JP6879573B2 - トリテルペノイドを含む組成物 - Google Patents
トリテルペノイドを含む組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6879573B2 JP6879573B2 JP2018515649A JP2018515649A JP6879573B2 JP 6879573 B2 JP6879573 B2 JP 6879573B2 JP 2018515649 A JP2018515649 A JP 2018515649A JP 2018515649 A JP2018515649 A JP 2018515649A JP 6879573 B2 JP6879573 B2 JP 6879573B2
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- A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
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Description
本明細書で使用する用語「複数」は、1以上、好ましくは2以上を指す。本明細書で使用する用語「相乗」は、付加的なもの以上を意味する。
スキームI
スキームVII
名称:3−β−20−ジヒドロキシルパン
名称:β−アミロン
名称:ゲルマニコール
名称:28−ノル−β−アミリン
名称:28−ノル−β−アミロン
名称:3−オキソ−28−ノルルプ−20(29)−エン(28−ノル−ベツロン)
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明は、特定のトリテルペン酸及び中性トリテルペノイドを含むか、又はそれらからなる組成物を提供し、これらの組成物は、脳卒中後に引き起こされる障害の治療に、かつ創傷治癒並びに多数の細胞及び組織の再生を促進するのに予想外の相乗治療効果を有することが示されている。
(a)マスティックガムを極性有機溶媒で処理する工程;
(b)前記極性有機溶媒に可溶性画分を分離する工程;
(c)必要に応じて、前記極性有機溶媒を除去する工程;
(d)工程(b)又は(c)で得られた可溶性画分を非極性有機溶媒で処理する工程;
(e)前記非極性有機溶媒中の可溶性画分を分離する工程;
(f)必要に応じて、前記非極性有機溶媒を除去する工程;
(g)工程(f)で得られた画分を第1の有機溶媒に溶解する工程;
(h)中性トリテルペノイドを含有する第1の有機溶液に加えて、脱プロトン化塩形態のトリテルペン酸及び中間油相又はエマルジョン相を含有する塩基性水性画分を得るために、工程(g)又は(e)で得られた溶液を塩基性水溶液で処理する工程;
(i)第1の有機溶液から前記塩基性水性画分及び中間油相/エマルジョン相を分離する工程;
(j)工程(i)で得られた塩基性水性画分及びエマルジョンを酸で酸性化する工程;
(k)工程(j)で得られた酸性画分を第2の有機溶媒で抽出する工程;
(l)必要に応じて、工程(k)で得られた有機画分と乾燥剤とを接触させる工程;
(m)工程(j)、(k)又は(l)のいずれかで得られた画分から第2の有機溶媒、乾燥剤及び/又は過剰の酸を除去することで、分離された酸性画分を提供する工程;
(n)工程(i)から第1の有機溶液を取得し、必要に応じて、それと乾燥剤とを接触させる工程;並びに
(o)第1の有機溶媒及び乾燥剤を除去することで、分離された中性画分を提供する工程、
のうちの1以上を含むか、又はそれらからなるプロセスによって得ることができる。
マスティックガムからのトリテルペン酸及び中性トリテルペノイドの分離:
本出願に開示される組成物の多くは、個々のトリテルペン酸(複数可)及び中性トリテルペン(複数可)を一緒に混合することによって調製される。これらの個々のトリテルペン酸(複数可)及び中性トリテルペノイドは、マスティックガムなどの天然源から抽出されるか、又は化学合成の生成物であり得る。これらの個々の化合物の実際の源は、これらの個々の化合物を用いて調製される調製医薬組成物の特性に影響を及ぼさない。したがって、いくつかの個々のトリテルペン酸及び個々の中性トリテルペンの分離並びに合成のために下記の手順が唯一の限定される実施例であること、及び当業者が、これらの個々の化合物を得るために、異なる分離手順及び合成手順を使用することができることを理解されたい。
50グラム量のマスティックガムに、無水エタノール(800ML)を添加し、混合物を24時間放置した。この混合物を、150rpmで30分間振盪し、2時間放置した。得られたエタノール溶液を3Lの丸底フラスコの中にデカントして、不溶性物質を分けた。この不溶性物質に新鮮なエタノール400MLを添加し、混合物を再び150rpmで30分間振盪し、30分間放置した。得られたエタノール溶液をデカントし、第1のエタノール溶液に添加した。この工程を、200MLの無水エタノールを使用してもう一度繰り返した。これにより、1.4Lのエタノール溶液が得られた。エタノールを、ロータリーエバポレーターを用いて蒸発させ、n−ヘキサン(1.2L)を残留物質に添加し、混合物を4時間、150rpmで振盪した。次いで、これを4時間放置し、ヘキサン溶液を3Lの三角フラスコにデカントし、不溶性物質を分けた。残りの不溶性物質に、800MLの新鮮なヘキサンを添加し、混合物を150rpmで6時間振盪し、12時間放置した。このヘキサン溶液を、最初の1.2Lのヘキサン溶液を含有する3Lの三角フラスコにデカントして入れた。このヘキサンをクリーンな3Lの丸底フラスコ中で蒸発させ、約30グラムの抽出物を得た(収率は、典型的には、使用したマスティックガムの古さ及び粒径に応じて50〜70%の範囲である)。
実施例1Aで得られたジエチルエーテル層番号1を、クリーンな分液漏斗に移し、水(200ML)及びブライン(150ML)で洗浄した。次いで、それを無水硫酸ナトリウム上で乾燥させた。硫酸ナトリウムを濾過により除去し、ジエチルエーテルを、ロータリーエバポレーターを用いて蒸発させた。これにより、白色からオフホワイトの粘着性固体として分離された中性画分約15グラムが得られた(35〜40℃超では、非常に粘稠な液体になる)。これは、実施例1Aに示したエタノール/ヘキサン抽出後に得られた抽出物に基づくと、約50%の収率である。本明細書に記載のマスティックガムから得られたこの特定の分離中性画分を、「中性混合物1」と呼ぶ。最初の50グラムのマスティックガムに基づくと、この中性画分(「中性混合物1」)の収率は、約30%である。マスティックガムからのこの中性画分の典型的な収率は、約25〜約35%の範囲である。
1.H2Oを反応混合物に添加する。LAHの量(g)と同量(mL)の水
2.混合物に15%のNaOHを添加する。LAHの量(g)の2倍の量(mL)の15%のNaOH
3.H2Oを混合物に添加する。LAHの量(g)の3倍の量(mL)の水
オレアノールアルコール(別名エリトロジオール)は、THF中の水素化アルミニウムリチウムでのオレアノール酸メチルエステル(合成A参照)の還元により、最も容易に合成されることが判明した(オレアノール酸の直接還元によりこの化合物を調製する試みでは、反応時間を延長した後、大過剰の水素化アルミニウムリチウムを使用しても、収率が非常に低かった)。
マスチカジエノン酸アルデヒドを、3つの工程でマスチカジエノン酸から調製した。マスチカジエノン酸のメチルエステルを、ジエチルエーテル中のジアゾメタンを使用して、又はジクロロメタン(DCM)/メタノール中のトリメチルシリルジアゾメタンを用いることによって調製した。水素化リチウムアルミニウムでのメチルエステルの還元により、マスチカジエンジオールが得られた。次いで、このジオールを、デス・マーチンペルヨージナン試薬による酸化によって、マスチカジエノン酸アルデヒドに変換した。
