意により不良であった(P=0.006)。TACC3の増大がNSCLCに増殖優位性を与えて、腫瘍の進行に寄与してもよく、TACC3の発現が、NSCLCにおける臨床転帰の強力な予後指標であることが示唆される(Jung et al.,2006)。Tacc3は、Notchシグナル伝達経路の負の制御因子であってもよい(Bargo et al.,2010)。
DNA修復および組換えタンパク質RAD54Bは、ヒトではRAD54B遺伝子によってコードされるタンパク質である。RAD54は二本鎖DNAに結合し、DNA存在下でATPアーゼ活性を示す。ヒトRAD54Bタンパク質は、相同組換えにおいて重要な役割を果たすRAD54タンパク質のパラログである。相同組換え(HR)は、DNA二本鎖切断(DSB)の正確な修復に必須である(Sarai et al.,2008)。がんにおいて体細胞性に変異することが知られている遺伝子RAD54Bのノックダウンは、哺乳類細胞で染色体不安定性(CIN)を引き起こす(McManus et al.,2009)。RAD54Bによる遺伝子発現の上昇は、GBM患者におけるより短時間でのがん進行および不良OSに、有意に関連する(Grunda et al.,2010)。
EEF2は、GTP結合翻訳延長因子ファミリーのメンバーをコードする。このタンパク質は、タンパク質合成の必須要素である。それは、新生タンパク質鎖の、リボソームのA部位からP部位へのGTP依存性転座を促進する。EEF2は、肺腺がん(LADC)で高度に発現されたが、隣接する非腫瘍肺組織ではそうでなかった。eEF2発現が高い患者は、早期腫瘍再発率が有意により高く、予後が有意により不良であったので、eEF2がLADCにおける抗アポトーシスマーカーであることが示唆される。eEF2発現のサイレンシングは、ミトコンドリア伸長、細胞の自食作用、およびシスプラチン感受性を増大させた。さらに、eEF2はLADC細胞内でSUMO化されて、eEF2のSUMO化は薬剤耐性と相関した(Chen et al.,2011a)。EEF2の阻害は、タンパク質合成の迅速な停止を引き起して、アポトーシスを誘導し、究極的に細胞死をもたらすので、EEF2はがん治療のための魅力的な標的である。EEF2のsiRNA誘導性サイレンシングは、腫瘍細胞の特異的な細胞傷害性をもたらした(Chen et al.,2011b;Wullner et al.,2008)。
CCNA2は、高度に保存されたサイクリンファミリーに属する。サイクリンは、CDKキナーゼの調節物質として機能する。異なるサイクリンは、明白な発現および分解パターンを示し、それは各有糸分裂事象の時間整合に寄与する(Deshpande et al.,2005)。ヒトサイクリンA2は、S期進行および有糸分裂への移行の重要な制御因子である。CCNA2は、CDC2またはCDK2キナーゼに結合して活性化し、したがって細胞周期G1/SおよびG2/M遷移の双方を促進する(Honda et al.,2012)。細胞周期の進行を変化させる、この遺伝子の変異、増幅、および過剰発現は、多様な腫瘍で頻繁に観察されて、腫瘍形成に寄与してもよい(Cooper et al.,2009;Kars et al.,2011;Kim et al.,2011;Tompkins et al.,2011)。さらにCCNA2の発現が、数種類のがんにおける予後不良と関係し(Yasmeen et al.,2003)、サイクリンAの発現上昇が、より短い生存期間と相関する(Dobashi et al.,1998)ことが記載される。
NET1は、Rhoグアニンヌクレオチド交換因子ファミリーの一員であるこのファミリーのメンバーは、GDPによるGTPの交換を触媒することで、Rhoタンパク質を活性化する。NET1によってコードされるタンパク質は、細胞核内でRhoAと相互作用し、電離放射線後のDNA損傷修復における役割を有してもよい。
C11orf24は、Twells et al(2001)によって同定された。C11orf24遺伝子は、その他の遺伝子との既知の類似性を有せず、その機能は不明である。ノーザンブロット分析は、心臓、胎盤、肝臓、膵臓、および結腸における、1.9kb転写物の高度の発現を検出した。より低いレベルが、脳、肺、骨格筋、腎臓、脾臓、前立腺、精巣、卵巣、および小腸で検出され、非常に低いレベルが、胸線および白血球で検出された(Twells et al.,2001)。449個のアミノ酸長のタンパク質C11orf24は、染色体領域11q13上に位置する。この領域は、多種がん易罹患性領域とされている(Gudmundsson et al.,2009;Purdue et al.,2011)。
染色体凝縮制御因子1(RCC1)は、Ran GTPアーゼのためのグアニンヌクレオチド交換因子である。クロマチン上のRCC1による、Ran-GTPの局在的生成は、核原形質の輸送、有糸分裂紡錘体集合、および核膜形成に重要である(Hitakomate et al.,2010)。いくつかのデータが、有糸分裂進行に必須の、RCC1、Mad2、およびサバイビンなどの有糸分裂制御因子の染色体結合を示唆した(Ho et al.,2008)。Wong et al.は、アポトーシスの初期段階で、核RanGTPレベルが低下することを発見し、それは染色体上のRCC1の不動化と相関する。そのため、彼らは、RCC1が、カスパーゼ活性化Mst1によって生じるヒストンコードを読み取って、核内のRanGTPレベルを低下させることで、アポトーシスを開始すると提案する(Wong et al.,2009)。
MAGE(メラノーマ関連抗原)スーパーファミリーの既知のメンバーのほとんどは、腫瘍、精巣、および胎児組織で発現され、それは、がん/精巣発現パターンとされている(MAGEサブグループI)。MAGEサブグループIのペプチドは、ペプチドおよびDCワクチン接種において、成功裏に使用されている(Nestle et al.,1998;Marchand et al.,1999;Marchand et al.,1999;Marchand et al.,1995;Thurner et al.,1999)。対照的に、MAGEF1などのいくつかのMAGE遺伝子(MAGEサブグループII)は、試験された全ての成人および胎児組織で、そして卵巣、乳房、子宮頸、黒色腫、および白血病をはじめとする多数の腫瘍型でも、広範に発現される(Nestle et al.,1998;Marchand et al.,1999;Marchand et al.,1999;Marchand et al.,1995;Thurner et al.,1999)。それでもなお、MAGEF1の過剰発現は、NSCLC中で(Tsai et al.,2007)、および台湾の結腸直腸がん患者コホートの79%で(Chung et al.,2010)検出され得た。
