JP6849222B2 - 褐色脂肪細胞の調製方法 - Google Patents
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- JP6849222B2 JP6849222B2 JP2017534454A JP2017534454A JP6849222B2 JP 6849222 B2 JP6849222 B2 JP 6849222B2 JP 2017534454 A JP2017534454 A JP 2017534454A JP 2017534454 A JP2017534454 A JP 2017534454A JP 6849222 B2 JP6849222 B2 JP 6849222B2
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Description
本出願は、2015年8月7日に出願された、日本国特許出願第2015-157697号明細書(その開示全体が参照により本明細書中に援用される)に基づく優先権を主張する。
マウス線維芽細胞→軟骨細胞(SOX9 + Klf4 +c-Myc遺伝子を導入)
マウス線維芽細胞→心筋細胞(GATA4 + Mef2c +Tbx5遺伝子を導入)
マウス線維芽細胞→肝細胞(Hnf4α+(Foxa1またはFoxa2またはFoxa3)遺伝子を導入)
マウス線維芽細胞→神経幹細胞(Sox2 + FoxG1遺伝子を導入など)、
マウス、ヒト細胞→造血幹細胞。
項1、 哺乳動物の分化した体細胞を培地中、
(1)TGFβ/SMADパスウェイ阻害剤、
(2)カゼインキナーゼ1阻害剤、
(3)cAMP誘導剤、及び
(4)MEK/ERKパスウェイ阻害剤
からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の化合物の存在下に培養して前記体細胞を褐色脂肪細胞にコンヴァートさせることを特徴とする、褐色脂肪細胞を調製する方法。
(2)カゼインキナーゼ1阻害剤、
(3)cAMP誘導剤、及び
(4)MEK/ERKパスウェイ阻害剤
からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の化合物のを含む、分化した体細胞を褐色脂肪細胞にコンヴァートするための誘導剤。
(2)カゼインキナーゼ1阻害剤、
(3)cAMP誘導剤、及び
(4)MEK/ERKパスウェイ阻害剤
からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の化合物、並びに、培地を含む分化した体細胞を褐色脂肪細胞にコンヴァートするためのキット。
本発明は、褐色脂肪細胞の調整方法を提供する。褐色脂肪細胞とは、白色脂肪細胞とともに、ほ乳類に存在する脂肪細胞の2つのタイプの1つである。褐色脂肪細胞と類似の形態と機能をもつ細胞として、ベージュ(Beige)細胞やブライト(Brite)細胞と呼ばれる細胞も知られており、本明細書においてこれらの細胞も「褐色脂肪細胞」に包含される。
本発明の方法の対象となる哺乳動物の分化した体細胞としては、哺乳動物由来であって、褐色脂肪細胞そのもの及び生体内で褐色脂肪細胞へと分化する能力を有する細胞でない限り、特に限定されない。
本発明の方法で用いる培地は、特に限定されない。DMEM(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium)、EMEM(Eagle's minimal essential medium)などの通常の液体培地を用いることができる。必要に応じて、血清成分(Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS)、Human Serum(Serum))、ストレプトマイシン、ペニシリンなどの抗生剤、Non-Essential Amino Acid等の成分を添加することができる。
インスリン(Insulin)(例えば濃度0.01〜100μg/mL程度、より好ましくは0. 1〜10μg/mL程度);3-イソブチル-1-メチルキサンチン(3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine;IBMX)(例えば濃度0.01〜100 mM程度、より好ましくは0.1〜10mM程度); デキサメタゾン(Dexametazone)(例えば濃度0.01〜100 μM程度、より好ましくは0.1〜10 μM程度)。また、インドメタシン(Indometacin)(例えば濃度0.001〜10 mM程度、より好ましくは0.01〜1 mM程度) を添加しても良い。
本発明の方法において、哺乳動物の分化した体細胞を培地中、
(1)TGFβ/SMADパスウェイ阻害剤、
(2)カゼインキナーゼ1阻害剤、
(3)cAMP誘導剤、及び
(4)MEK/ERKパスウェイ阻害剤
からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の化合物の存在下に培養する。以下、各化合物について説明する。
TGF-β/SMADパスウェイ阻害剤は、TGF-β/SMADパスウェイに属するタンパク質の活性を阻害できる化合物を意味する。TGF-β/SMADパスウェイは図11に模式的に示す、当業者に公知のシグナル経路である。
R2は、H、NH(CH2)n−PhまたはNH−C1-6アルキルであり(ここで、nは、0、1、2または3である);
R3は、CO2H、CONH2、CN、NO2、C1-6アルキルチオ、−SO2−C1-6アルキル、C1-6アルコキシ、SONH2、CONHOH、NH2、CHO、CH2OH、CH2NH2、またはCO2Rであり(ここで、Rは、水素またはC1-6アルキルである); X1およびX2のうち一方は、NまたはCR'であり、他方は、NR'またはCHR'である(ここで、R'は、水素、OH、C1-6アルキル、またはC3-7シクロアルキルである)か;またはX1およびX2のうち一方がNまたはCR'である場合、他方は、SまたはOであってもよい]。
4−[4−(4−フルオロフェニル)−5−(2−ピリジル)−1−ヒドロキシ−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンゾニトリル;
4−[4−(4−フルオロフェニル)−5−(2−ピリジル)−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンゾニトリル;
4−[4−(4−フルオロフェニル)−5−(2−ピリジル)−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]安息香酸;
4−[4−(4−フルオロフェニル)−5−(2−ピリジル)−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]安息香酸メチル;
4−[4−(4−フルオロフェニル)−5−(2−ピリジル)−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]安息香酸エチル;