イソマスチカジエノン酸アルデヒドを、上記合成Eでマスチカジエノン酸アルデヒドに使用するのと同じ反応の順番を使用して、イソマスチカジエノン酸から合成した。
NF−2を、デス・マーチンペルヨージナン試薬を用いて、ケトンへの第2級ヒドロキシル基の酸化により、NF−1から調製した。
オレアノール酸(5.0g、1.0当量)をDMF(20.0容量)に溶解した。K2CO3(4.54g、3.0当量)を添加し、混合物を5〜10分間撹拌し、次いで、CH3I(2.0当量)を添加した。反応混合を、室温で一晩行った(TLC上での完全変換)。K2CO3を反応混合物から濾過して取り除きし、反応物を氷水に注いだ。白色固体を濾過して取り除き、水で洗浄し、減圧下で乾燥させた。粗生成物を、いかなる精製をすることなく次の工程で使用した(5.1g)。
オレアノール酸メチルエステル(5.1g、1.0当量)を、TEA(9.9ml、6.6当量)を含有するDCM(20.0容量)に溶解した。混合物を15分間撹拌し、TESOTf(8.0ml、3.3当量)を滴加した。完了するまで、反応混合物を室温で一晩撹拌した(TLC 4:1のヘキサン:EA)。この混合物を1MのHClで希釈し、DCMで抽出した(2回)。合わせた有機層を乾燥させ、濃縮した。粗混合物を、カラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し(98:2のヘキサン:EA)、白色固体(6.6g)として所望の生成物を得た。
LAH(1.29g、2.5当量)を無水THF(20.0容量)に懸濁し、0℃まで冷却した。出発材料(6.61g、1.0当量)を無水THF(25.0容量)に溶解し、懸濁液に滴加した。添加後、混合物を室温まで温め、2時間撹拌した(TLC上での完全変換)。反応を「1−2−3法」によりクエンチした(合成C参照)。得られたスラリーを、セライトを通して濾過した。濾液を濃縮し、さらに精製することなく次の工程に使用した(4.55g)。
モノ保護ジオール(1.0g、1.0当量)をDCM(20.0容量)に溶解し、0℃まで冷却した。それにPCC(0.58g、1.5当量)を添加し、混合物を室温で2時間撹拌した。反応の進行をTLC上で監視した(9:1のヘキサン:EA)。反応物をSiO2上で濃縮し、ヘキサン:EAで溶出するカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、純粋な生成物(0.76g)を得た。
出発材料(0.62g、1.0当量)をEtOH(26.0容量)に懸濁し、p−トルエンスルホニルヒドラジド(0.25g、1.2当量)を添加し、混合物を一晩還流した。反応の進行をTLC上で監視した(7:3のヘキサン:EA)。EtOHを濃縮し、残留物をTHF(33.0容量)及び水(5.0容量)及びNaBH4(0.42g、10.0当量)に溶解した。反応を、一晩室温で継続し、次いで、2時間、還流した。反応物を冷却し、水とEAの間に分配し、層を分離し、水層をEAで2回抽出した。合わせた有機層を乾燥させ、濃縮し、粗残留物を得た。粗反応混合物を、ヘキサン:EAで溶出するカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、白色固体(100mg)としてβ−アミリンを得た。
β−アミロンを、クロロクロム酸ピリジニウム(PCC)を用いて対応するケトンへのヒドロキシル基の酸化によりβ−アミリンから調製した。他の適切な方法は、デス・マーチン試薬又はスワーン酸化である。
28−オキソ−ルペン−3−オンを、デス・マーチンペルヨージナンを用いた対応するアルデヒドへの28−ヒドロキシル基の酸化により、NF−A(ベツロン、合成B参照)から合成した。
D.BartonらのJ.Chem.Soc.1956,4150、
V.DomingoらのJ.Org.Chem.74,6151,2009.
V.DomingoらのOrg.Biomol.Chem.11,559,2013.
J.JusticiaらのEur.J.Org.Chem.10,1778,2004.