コンデンシンは、最初は有糸分裂染色体の構成要素として同定された、ヘテロ五量体複合体である。NCAPD2は、有糸分裂染色体凝縮に必要なヒトコンデンシン複合体の必須成分である。NCAPD2枯渇は、分裂中期の染色体アライメントに影響を及ぼして、分裂後期への移行を遅延させる(Watrin and Legagneux,2005)。最近の連鎖解析および関連研究は、染色体12p13遺伝子座が、アルツハイマー病(AD)に罹りやすくする遺伝的変異をおそらく保有することを示唆している。単一マーカー結合は、NCAPD2中の2つのSNP(rs7311174およびrs2072374)が、名目上の有意なp値(それぞれ、p=0.0491および0.0116)を示すことを明らかにした。これらの遺伝解析は、染色体12p13遺伝子座が、中国人のADと関係があるという証拠を提供する(Li et al.,2009)。
ショウジョウバエAtg13結合タンパク質オルソログについてデータベースを検索することで、Mercer et al.(2009)は、C12orf44としてもまた知られているヒトATG101を同定した(Mercer et al.,2009)。ATG101遺伝子は、染色体12q13.13にマップされた。推定上の218アミノ酸タンパク質は、細胞質親水性タンパク質であることが予測された(Hosokawa et al.,2009)。マクロオートファジーは、細胞質タンパク質、細胞小器官、および巨大分子のリソソーム媒介分解の異化作用過程である。ATG101などのATGタンパク質は、リソソームとの融合前に細胞質内カーゴを取り囲んで隔離する二重膜小胞である、オートファゴソーム形成に必要である。ATG101(C12orf44)は、自食作用に必須である(Mercer et al.,2009)。
HERC4は、ユビキチンリガーゼのHERCファミリーに属し、それらは全てHECT領域と、少なくとも1つのRCC1(MIM179710)様ドメイン(RLD)とを含有する。350アミノ酸HECTドメインは、ユビキチンとのチオエステル形成を触媒して、それを基質に転移することが予測され、RLDは、小型Gタンパク質のためのグアニンヌクレオチド交換因子として作用することが予測される(Hochrainer et al.,2005)。E3ユビキチンリガーゼHerc4は、全ての組織で広範に発現されるが、特に精子変態中に精巣で最も高度に発現される。Herc4リガーゼは、精子が完全に機能性になるための適切な成熟と、細胞質小滴除去に必要である(Rodriguez and Stewart,2007)。
IGF2BP3は、mRNA局在化、交代、および翻訳制御に関与するとされるインスリン様成長因子II mRNA結合タンパク質ファミリーのメンバーである。タンパク質は、いくつかのKH(K相同的)ドメインを含有し、これらはRNA結合において重要であり、RNA合成および代謝に関与することが知られている。発現は、主に胚発生中に起こり、いくつかの腫瘍で記載されている。したがってIGF2BP3は、がん胎児性タンパク質であると見なされる(Liao et al.,2005)。IGF2BP3は、IGF-IIタンパク質合成を増強することによって、およびCD44 mRNAの安定化を通じて細胞接着と浸潤を誘導することによって、腫瘍細胞の増殖を促進してもよい(Findeis-Hosey and Xu,2012)。さらにIGF2BP3発現は多数のヒト新生物中で試験されており、それが、移動、浸潤、細胞生存、および腫瘍転移を媒介するという証拠が上がってきており(Jeng et al.,2009;Kabbarah et al.,2010;Li et al.,2011;Liao et al.,2011;Lu et al.,2011;Hwang et al.,2012;Samanta et al.,2012)、それは、血管新生にもまた関与しているかもしれない(Suvasini et al.,2011;Chen et al.,2012)。肺腺がんにおいては、中等度分化型または低分化型腺がんで、より高頻度のIGF2BP3発現が検出され得て、それは侵襲性の生物学的挙動と関係してもよい(Findeis-Hosey et al.,2010;Beljan et al.,2012;Findeis-Hosey and Xu,2012)。
CDC6タンパク質は、DNA複製の初期段階における制御因子として機能する。それは、細胞周期G1には細胞核内に局在するが、S期開始時には細胞質に移行する。さらにCDC6は、高等真核生物細胞内で、ATRとの相互作用を通じて、複製チェックポイント活性化を制御することが想定されている(Yoshida et al.,2010)。CDC6はDNA複製に必須であり、その調節解除は発がんに関与する。RNA干渉(RNAi)によるCDC6下方制御は、細胞増殖を妨げ、アポトーシスを促進することが分かった(Lau et al.,2006)。CDC6の過剰発現は、数種のがんに見られた。CDC6を過剰発現するがん型の例は、胃がん(Tsukamoto et al.,2008)、脳腫瘍(Ohta et al.,2001)、経口扁平上皮がん(Feng et al.,2008)、子宮頸がん(Wang et al.,2009b)、および悪性中皮腫(Romagnoli et al.,2009)である。
線維芽細胞活性化タンパク質(FAP)は、セリンプロテアーゼファミリーに属するII型膜内在性糖タンパク質である。FAPαの推定上のセリンプロテアーゼの活性およびその生体内誘導パターンは、発達、組織修復、および上皮発がん中の線維芽細胞成長または上皮-間葉相互作用の制御における、この分子の役割を示唆してもよい(Scanlan et al.,1994)。ほとんどの正常な成人組織および良性上皮性腫瘍は、わずかまたは皆無の検出可能FAP発現を示す。しかしFAP発現は、悪性乳腺、結腸直腸、肺、皮膚、および膵臓腫瘍、治癒創傷の線維芽細胞、軟部組織肉腫のストロマの90%以上、そしていくらかの胎児間葉細胞で検出される。FAPは、細胞の接着および移動過程、ならびにECM構成要素の迅速な分解を通じて、がん増殖および転移における潜在的役割を有する。したがってそれは、ECMに侵入する腫瘍細胞上、および血管新生に関与する内皮細胞上に存在するが、同一型の不活性細胞では発現されない(Dolznig et al.,2005;Kennedy et al.,2009;Rettig et al.,1993;Rettig et al.,1994;Scanlan et al.,1994;Zhang et al.,2010a)。