4−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−1−ヒドロキシ−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)ベンゾニトリル;
4−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)ベンゾニトリル;
4−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)安息香酸;
2−[4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−2−(4−ニトロフェニル)−1H−イミダゾール−5−イル]ピリジン;
3−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)フェニルアミン;
4−[4−(4−フルオロフェニル)−2−(4−ニトロフェニル)−1H−イミダゾール−5−イル]ピリジン;
4−[4−(4−フルオロフェニル)−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)フェニルアミン;
4−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)フェニル]メタノール;
4−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)ベンズアミド;
4−[4−(2,3−ジヒドロ−ベンゾ[1,4]ジオキシン−6−イル)−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]−ベンゾニトリル;
4−[4−(2,3−ジヒドロ−ベンゾフラン−5−イル)−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンズアミド;
3−[4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)ベンゾニトリル;
4−[4−(2,3−ジヒドロ−ベンゾフラン−6−イル)−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンゾニトリル;
4−[4−(2,3−ジヒドロ−ベンゾフラン−6−イル)−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンズアミド;
3−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)安息香酸;
4−[4−(4−メトキシフェニル)−5−(2−ピリジル)−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンゾニトリル;
4−[4−(2,2−ジフルオロ−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル)−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンズアミド;
4−[4−(2,3−ジヒドロ−ベンゾ[1,4]ジオキシン−6−イル)−1−メチル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンズアミド;
4−[5−(2,3−ジヒドロ−ベンゾ[1,4]ジオキシン−6−イル)−1−メチル−4−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル]ベンズアミド;
4−(5−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−4−ピリジン−2−イル−オキサゾール−2−イル)ベンゾニトリル;
4−(5−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−4−ピリジン−2−イル−オキサゾール−2−イル)ベンズアミド;および 4−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−5−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−ピロール−2−イル)ベンズアミド。
カゼインキナーゼ阻害剤は、カゼインキナーゼ1、カゼインキナーゼ2などのサブタイプが存在するカゼインキナーゼに対する阻害剤を広く包含する。カゼインキナーゼ阻害剤は狭義の阻害剤である低分子化合物に止まらず、カゼインキナーゼに結合しその作用を阻害する活性を有する抗体、アプタマー、ペプチド、ドミナントネガティブとして働く変異体タンパク質やその類似体、カゼインキナーゼの発現を抑制するsiRNA、shRNA、マイクロRNAなどを包含する。
cAMP誘導剤(アデニル酸シクラーゼ活性化剤と換言することもできる)としては、アデニル酸シクラーゼの活性化作用により細胞内のcAMP(サイクリックAMP)レベルを上昇させる化合物を広く包含し、例えば、フォルスコリン(FSK)、イソプロテレノール、NKH 477、PACAP 1-27、PACAP 1-38などが挙げられる。
MEK/ERKパスウェイ阻害剤は、MEK/ERKパスウェイに属するタンパク質の機能発現を阻害できる化合物を意味する。MEK/ERKパスウェイは図12に示す、当業者に公知のシグナル経路である。
本発明の方法において、哺乳動物の分化した体細胞を培地中、上記(1)〜(4)からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の化合物の存在下に培養する。
本発明の方法により調製される褐色脂肪細胞は、生体に移植することで、肥満、メタボリックシンドローム、或いはこれらに関連する疾患又は状態の予防又は治療に使用することができる。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco’s modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×104cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
D4476: 2 μM
Pifithrin alpha[p53阻害剤]: 5 μM
SB431542: 2 μM
ALK5 Inhibitor II: 2 μM。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco’s modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×104 cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2 /95% humid air 37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または各小分子化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
D4476: 2 μM
Pifithrin alpha[p53阻害剤]: 5 μM