である。
表1に示す医薬組成物を、必要量のトリテルペン酸(複数可)及び中性トリテルペノイド(複数可)を混合し、適切な溶媒(例えば、ジエチルエーテル)に溶解し、その後、必要量の薬学的に許容される担体を添加することによって調製した。次いで、均質な透明溶液が得られるまで、混合物を振盪又は攪拌し、適切な溶媒(例えば、ジエチルエーテル)を、真空(例えば、回転蒸発器)を用いて除去した。これにより、所望の薬学的組成物を得た。
中大脳動脈閉塞(MCAO)モデルは、ラットにおける脳卒中のための信頼性の高いモデルであり、ヒトの病態を模倣している。一般的には、局所虚血は限局性脳梗塞をもたらし、ラットにおける中大脳動脈閉塞(MCAO)によって誘発される。MCAの閉塞はニューロン喪失による感覚運動皮質の損傷につながるが、このダメージのレベルは、梗塞サイズの組織学的評価及び様々な行動試験によって評価することができる。
前肢置き直し試験については、審査官が、卓上近くでラットを保持し、ウィスカ、視覚、触覚、又は固有受容刺激に応じて卓上に前肢を置き直すラットの能力をスコア化する。同様に、後肢置き直し試験については、審査官が、触覚及び固有受容刺激に応じて卓上に後肢を置き直すラットの能力を評価する。感覚入力の各モードについて別々のサブスコアを得て、合計スコアを得るために加えた(前肢置き直し試験については:0=正常、12=最大障害;後肢置き直し試験については:0=正常;6=最大障害)。スコアをハーフポイント単位で与える(下記参照)。典型的には、脳卒中後の最初の月の間に、四肢置き直し行動がゆっくりと着実に回復する。
前肢置き直し試験(0〜12):
ウィスカでの置き直し(0〜2);
視覚での置き直し(前方(0〜2)、横(0〜2))
触覚での置き直し(背側(0〜2)、外側(0〜2))
固有受容での置き直し(0〜2)
(a)手術前、(b)脳卒中誘発後15日目及び(c)脳卒中後58日目に、改変した神経学的評価スケール(mNRS)、又はニューロスコアを行った。58日目と15日目の間のニューロスコアの差異(p<0.01)を図2に示す。グループA、B、C、E及びFにおける差異の高い値は、プラセボグループDと比較したトリテルペノイド処置グループにおいて顕著な治癒及び脳卒中後の神経機能の回復を示した。
「酸性混合物1」は、実施例1Aに従って調製されるマスティックガムの分離酸性画分を意味する。「酸性混合物1」は、主な化合物として以下のものを含有する:
MA:モロン酸(12〜15%)
OA:オレアノン酸(18〜20%)
MDA:24−Z−マスチカジエノン酸(20〜22%)
IMDA:24−Z−イソマスチカジエノン酸(22〜26%)
3−β−OAc−24−Z−マスチカジエノール酸(4〜7%)
3−β−OAc−24−Z−イソマスチカジエノール酸(4〜7%)。
MLA:3−β−マスチカジエノール酸
IMLA:3−β−イソマスチカジエノール酸
ジヒドロマスチカジエノン酸
ジヒドロイソマスチカジエノン酸
である。
MA:モロン酸(15%)
OA:オレアノン酸(15%)
MDA:24−Z−マスチカジエノン酸(25%)
IMDA:24−Z−イソマスチカジエノン酸(30%)
3−β−OAc−24−Z−マスチカジエノール酸(8%)
3−β−OAc−24−Z−イソマスチカジエノール酸(7%)
NF−1:(8R)−3−β,8−ジヒドロキシポリポダ−13E,17E,21−トリエン
NF−2:(8R)−3−オキソ−8−ヒドロキシポリポダ−13E,17E,21−トリエン
NF−3:オレアノンアルデヒド
NF−4:チルカロル
NF−P:ジプテロカルポール(20−ヒドロキシダンマラ−24−エン−3−オン)
NF−A:(ベツロン)、28−ヒドロキシルプ−20(29)−エン−3−オン
NF−B:オレアノンアルコール;(28−ヒドロキシ−β−アミロン)
3−β−ヒドロキシ−13−α−マラバリカ−14(26),17E,21−トリエン
20−ヒドロキシ−ルパン−3−オン
28−ノル−17−ヒドロキシルペン−3−オン
28−オキソ−ルペン−3−オン
28−ノル−β−アミロン
イソマスチカジエノン酸アルデヒド
イソマスチカジエンジオール
マスチカジエンジオール
オレアノールアルデヒド(28−オキソ−β−アミリン)
3−β−20−ジヒドロキシルパン
マスチカジエノン酸アルデヒド
3−オキソ−マラバリカ−14(26),17E,21−トリエン
β−アミロン
β−アミリン
ゲルマニコール
グループA〜Fに含まれるラットを、再灌流直後に始める週2回の皮下注射により、少なくとも1種のトリテルペン酸と少なくとも1種の中性トリテルペノイドの組み合わせを含む組成物A、B、C、E及びF、又はプラセボ組成物Dで58日間処置した。研究の間、神経及び体性感覚機能を、行動試験のケージの中で監視した。