一般に、Wnt5aは、増殖、分化、移動、癒着、および極性などの多様な細胞機能を制御する(Kikuchi et al.,2012)。それは、未分化ヒト胚性幹細胞で発現される(Katoh,2008)。WNT5Aは、発がんにおけるその役割が依然としてあいまいな、非形質転換WNTファミリーメンバーに分類される。それは、数種のがん(甲状腺、脳、乳房、および結腸直腸)では腫瘍抑制活性を示すが、肺、胃、および前立腺がんでは異常に上方制御される(Li et al.,2010)。発がん性WNT5Aは、自己複製のためのがん幹細胞内のカノニカルWNTシグナル伝達、および浸潤と転移のための腫瘍-間質境界面における非カノニカルWNTシグナル伝達を活性化する(Katoh and Katoh,2007)。WNT5Aの発現は、多様な腫瘍実体について記述されている。例えば、Wnt5aの異常なタンパク質の発現が、前立腺がんの28%で観察され、それはそこで攻撃性を促進した(Yamamoto et al.,2010)。さらに、WNT5Aの過剰発現は、卵巣がん(Badiglian et al.,2009)、黒色腫(Da Forno et al.,2008;Weeraratna et al.,2002)、GBM(Yu et al.,2007)、肺がん(Huang et al.,2005)、および膵臓がん(Ripka et al.,2007)における、予後不良および/または腫瘍悪性度増大に関連することが記載される。HCCでは、カノニカルWntシグナル伝達経路が腫瘍開始に寄与して、非カノニカルシグナル伝達は腫瘍進行に寄与するようである(Yuzugullu et al.,2009)。
TPX2は、紡錘体集合因子である。それは、アポトーシスにおける、有糸分裂紡錘体および微小管の正常な集合に必要である。TPX2は、クロマチンおよび/または動原体依存微小管核形成に必要である(Bird and Hyman,2008;Moss et al.,2009)。新規合成されたTPX2は、ほぼ全てのオーロラA活性化のために、そして卵母細胞成熟中の完全p53合成と生体内リン酸化のために必要である(Pascreau et al.,2009)。TPX2は、髄膜腫(Stuart et al.,2010)、喉頭の扁平上皮がん(SCCL)(Cordes et al.,2010)、経口扁平上皮がん(SCC)(Shigeishi et al.,2009)、肝細胞がん(HCC)(Satow et al.,2010)、膵臓腫瘍(Warner et al.,2009)、卵巣がん(Ramakrishna et al.,2010)、肺の扁平上皮がん(Lin et al.,2006;Ma et al.,2006)などの多数の腫瘍型で過剰発現される、細胞周期関連タンパク質である。それは、頻繁にオーロラAと共に同時過剰発現されて、発がん特性がある新規機能単位を生じる(Asteriti et al.,2010)。TPX2発現は、肺がんにおける予後指標である(Kadara et al.,2009)。
ヒアルロン酸媒介運動性RHAMM(HMMR)のための受容体は、細胞内で、ならびに細胞膜上で、異なる機能を発揮する。RHAMMは、細胞表面に輸送され得て、そこでヒアルロン酸(HA)に結合し、HA受容体CD44と相互作用する。細胞運動性、創傷治癒、および浸潤のような過程は、RHAMMによって調節される(Sohr and Engeland,2008)。RHAMM(HYA媒介運動性受容体)は、ヒアルロナン(HYA)受容体の1つである(Gares and Pilarski,2000)。またがん細胞は、HYAへの結合部位(CD44、RHAMMなど)を示して、HYAはがん細胞を免疫細胞の攻撃から保護する。血清HYAは、転移性患者において上昇することが多い(Delpech et al.,1997)。さらにHYAと、がん細胞上のRHAMM(HMMR)およびCD44との相互作用は、腫瘍の進行および内転移の促進に重要であることが提案されている(Li et al.,2000b)。さらにRHAMMは、いくつかのがん組織で過剰発現される(Tzankov et al.,2011);(Kramer et al.,2010);(Twarock et al.,2010);(Shigeishi et al.,2009);(Zlobec et al.,2008);(Li et al.,2000a))。
ADAM8は、ADAM (ディスインテグリンおよびメタロプロテアーゼドメイン)ファミリーのメンバーである。ADAM8をはじめとする多数のADAM種がヒト悪性腫瘍で発現され、そこで成長因子機能およびインテグリン機能の制御に関与して、細胞増殖および浸潤の促進をもたらす(Mochizuki and Okada,2007)。ADAM8の発現は、EGFRと正の相関性があった。どちらも、主に細胞質内と細胞膜上で発現された(Wu et al.,2008)。ADAM8は、検査された肺がんのほとんどで大量に発現された。ADAM8の外来性発現は、哺乳類細胞の移動活性を増大させ、ADAM8が肺がんの進行に重要な役割を果たしてもよいことが示唆された(Ishikawa et al.,2004)。ADAM8は、肺がんの予後不良と関連付けられている(Hernandez et al.,2010)。ADAM8の過剰発現はより短い患者生存期間と関係があり、それはRCCにおける遠隔転移の良好な予測因子であった(Roemer et al.,2004b;Roemer et al.,2004a)。さらに、ADAM8の発現レベルおよびプロテアーゼ機能は、神経膠腫細胞の侵入性の活性と相関し、脳腫瘍内の腫瘍浸潤で、ADAM8が重要な役割を役割を果たしてもよいことが示唆された(Wildeboer et al.,2006)。
COL6A3は、VI型コラーゲンの3本のα鎖の1つである、α-3鎖をコードする。タンパク質ドメインは、細胞外基質タンパク質に結合することが示されており、これは基質要素の組織化におけるこのコラーゲンの重要性を説明する相互作用である。