Forskolin(FSK): 2 μM
PD0325901: 1 μM
SB431542: 2 μM。
実施例2と同様の実験を行い、通常培地で培養した細胞、T3とRosiglitazoneを添加した脂肪細胞誘導培地で14日間培養した細胞と、T3、RosiglitazoneとD4476 を添加した脂肪細胞誘導培地で14日間培養した細胞を準備した。これら細胞に、図中に記載のように10 μMのIsoproterenol、またはFSKを添加した。コントロールとして添加しない群も作った。5時間後に各wellから培養液を吸引除去し、PBS(−)で洗浄後、細胞からISOGEN IIにてtotal RNAを抽出した。実施例2と同様にqRT-PCRを行った。UCP1遺伝子のmRNAレベルをβアクチン遺伝子mRNAに対する比として定量し、通常培地で培養した線維芽細胞の値を1として算出した。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco’s modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×104cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2 /95% humid air 37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または各化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
D4476: 2 μM
Pifithrin alpha[p53阻害剤]: 5 μM
SB431542: 2 μM
ALK5 Inhibitor II: 2 μM。
Day 14に、各wellから培養液を吸引除去し、PBS(−)で洗浄後、細胞からISOGEN IIにてtotal RNAを抽出した。このRNAから、Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT Master Mixを用いてcDNAを合成した。このcDNAにReal-time PCR Master Mixと、CIDEA遺伝子またはβアクチン遺伝子に特異的なprimersとTaqman probeを混和した。AB7300 Real-time PCR systemを用いてqRT-PCRを行った。CIDEA遺伝子のmRNAレベルをβアクチン遺伝子mRNAに対する比として定量し、通常培地で培養した線維芽細胞の値を1として算出した。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×104cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2 /95% humid air 37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または各化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
Pifithrin alpha[p53阻害剤]: 5 μM
Forskolin(FSK): 2 μM
PD0325901: 1 μM。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×104cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2 /95% humid air 37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または各小分子化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
D4476: 2 μM。
Pifithrin alpha[p53阻害剤]: 5 μM
PD0325901: 1 μM
SB431542: 2 μM
ALK5 Inhibitor II: 2 μM。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×104cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または各小分子化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
D4476: 2 μM
SB431541: 2 μM
ALK5 inhibitor II: 2 μM。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×104cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または各化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
D4476: 2 μM
SB431541: 2 μM
ALK5 inhibitor II: 2 μM
PD0325901: 1 μM
Forskolin(FSK): 2 μM。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco’s modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×104 cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または各小分子化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
D4476: 2 μM。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBSを添加したDulbecco’s modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを1×10^4 cells/wellの濃度で24-well plateに播種し(day 0)、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した。翌日、培養上清を吸引除去し、図中に記載のとおり、通常培地、脂肪細胞誘導培地、または各小分子化合物等を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、500 μL/well加えた。
T3: 1 nM
Rosiglitazone: 1 μM