虚血性又は出血性脳卒中、外傷性脳損傷(TBI)及び他の脳損傷は、患者が受ける可能性がある最も壊滅的な事象の1つである。それらは、原因が異なるにもかかわらず、免疫抑制、フリーラジカル媒介毒性、脳/ニューロンのダメージ、感染症、サイトカイン媒介性細胞傷害、炎症及びグリア細胞の活性化を含む同じ複雑な病態生理の周囲で癒合するように思われる。これら全ては、認知及び/又は身体欠陥をもたらす。
皮質を、E19のスプラーグ・ドーリーラットの胚から採取した。組織を、酵素的及び機械的に解離し、均質な細胞懸濁液を得、200μLのニューロン用培地に、4枚の96ウェルプレートのウェルあたり20000個で細胞を播種した。
200μLの増殖培地に初代皮質ニューロンを播種後6日目(DIV6)に、核酸の非存在下で非蛍光性であり、DNAに結合すると強い蛍光を示す、細胞不透過性及び高親和性の核酸染色色素である細胞溶解プローブを含有する培地90μLと増殖培地の半分を交換することによって、ニューロン上に試験化合物を塗布した。次いで、油中の20倍濃縮化合物10μLをこれらの細胞に添加した。タイムラプス画像取得を、処理中の獲得開始ができなかったコンピュータネットワーク問題後の最初の処理後20時間の時点で開始した。その時点から実験の終わりまで、ニューロン培養の時間経過画像(4時間毎に1枚の画像)を位相コントラスト及び細胞溶解監視のための蛍光で取得した。これを、それぞれ各試験化合物及び対照を含む4枚の異なるプレートで並行して行った。
試験化合物を、2つの処理スケジュールを用いて試験した:
グルタミン酸処理前96及び24時間の時点での2回の前処理
グルタミン酸処理を行わないが、他のプレートのグルタミン酸処理前96及び24時間の時点での2回の前処理
DIV6〜DIV15の経時的(速度論的)な細胞溶解ニューロンの割合。監視期間が非常に長い時、場合によって、毒性処理が培養物表面からの死細胞剥離を誘発することができるので、細胞透過処理後の終了時に測定したこの期間中の最大細胞溶解は100%を超えた。この場合においては、監視中に達した最大値(最後の100%細胞溶解値よりも高い)を100%とみなした。初代培養物では、経時的な自発的ニューロン損失がある。最初のデータポイントを0%の細胞溶解とみなしたため、監視期間中に現れた唯一の細胞死は均一性のためとみなした。
図3A〜図3Bに示す通り、組み合わせAは、0.025〜0.5%の用量依存的にグルタミン酸の興奮毒性作用を効果的に減少させた(図3A〜B)。
両方の組み合わせについて0.025%(組み合わせAの場合)及び0.05%(組み合わせBの場合)の間の濃度から0.5%の濃度までの組み合わせA又は組み合わせBの投与によって、100μΜのグルタミン酸によって誘発される興奮毒性傷害を、部分的に、有意に回復させることができた。
実施例4のtMCAOモデルで使用したラットについては、外科的創傷治癒を、実施例4で使用した試験製剤の創傷治癒の可能性の指標として使用した。
Claims (18)
- 脳卒中又は外傷性脳損傷に起因する神経機能障害を治療するための、少なくとも1種のトリテルペン酸と少なくとも1種の中性トリテルペノイドの組み合わせ、及び薬学的に許容される担体からなる医薬組成物であって、
前記組み合わせが、
モロン酸(MA)、オレアノン酸(OA)、マスチカジエノン酸(MDA)、イソマスチカジエノン酸(IMDA)、3−O−アセチルマスチカジエノール酸、3−O−アセチルイソマスチカジエノール酸、(8R)−3−β,8−ジヒドロキシポリポダ−13E,17E,21−トリエン(NF−1)、(8R)−3−オキソ−8−ヒドロキシポリポダ−13E,17E,21−トリエン(NF−2)、オレアノンアルデヒド(NF−3)、チルカロル(NF−4)、28−ヒドロキシルプ−20(29)−エン−3−オン(NF−A)及び28−ヒドロキシ−β−アミロン(NF−B);または
MDA、IMDA、マスチカジエノール酸(MLA)、イソマスチカジエノール酸(IMLA)、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3、NF−4、20−ヒドロキシダマール−24−エン−3−オン(NF−P)、NF−A及びNF−B;または
MDA、IMDA、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3及びNF−4;または
MDA、IMDA、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3、NF−4、NF−A、NF−B及びNF−P;または
MA、OA、MDA、IMDA、3−O−アセチルマスチカジエノール酸、3−O−アセチルイソマスチカジエノール酸、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3及びNF−4;または
OA、MDA、IMDA、3−O−アセチルマスチカジエノール酸、3−O−アセチルイソマスチカジエノール酸、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3、NF−4、NF−A及びNF−B;または