Thy-1(CD90)は、T細胞、胸腺細胞、神経細胞、内皮細胞、および線維芽細胞をはじめとする多数の細胞型の上で発現される、25~37kDaのグリコシルホスファチジルイノシトール(GPI)アンカー型グリコールタンパク質である。Thy-1の活性化は、T細胞活性化を促進し得る。Thy-1はまた、細胞接着、神経突起伸長、腫瘍成長、腫瘍抑制、移動、創傷治癒、および細胞死をはじめとする多数の非免疫性生物学的過程にも影響を及ぼす。Thy-1は、細胞-細胞および細胞-マトリックス相互作用の重要な制御因子であり、神経再生、転移、炎症、および線維症において重要な役割がある(Rege and Hagood,2006b;Rege and Hagood,2006a)。さらに、Thy-1は、胚性でなく成人の血管新生マーカーのようである。サイトカインは、Thy-1を上方制御するが、成長因子は上方制御せず、成人血管新生の病因における炎症の重要性が示唆される(Lee et al.,1998)。肺の正常組織または良性腫瘍細胞と比較して、肺がん細胞核内に位置するThy-1の顕著な過剰発現があり、それはNSCLC患者の予後に関連する要素の1つである。したがってThy-1は、肺がん病理学における新規潜在型悪性マーカーであってもよい(Chen et al.,2005b)。Thy-1は、様々な種類の幹細胞(間葉系幹細胞、肝臓幹細胞(「卵形細胞」))(Masson et al.,2006)、角化細胞幹細胞(Nakamura et al.,2006)、および造血幹細胞(Yamazaki et al.,2009)のための代理マーカーと見なし得る。
DIO2遺伝子によってコードされるタンパク質は、ヨードチロニン脱ヨウ素酵素ファミリーに属する。それは甲状腺で高度に発現され、グレーブス病および甲状腺腫がある患者における、甲状腺T3産生の相対的増大に顕著に寄与してもよい(Meyer et al.,2008);(de Souza Meyer et al.,2005))。遺伝子発現パターンは、上方および下方進行型の鼻咽頭がん腫(NPC)の間で有意差がある。DIO2遺伝子の発現は、上方進行型(局所的増殖および頭蓋底浸潤)よりも、下方進行型(下方=遠隔転移)でより高く、それはNPCの転移可能性と密接に関係していてもよい(Liang et al.,2008)。DIO2 mRNAならびにDIO2活性は、脳腫瘍で発現される(Murakami et al.,2000)。肺におけるD2活性は、肺末梢部と肺がん組織に存在して類似している(Wawrzynska et al.,2003)。
POSTNは、ファシクリンファミリーと類似し細胞生存および血管新生に関与するタンパク質をエンコードする遺伝子であり、様々なタイプのヒトがんにおける腫瘍進行の有望なマーカーとして登場した(Ruan et al.,2009)。
SLIT(SLIT1、SLIT2、およびSLIT3)は、ROBO受容体を通じたシグナル伝達によって、発達中に、細胞とそれらの環境の間の位置的相互作用を媒介する分泌タンパク質のファミリーである(Hinck,2004)。しかしSLIT/ROBOシグナル伝達は、発達に限定されず、これらのシグナルの喪失は、腫瘍進行中に重要な役割を果たす可能性が高い。SlitおよびRoboは、それらのプロモーターが上皮がんにおいて頻繁に過剰メチル化されるので、腫瘍抑制遺伝子候補と見なされる(Narayan et al.,2006;Schmid et al.,2007;Latil et al.,2003)。採取されたヒト乳腺腫の約50%で、SLIT2またはSLIT3遺伝子発現が発現停止されている(Sharma et al.,2007)。SLIT2過剰メチル化は、NSCLCで頻繁に検出されて、様々な臨床的特徴と関係がある(Suzuki et al.,2013)。
TLX3(RNXまたはHOX11L2としてもまた知られている)は、DNA結合核転写因子をコードするオーファンホメオボックス遺伝子のファミリーに属する。HOX11遺伝子ファミリーのメンバーは、高度に保存されたホメオドメイン内でシトシンを置き換えるスレオニン47によって特徴付けられる(Dear et al.,1993)。TLX3は、発達中の延髄中でユニークに発現され、一次中継内臓感覚神経と、脳幹内のほとんどの(ノル)アドレナリン作動性中心の適切な形成に必要であり、特に、心臓血管および呼吸器系の生理学的制御に関与する(Qian et al.,2001)。TLX3の発現はまた、T細胞急性リンパ球性白血病に罹患した小児の20%および成人の13%からの白血病サンプル中でも、検出されているが(Cave et al.,2004)、この遺伝子は正常なT細胞分化には関与しない(Ferrando et al.,2004)。
中心体は、紡錘体形成および染色体分離をはじめとする様々な細胞過程において重要な役割を果たす。CEP192は、哺乳類、ショウジョウバエ、およびC.エレガンス(C.elegans)中で、中心体バイオジェネシスおよび機能において重要な役割を果たす中心体タンパク質である(Gomez-Ferreria et al.,2012)。それは、その上でγチューブリン環複合体と、微小管核形成および紡錘体集合に関与するその他のタンパク質とが、有糸分裂中に機能性になる、足場の形成を刺激する(Gomez-Ferreria et al.,2007)。
アンキリンリピートおよびSAMドメイン含有タンパク質1Aは、ヒトではANKS1A遺伝子によってコードされるタンパク質である(Nagase et al.,1996)。ANKS1Aは、受容体チロシンキナーゼ様EGFRおよびPDGFRの標的およびシグナル伝達物質として最初に記載されており(Pandey et al.,2002)、より最近では受容体チロシンキナーゼEphA8の相互作用パートナーとして記載されている(Shin et al.,2007)。最近の研究では、単一ヌクレオチド多形性(SNP)が、348人の進行型NSCLC患者において遺伝子型同定された。研究者らは、予後に関連がある17個の上位候補SNPを同定した。SNPは、ANKS1A遺伝子のゲノム領域内に位置した(Lee et al.,2013)。
CEP250遺伝子は、細胞周期の間期における中心粒-中心粒接着に必要なコア中心体タンパク質をコードする(Mayor et al.,2002)。照射混合解析によって、Fry et al.(1998)は、CEP250遺伝子をおよそ20q11.2で染色体20の動原体領域にマップした(Fry et al.,1998)。Mayor et al.(2002)は、ヒト骨肉腫細胞系内のCEP250の過剰発現が、大型中心体関連構造体の形成をもたらしたことを発見した。CEP250の過剰発現は、中心体分離または細胞分裂を妨げなかったが、細胞周期調節性活性が、中心体からCEP250を解離させたことを示唆した(Mayor et al.,2002)。
MDN1、midasinホモログ(酵母)は、ヒトではMDN1遺伝子によってコードされるタンパク質である。Midasinは、それに対してデータが入手できる全ての真核生物中に、良好に保存されたおよそ600kDaのタンパク質をエンコードする単一コピー遺伝子として存在する。ヒトでは、遺伝子は6q15に位置して、予測された5596残基(632kDa)のタンパク質をコードする(Garbarino and Gibbons,2002)。最近、MDN1は、乳がん管腔型Bサブタイプにおいて変異することが分かった。MDN1は、この侵襲性サブタイプの発生およびホルモン抵抗性において、役割を有してもよい(Cornen et al.,2014)。