D4476: 2 μM。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBS を添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium(DMEM))に縣濁した。これを 3×104 cells/well の濃度で12-well plate に播種し、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した。翌日(Day 0)、培養上清を吸引除去し、通常培地(群1)、、脂肪細胞誘導培地(群2)、またはALK5 inhibitor IIを4 μMの濃度で添加した脂肪細胞誘導培地(群3〜8)を、1 mL/well 加えた。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBS を添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium(DMEM))に縣濁した。これを 3×104 cells/well の濃度で12-well plate に播種し、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した。翌日(Day 0)、培養上清を吸引除去し、通常培地(群1)、脂肪細胞誘導培地(群2)、またはALK5 inhibitor IIを4 μMの濃度で添加した脂肪細胞誘導培地(群3〜8)を、1 mL/well 加えた。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBS を添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを 3×104 cells/well の濃度で12-well plate に播種し、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した(Day -1)。コントロール(Ctrl)群は、翌日(Day 0)培養上清を吸引除去し、2 日に1 度培地をフレッシュなものに置換しながら、Day 14まで通常培地で培養した。コントロール(Ctrl)群以外の群は、Day 0に培養上清を吸引除去し、脂肪細胞誘導培地、またはALK5 inhibitor II、SB431542、LY2157299及びD4476のいずれかの化合物をそれぞれ4 μM、8 μM、12 μM、16 μMの濃度で添加した脂肪細胞誘導培地を、1mL/well 加えた。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBS を添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを 3×104 cells/well の濃度で12-well plate に播種し、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した。翌日(Day 0)、培養上清を吸引除去し、ALK5 inhibitor II (4 μM)、LY2157299 (8 μM)、SB431542 (4 μM)及びD4476 (4 μM)のいずれかの化合物を加えた脂肪細胞誘導培地を、1mL/well 加えた。
2 日に1 度、培地をフレッシュなものに置換してDay 9まで培養した。その後、Day 9からDay 14は、ALK5 inhibitor II、SB431542、LY215799及びD4476のいずれの化合物も含まない脂肪細胞誘導培地で培養した。Day 14 に、各well から培地を吸引除去し、PBS(−)で洗浄した。4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定後、PBS(−)にて洗浄し、Perm Buffer(0.2% Triton-X 添加PBS)を加えて15 分間インキュベートした。PBS(−)にて3 回洗浄した後、Blocking One を加えて、室温で60 分間インキュベートした。抗UCP-1 抗体(RD MAB6158)を加えて室温で2 時間反応させた後、Wash buffer にて3 回wash した。CF488-conjugated anti-mouse Ig 抗体(Biotum 20014)を加えて室温で2 時間反応させた後、PBS (-) にて3 回wash した。Lifetechnology社製SlowFade Gold antifade reagent with DAPIで核染色したのち蛍光顕微鏡を用いて倍率100 倍で写真撮影を行った。
ヒト正常皮膚由来線維芽細胞(human dermal fibroblasts; HDFs)を通常培地(10% FBS を添加したDulbecco's modified minimum essential medium; DMEM)に縣濁した。これを 3×104 cells/well の濃度で12-well plate に播種し、5% CO2/95% humidified air、37℃で培養を開始した(Day -1)。コントロール(Ctrl)群は、翌日(Day 0)培養上清を吸引除去し、2 日に1 度培地をフレッシュなものに置換しながら、Day 14まで通常培地で培養した。コントロール(Ctrl)群以外の群は、Day 0に培養上清を吸引除去し、ALK5 inhibitor II(4μM)及びLY2157299(8μM)のいずれかの化合物を添加した脂肪細胞誘導培地を、1 mL/well 加えた。
2 日に1 度、培地をフレッシュなものに置換してDay 9まで培養した。その後、Day 9 − Day 14は、ALK5 inhibitor IIとLY215799のいずれの化合物も含まない脂肪細胞誘導培地で培養した。Day 14 に、すべての群のwellから培地を吸引除去し、PBS(−)で洗浄後、細胞からQiagen社製 RNA easy Mini Kitを用いてtotal RNA を抽出した。このRNA から、Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix を用いてcDNA を合成した。このcDNA にReal-time PCR Master Mix と、UCP-1遺伝子、CIDEA遺伝子、KCNK3遺伝子またはβ アクチン遺伝子に特異的なprimers とTaqman probe を混和した。AB7300 Real-time PCR system を用いてqRT-PCR を行った。UCP1 遺伝子のmRNA レベルをβアクチン遺伝子mRNAに対する比として定量し、通常培地で培養した線維芽細胞の値を1として算出した。
Claims (4)
- 哺乳動物の分化した体細胞を培地中、TGFβ/SMADパスウェイ阻害剤の存在下に培養して前記体細胞を褐色脂肪細胞にコンヴァートさせることを特徴とする、褐色脂肪細胞を調製する方法であって、前記培地が、甲状腺ホルモン及びPPARγアゴニストを添加した脂肪細胞誘導培地である方法。
- 前記体細胞が線維芽細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- TGFβ/SMADパスウェイ阻害剤、並びに、甲状腺ホルモン及びPPARγアゴニストを添加した脂肪細胞誘導培地を含む分化した体細胞を褐色脂肪細胞にコンヴァートするためのキット。
- TGFβ/SMADパスウェイ阻害剤が、D4476、ALK5 Inhibitor II、SB431541及びLY2157299から選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載の方法。
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