OA、MDA、IMDA、3−O−アセチルマスチカジエノール酸、3−O−アセチルイソマスチカジエノール酸、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3及びNF−4;または
MDA、IMDA、NF−1及びNF−2
からなる、医薬組成物。 - 実質的に精油を含まない、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも1種のトリテルペン酸が、植物源から得られる、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも1種の中性トリテルペノイドが、植物源から得られる、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記植物源がマスティックガムを含む、請求項3又は4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも1種のトリテルペン酸が、化学合成によって得られる、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも1種の中性トリテルペノイドが、化学合成によって得られる、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記薬学的に許容される担体が少なくとも1種の油を含む、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 非経口、経皮、経口及び局所からなる群から選択される経路による投与に適する形態にある、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- MA、OA、MDA、IMDA、3−O−アセチルマスチカジエノール酸、3−O−アセチルイソマスチカジエノール酸、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3、NF−4、NF−A及びNF−B、並びに前記薬学的に許容される担体からなる、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
- MA、OA、MDA、IMDA、3−O−アセチルマスチカジエノール酸、3−O−アセチルイソマスチカジエノール酸、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3及びNF−4、並びに前記薬学的に許容される担体からなる、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
- OA、MDA、IMDA、3−O−アセチルマスチカジエノール酸、3−O−アセチルイソマスチカジエノール酸、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3、NF−4、NF−A及びNF−B、並びに前記薬学的に許容される担体からなる、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
- OA、MDA、IMDA、3−O−アセチルマスチカジエノール酸、3−O−アセチルイソマスチカジエノール酸、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3及びNF−4、並びに薬学的に許容される担体からなる、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
- MDA、IMDA、MLA、IMLA、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3、NF−4、NF−P、NF−A及びNF−B、並びに薬学的に許容される担体からなる、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
- MDA、IMDA、NF−1、NF−2、NF−3及びNF−4、並びに前記薬学的に許容される担体からなる、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
- MDA、IMDA、NF−1及びNF−2、並びに前記薬学的に許容される担体からなる、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
- 外傷性脳損傷(TBI)に起因する神経機能障害を治療するための、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
- 脳卒中に起因する神経機能障害を治療するための、請求項1〜9に記載の医薬組成物。
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