Noelin-1とも称されるOLFM1は、オルファクトメジンドメインを含有するタンパク質のファミリーに属する分泌糖タンパク質であり、神経管による神経冠細胞の産生の調節において重要な役割を果たす(Barembaum et al.,2000)。オルファクトメジンは、元来、嗅覚神経の化学感覚樹状突起を取り囲む粘液層の主要構成要素として同定された(Kulkarni et al.,2000)。オルファクトメジン1タンパク質の発現は、その他の組織型の肺がんおよび正常な肺組織よりも、肺腺がんで有意により高かった(Wu et al.,2010)。さらにOLFM1は、子宮内膜がん、ユーイング肉腫、および神経芽細胞腫において、調節解除される(Wong et al.,2007;Allander et al.,2002;Khan et al.,2001)。
BubR1とも称されるBUB1Bは、コア有糸分裂チェックポイント構成要素であり、それは姉妹染色分体を結合する接着環のセパラーゼ媒介切断を統合することによって分裂後期を開始するユビキチンE3リガーゼであるCdc20活性化後期促進複合体(APC/CCdc20)に結合して、それを阻害する(Baker et al.,2004)。BubR1は、有糸分裂チェックポイント活性化によってだけでなく、染色体-紡錘体付着の制御によってもまた、適切な染色体分離に寄与する(Malureanu et al.,2009;Lampson および Kapoor,2005)。損なわれた紡錘体チェックポイント機能が、がんの多数の形態で発見されている。BubR1の変異は、異数性発現と、腫瘍疾病素質と、短寿命、成長および精神遅滞、白内障、および顔面異形症をはじめとするいくつかの早老性形質とによって特徴付けられる稀なヒト症候群である、多彩異数性モザイク(MVA)と関連付けられている(Matsuura et al.,2006)。
4種の異なるホスファチジルイノシトール4-キナーゼ(PI4K)が、ヒト細胞で発現される。これらのイソ酵素(PI4KA、PI4KB、PI4K2A、およびPI4K2B)は、細胞膜の細胞質面におけるホスファチジルイノシトール(PtdIns)のリン酸化を触媒してホスファチジルイノシトール4-リン酸(PtdIns4P)の生成をもたらす(Minogue and Waugh,2012)。PI4KAは、小胞体(ER)に主に見られる。その活性は、ER出口部位の形成(Blumental-Perry et al.,2006)、および原形質膜内のPtdIns4P濃度(Balla et al.,2008)の双方を制御するようである。研究グループは、PI4KA mRNAが、健常組織よりもHCCでより豊富なことを発見した。この上方制御は、HCCにおける分化不良および能動的増殖速度の双方と、有意に相関した。そのためPI4KAは、HCCの確立された予後モデルを改善するための新規分子マーカーとして使用し得る(Ilboudo et al.,2014)。
オーロラBキナーゼは、有糸分裂紡錘体のセントロメアへの付着において機能するタンパク質である(Kim et al.,2011)。AURKBは、動原体近くの微小管に局在する(Kunitoku et al.,2003)。オーロラキナーゼは多様な腫瘍細胞系で過剰発現され、これらのキナーゼは、腫瘍形成において役割を有するかもしれないことが示唆され、既にがん診断および治療法のための潜在的標的になっている(Fu et al.,2007)。最近、NSCLCがある患者の予後と密接に結び付いている、5つの遺伝子(TOP2A、AURKB、BRRN1、CDK1、およびFUS)の遺伝子シグネチャーが同定された。この結果は、AURKBのような染色体凝縮に関与する遺伝子が、幹様特性とおそらく関連すること、そして肺腺がんにおける生存期間を予測するかもしれないことを示唆した(Perumal et al.,2012)。
SLC3A2は、CD98(分化抗原群98)としてもまた知られている、大型中性アミノ酸輸送体(LAT1)の軽サブユニットを含んでなる(Lemaitre et al.,2005)。CD98ヘテロ二量体は、約40kDaの複数回貫通軽鎖とジスルフィド結合する、約80~85kDaのII型一回膜貫通型重鎖(CD98hc、4F2抗原重鎖またはFRP-1としてもまた知られている;ヒトおよびマウスでそれぞれ遺伝子SLC3A2およびSlc3a2によってコードされる)からなる(Deves and Boyd,2000)。CD98hcはインテグリンシグナル伝達増幅およびアミノ酸輸送において機能し;これらのどちらの機能も細胞の生存と増殖に寄与し得る(Cantor and Ginsberg,2012)。多数の腫瘍がCD98hc(SLC3A2)を発現し、その発現は、B細胞リンパ腫における予後不良と相関する。さらに、固形腫瘍内のCD98hcまたはCD98軽鎖発現を調べたほぼ全ての研究で、それらの発現が進行性または転移性腫瘍に相関することが示される(Kaira et al.,2009)。
チューブリンなどの毛様体前駆体の、細胞質から毛様体先端への鞭毛内輸送(IFT)は、ほとんどの真核生物細胞上に見られる毛髪様細胞小器官である、繊毛の構築に関与する。点変異体によるIFT81のノックダウンおよびレスキュー実験は、IFT81によるチューブリン結合が、ヒト細胞内の毛様体形成に必要であることを示した(Bhogaraju et al.,2013)。IFT74/72と共に、IFT81は、繊毛形成に必要なIFT粒子を構築するためのコア複合体を形成する(Lucker et al.,2005)。
COG複合体は、COG1~8と命名された8つのサブユニットからなり(Ungar et al.,2002;Whyte and Munro,2001)、COG1-4(LobeA)とCOG5-8(LobeB)の2つのサブ複合体に分類される(Ungar et al.,2005)。COG複合体は、常在性ゴルジ体タンパク質(グリコシル化酵素など)を再利用する小胞の係留において機能する(Pokrovskaya et al.,2011)。COG4遺伝子は、染色体16q22.1に位置する(Reynders et al.,2009)。Ungar et al.(2002)は、COG4が、ゴルジ体の構造と機能に重要であり、細胞内膜輸送に影響を及ぼし得ると結論付けた(Ungar et al.,2002)。
核冠結合タンパク質複合体は、RNAポリメラーゼIIの5’キャップに結合するRNA結合タンパク質である。Kataoka et al.(1994)は、mRNAスプライシングおよびRNA輸送に関与してもよい、HeLa細胞核抽出物に見られる80kD核冠結合タンパク質(NCBP1)をコードする遺伝子のクローニングを記載した(Kataoka et al.,1994)。体細胞ハイブリッドパネルからのゲノムDNAにハイブリダイズさせることで、Chadwick et al.(1996)は、NCBP1遺伝子を9q34.1にマップした(Chadwick et al.,1996)。
NEFHがエンコードするニューロフィラメント重鎖は、神経細胞骨格ニューロフィラメントの主要構成要素の1つである。ニューロフィラメント重鎖ポリペプチド(NEFH、200kD)遺伝子は、染色体バンド22q12.2に存在し、神経線維腫症2型(NF2)ファミリーの発症前診断のためのDNAマーカーとして提案された。NEFHの喪失または下方制御は、ほとんどがヒト自律神経腫瘍または中枢神経細胞腫において報告されている(Mena et al.,2001;Segal et al.,1994)。さらに、ヒト前立腺がん(Schleicher et al.,1997)、明細胞類上皮腫瘍(Tanaka et al.,2000)、および小細胞肺がん(Bobos et al.,2006)における、NEFH発現の不在または低下が観察されている。興味深いことに、NEFHの過剰発現は、正常な細胞構造と機能を妨害して、細胞死を誘導した(Szebenyi et al.,2002)。
同一性百分率=100[1-(C/R)]
式中、Cは、参照配列と比較される配列との間のアライメント長にわたる、参照配列と比較配列の間の差異の数であり、
(i)比較配列中に対応する整列塩基またはアミノ酸を有しない参照配列中の各塩基またはアミノ酸、および
(ii)参照配列中の各ギャップ、および
(iii)比較配列中の整列塩基またはアミノ酸と異なる参照配列中の各整列塩基またはアミノ酸が、差異を構成して、
(iiii)アライメントは、整合配列の1位から開始しなくてはならず;
Rは、比較配列とのアライメント長にわたる参照配列中の塩基またはアミノ酸の数であり、参照配列中に作成される任意のギャップもまた塩基またはアミノ酸として数えられる。
(a)溶液中のまたは凍結乾燥形態の上述の医薬組成物を含有する容器;
(b)任意選択的に、凍結乾燥製剤のための希釈剤または再構成溶液を含有する第2の容器;および
(c)任意選択的に、(i)溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥製剤の再構成および/または使用、のための使用説明書
を含んでなるキットをさらに目的とする。
細胞表面に提示される腫瘍関連ペプチドの同定および定量化
組織サンプル
患者の腫瘍組織は、University of Heidelberg,Heidelberg,Germanyによって提供された。全ての患者の告知に基づく同意書は、外科手術前に得た。組織は、外科手術直後に液体窒素中で衝撃凍結して、TUMAPの単離まで-80℃で保存した。
衝撃凍結組織試料からのHLAペプチド貯留は、HLA-A*02-特異的抗体BB7.2、HLA-A、-B、-C特異的抗体W6/32、CNBr活性化セファロース、酸処理、および限外濾過を用いて、わずかに修正したプロトコル(Falk,K.,1991;Seeger,F.H.T.,1999)に従って、固形組織からの免疫沈降によって得た。
得られたHLAペプチド貯留は、逆相クロマトグラフィー(Acquity UPLC system,Waters)によって、それらの疎水性に従って分離し、ESI源を装着したLTQ-Orbitrapハイブリッド質量分光計(ThermoElectron)内で、溶出ペプチドを分析した。ペプチド貯留は、毎分400nLの流速を適用して、1.7μm C18逆相材料(Waters)で充填された、分析用融合シリカマイクロキャピラリーカラム(75μm内径×250mm)上に直接負荷した。引き続いて、毎分300nLの流速で10%から33%へのBの二段階180分間二成分勾配を用いて、ペプチドを分離した。勾配は、溶媒A(水中の0.1%ギ酸)および溶媒B(アセトニトリル中の0.1%ギ酸)から構成された。nanoESI源への導入には、金被覆ガラス毛管(PicoTip,New Objective)を使用した。LTQ-Orbitrap質量分光計は、TOP5ストラテジーを使用してデータ依存モードで操作された。手短に述べると、スキャンサイクルは、orbitrap(R=30000)内の高質量精度の完全スキャンで開始され、これもまたorbitrap(R=7500)内の5種の最も豊富な前駆イオンのMS/MSスキャンがそれに続き、あらかじめ選択されたイオンは動的に除外された。タンデム質量スペクトルは、SEQUESTおよび追加的な手動調節によって解釈された。同定されたペプチド配列は、生じた天然ペプチド断片化パターンと、配列が同一の合成参照ペプチドの断片化パターンとの比較によって保証された。図1は、MHCクラスI関連ペプチドABCA13-001の腫瘍組織から得られた代表的スペクトルと、UPLCシステム上のその溶出プロファイルとを示す。
本発明のペプチドをコードする遺伝子発現プロファイリング
MHC分子によって腫瘍細胞の表面に提示されると同定された全てのペプチドが、免疫療法に適するとは限らないが、それはこれらのペプチドの大多数が、多数の細胞型によって発現される正常な細胞タンパク質に由来するためである。これらのペプチドのごく少数のみが腫瘍関連であり、それらが由来する腫瘍を高特異性で認識するT細胞を誘導できると思われる。このようなペプチドを同定し、ワクチン接種によって誘導される自己免疫リスクを最小化するために、本発明者らは、大多数の正常組織と比較して腫瘍細胞上で過剰発現される、タンパク質に由来するペプチドに焦点を合わせた。
外科的に除去された組織標本は、告知に基づく同意書を各患者から得た後に、University of Heidelberg,Heidelberg,Germanyによって提供された(実施例1を参照されたい)。腫瘍組織標本は、外科手術直後に液体窒素中でスナップ凍結し、その後、液体窒素下で乳鉢と乳棒によって均質化した。全RNAは、TRI試薬(Ambion,Darmstadt,Germany)を使用してこれらのサンプルから調製され、RNeasy(QIAGEN,Hilden,Germany)による精製がそれに続き;どちらの方法も製造業者のプロトコルに従って実施された。
全ての腫瘍および正常組織RNAサンプルの遺伝子発現解析は、Affymetrix Human Genome(HG)U133AまたはHG-U133 Plus 2.0オリゴヌクレオチドマイクロアレイ(Affymetrix,Santa Clara,CA,USA)によって実施した。全てのステップは、Affymetrixマニュアルに従って実施した。簡単に述べると、二本鎖cDNAは、マニュアルに記載されるようにして、SuperScript RTII(Invitrogen)およびオリゴdT-T7プライマー(MWG Biotech,Ebersberg,Germany)を使用して、5~8μgの全RNAから合成された。生体外転写は、U133AアレイのためのBioArray High Yield RNA Transcript Labelling Kit(ENZO Diagnostics,Inc.,Farmingdale,NY,USA)、またはU133 Plus 2.0のためのGeneChip IVT標識キット(Affymetrix)によって実施され、cRNA断片化、ハイブリダイゼーション、およびストレプトアビジン-フィコエリトリンとビオチン化抗ストレプトアビジン抗体(Molecular Probes,Leiden,Netherlands)による染色がそれに続いた。画像をAgilent 2500A GeneArray Scanner(U133A)またはAffymetrix Gene-Chip Scanner 3000(U133 Plus 2.0)でスキャンして、全てのパラメータについてデフォルト設定を使用して、GCOSソフトウェア(Affymetrix)によってデータを解析した。正規化のためには、Affymetrixによって提供される100個のハウスキーピング遺伝子を使用した。相対的発現値は、ソフトウェアによって与えられるシグナルlog比から計算され、正常な腎臓サンプルを自由裁量で1.0に設定した。
NSCLC MHCクラスI提示ペプチドの生体外免疫原性
本発明のTUMAPの免疫原性に関する情報を得るために、本発明者らは、ペプチド/MHC複合体および抗CD28抗体を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)によるCD8+T細胞の反復刺激に基づく、生体外T細胞初回刺激アッセイを用いて調査を実施した。このようにして、本発明者らは、これまでに本発明の9個のHLA-A*0201制限TUMAPの免疫原性を示し得て、これらのペプチドが、それに対するCD8+前駆T細胞がヒトに存在するT細胞エピトープであることを実証した(表4)。
ペプチドMHC複合体(pMHC)および抗CD28抗体を負荷した、人工抗原提示細胞による生体外刺激を実施するために、本発明者らは、最初に、告知に基づく同意後に、Transfusion Medicine Tuebingen,Germanyから得られた健常ドナーのCD8ミクロビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec,Bergisch-Gladbach,Germany)を使用した、正の選択を通じて、新鮮HLA-A*02白血球除去生成物からCD8+T細胞を単離した。
HLAクラスIペプチドを試験するために、ペプチド特異的T細胞系の作成によって生体外免疫原性を実証し得る。本発明の2種のペプチドの、TUMAP特異的多量体染色後の代表的フローサイトメトリー結果は、対応する陰性対照と共に図4に示される。本発明からの25種のペプチドの結果は、表5に要約される。
ペプチドの合成
全てのペプチドは、Fmoc-ストラテジーを使用する、標準的な十分に確立された固相ペプチド合成を使用して合成された。分取RP-HPLCによる精製後、イオン交換法を実施して、生理学的適合性カウンターイオン(例えばトリフルオロ酢酸、酢酸、アンモニウムまたは塩化物)を組み込んだ。
UVリガンド交換
本発明によるワクチンの候補ペプチドは、生体外初回刺激アッセイによって、免疫原性についてさらに試験された。これらのアッセイに必要な個々のペプチド-MHC複合体は、UVリガンド交換によって生成され、UV感受性ペプチドはUV照射に際して切断されて、分析される関心のあるペプチドで交換された。ペプチド受容性MHC分子を効果的に結合して安定化し得るペプチド候補のみが、MHC複合体の分離を防止する。交換反応の収率を判定するために、安定化MHC複合体の軽鎖(β2m)の検出に基づくELISAを実施した。アッセイは、概して、Rodenko et al.(Rodenko B,Toebes M,Hadrup SR,van Esch WJ,Molenaar AM,Schumacher TN,Ovaa H.Generation of peptide-MHC class I complexes through UV-mediated ligand exchange.Nat Protoc.2006;1(3):1120-32)に記載されるようにして実施した。
選択されたMHCクラスIIペプチドの結合および免疫原性
HLAクラスIIタンパク質は、多数のハプロタイプによってコードされる、3つの主要なアイソタイプHLA-DR、-DP、DQに分類される。様々なαおよびβ鎖の組み合わせは、任意の母集団に見られるHLAクラスIIタンパク質の多様性を増大させる。したがって、選択されたHLAクラスII TUMAPは、かなりの割合の患者で、効果的なT細胞応答に寄与するために、数種の異なるHLA-DR分子に結合しなくてはならない(すなわち乱交雑結合能力を示す)。
7種の調査したHLA-DRハプロタイプは、HLA-A*02およびHLA-A*24陽性北米人母集団中における、それらの頻度に従って選択された(表7.1および7.2)。
ProImmune REVEAL(登録商標)MHC-ペプチド結合アッセイは、各候補ペプチドが選択されたHLAクラスIIハプロタイプに結合して、HLA-ペプチド複合体を安定化する能力を判定する。それによって候補ペプチドは、特定のHLAクラスIIタンパク質と共に生体外で構築される。HLA分子へのペプチド組み込みのレベルは、再折りたたみ手順完了後0時間目における(いわゆるオンレート)、構築されたHLA-ペプチド複合体の天然立体配座の存在または不在によって測定される。
REVEAL(登録商標)MHC-ペプチド結合アッセイにおけるPOSTN-002およびMMP12-002の分析は、双方のペプチドが様々なHLAハプロタイプに結合することを示した。POSTN-002は、7種の調査したHLAハプロタイプの内4種と、MMP12-002は5種と複合体を形成することが示された(図5)。どちらのペプチドも、HLA-DR3およびHLA-DR6には結合しなかった。検出された結合スコアは、陽性対照に対して0.02~約2.5%の範囲内であり、非結合ペプチドのスコアを明らかに超えていた。
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Claims (25)
- 配列番号39に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるペプチド、または薬学的に許容可能なその塩。
- 請求項1に記載のペプチドに非ペプチド結合が導入されている、ペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のペプチドとHLA-DR抗原関連不変鎖(Ii)の80N末端アミノ酸が融合している、または請求項1に記載のペプチドと抗体が融合している、融合タンパク質。
- 請求項1に記載のペプチドをコードする核酸。
- DNA、cDNA、PNA、RNAまたはそれらの組み合わせである、請求項に4に記載の核酸。
- 請求項5に記載の核酸を含む発現ベクター。
- 請求項5に記載の核酸または請求項6に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなり、ヒト胚性幹細胞でない宿主細胞。
- 前記細胞が、抗原提示細胞である、請求項7に記載の宿主細胞。
- 前記細胞が、樹状細胞である、請求項7に記載の宿主細胞。
- 請求項1に記載のペプチドまたは薬学的に許容可能なその塩と、薬学的に許容可能な担体、賦形剤、緩衝液、結合剤、ブラスチング剤、希釈剤、フレーバー、潤滑剤、免疫刺激または免疫調節物質の群から選択される少なくとも1つのその他の成分とを含んでなる、がんの治療または予防のための医薬組成物。
- 請求項7に記載の宿主細胞を培養するステップと、ペプチドを宿主細胞またはその培養液から単離するステップとを含んでなる、配列番号39に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドを生成する方法。
- CTLを、適切な抗原提示細胞の表面に発現される抗原負荷ヒトクラスI MHC分子に、前記CTLを抗原特異的様式で活性化するのに十分な時間にわたり生体外で接触させるステップを含んでなる、活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)を生成するインビトロ法であって、前記抗原が、請求項1に記載のペプチドである、インビトロ法。
- 前記抗原が、十分な量の前記抗原を前記抗原提示細胞に接触させることで、適切な抗原提示細胞の表面に発現されるクラスI MHC分子上に負荷される、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記抗原提示細胞が、請求項1に記載のペプチドを発現する能力がある発現ベクターを含んでなる、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法によって生成される活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)であって、請求項1に記載のペプチドを異常に発現する細胞を選択的に認識する、CTL。
- 請求項15に記載の活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)由来のTCRまたは可溶性TCR(sTCR)またはそのフラグメントの可変領域をクローニングするステップと、前記TCRまたはsTCRまたはそのフラグメントを適切な宿主および/または発現系で発現させるステップとを含んでなる、請求項1に記載のペプチドに対して特異的なTCRまたはsTCRまたはそのフラグメントを生成するためのインビトロ法。
- 配列番号39に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドとMHC分子との複合体に特異的に結合する、抗体もしくはそのフラグメント。
- 配列番号39に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドであるHLAリガンドと結合する、単離されたTCRもしくはsTCR。
- 活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)を含むがんの治療のための薬剤であって、前記活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)は活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)を生成するインビトロ方法によって生成されるものであり、前記インビトロ法はCTLを、適切な抗原提示細胞または人工抗原提示細胞の表面に発現される抗原負荷ヒトクラスI MHC分子に、前記CTLを抗原特異的様式で活性化するのに十分な時間にわたり生体外で接触させるステップを含むものであり、前記抗原は配列番号39に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドであって、前記活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)は配列番号39に示されるアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチドを異常に発現する細胞を選択的に認識するものである、薬剤。
- 請求項1に記載のペプチド、請求項4に記載の核酸、請求項6に記載の発現ベクター、請求項7に記載の細胞、請求項15に記載の活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球、請求項17に記載の抗体、または請求項18に記載のTCRまたはsTCRを含む、がんの治療または予防のための薬剤。
- 前記薬剤がワクチンである、請求項20に記載の薬剤。
- 前記がんが、非小細胞肺がん(NSCLC)、肺がん、胃がん、および/または神経膠芽腫から選択される、請求項20に記載の薬剤。
- ヒトにおける養子細胞療法のための、請求項20に記載の薬剤。
- 請求項18に記載のT細胞受容体を含む、自系または同種異系ヒト細胞傷害性T細胞(CTL)。
- (a)以下のa1~a8からなる群から選択される実体:
(a1)請求項1に記載の単離ペプチド、
(a2)請求項17に記載の抗体、
(a3)請求項18に記載のT細胞受容体、sTCRまたはそのフラグメント、
(a4)請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質、
(a5)請求項4に記載の核酸、
(a6)請求項6に記載の発現ベクター、
(a7)請求項7に記載の宿主細胞、および
(a8)請求項15に記載の活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球、および
(b)薬学的に許容できる担体、
を含んでなる、がんの治療または予防のための薬剤。
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