JP6820418B2 - 移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム - Google Patents
移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
- B60L3/0092—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption with use of redundant elements for safety purposes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
- B60L3/04—Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
- B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
- B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
- B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
- B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
- B60L53/16—Connectors, e.g. plugs or sockets, specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
- B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
- B60L53/57—Charging stations without connection to power networks
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
- B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
- B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
- B60L53/62—Monitoring or controlling charging stations in response to charging parameters, e.g. current, voltage or electrical charge
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
- H02J7/342—The other DC source being a battery actively interacting with the first one, i.e. battery to battery charging
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
- B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
- B60Y2200/90—Vehicles comprising electric prime movers
- B60Y2200/91—Electric vehicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
- B60Y2300/00—Purposes or special features of road vehicle drive control systems
- B60Y2300/91—Battery charging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
- H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
Description
オンになったときに移動充電車を起動できる起動回路と、
前記起動回路に接続され、車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入り得るか否かを識別するために用いられ、
前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入り得る場合、前記起動回路をオフにする第1検出素子とを含む。
本発明の移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステムは第1検出素子を介して車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態(充電及び/又は放電)に入り得るか否かを判断し、車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入り得る場合、実際に動作状態に入ったか否かに関わらず、何れも移動充電車の起動および移動を可能にする起動回路をオフにし、移動充電車は、車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが充電/放電の可能性があるときに移動充電車の起動ロッキングを実現し、それにより、移動充電車の車載エネルギー貯蔵システムの充放電期間に発生可能な起動および移動現象を避け、移動充電車の安全性を効果的に向上させる。
本発明は従来の移動充電車の「車載エネルギー貯蔵システムの充放電期間において起動して移動することができる」という特性に存在するセキュリティリスクを考慮し、移動充電車の起動段(START)の車両主制御電源を制御することで、車載エネルギー貯蔵システムの充放電期間において移動充電車に対する起動ロッキングを行い、すなわち、移動充電車は車載エネルギー貯蔵システムの充電/放電が何れも行われない場合のみ起動および移動が可能である。車載エネルギー貯蔵システムの充電/放電期間において移動充電車に対する起動ロッキングを行うことによって、充電ガンが引っ張られて更に直流充電ガンの脱落、ケーブルの破断、破壊などを回避し、一方では、移動充電車が移動する時に発生する振動又は揺れによる車内装置の振動破壊を回避し、該振動破壊によって更に車内装置の短絡などを回避することで、移動充電車の使用安全性を効果的に向上させ、移動充電車及びその車内装置の耐用年数を延長させる。図1に示すように、該起動ロッキングシステムは主に、
オンになったときに移動充電車を起動できる起動回路と、
車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入り得るか否かを識別するために用いられる第1検出素子とを含む。具体的に、車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入り得る場合、第1検出素子は前記起動回路をオフにする。起動回路がオフにされる場合、移動充電車の起動ロッキングを実現し、もちろん起動してから移動することもない(ここで、移動とは主に正常運転による移動、すなわち、起動した後の行為である)。更に、第1検出素子は複数の検出部材を含んでもよく、前記複数の検出部材のうちの少なくとも1つが起動回路に直列接続される。
Claims (8)
- 移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステムであって、
オンにされた場合に移動充電車が起動することができる起動回路と、
起動回路に接続され、車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入り得るか否かを識別するために用いられる第1検出素子と、を含み、
前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入り得る場合、前記第1検出素子は前記起動回路をオフにし、
前記第1検出素子は複数の検出部材を含み、前記複数の検出部材のうちの少なくとも1つが前記起動回路に直列接続されることを特徴とする移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム。 - 前記検出部材は前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムに設置されるストロークスイッチであり、複数の前記ストロークスイッチの常時開接点は直列配置で前記起動回路に接続されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム。
- 前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムには入力コンセント及び/又は出力コンセントが設置され、前記入力コンセント及び/又は前記出力コンセントにはカバーが設置され、前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムに対する前記カバーの位置の変化は前記入力コンセント及び/又は前記出力コンセントを環境に露出させることができ、前記入力コンセント及び/又は前記出力コンセントは環境に露出した場合、前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムは動作状態に入ることができ、
前記ストロークスイッチは前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムにおいて前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムに対する前記カバーの位置の変化を検出できる位置に設置されることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム。 - 前記入力コンセント及び/又は前記出力コンセントは前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムの少なくとも一方の側板に設置されることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム。
- 前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムの第1側及び前記第1側に対向する第2側にはそれぞれ複数の前記入力コンセント及び/又は前記出力コンセントが設置され、それぞれの前記入力コンセント及び/又は前記出力コンセントには何れもカバーが設置されることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム。
- 前記起動ロッキングシステムは更に、前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入ったか否かを識別するために用いられる第2検出素子を含み、前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムが動作状態に入った場合、前記第2検出素子は前記起動回路をオフにすることを特徴とする請求項1から5の何れか1項に記載の移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム。
- 前記第2検出素子は継電器であり、前記継電器は前記車載エネルギー貯蔵システムの車載制御主電源の内部に設置され、前記継電器の常時閉接点は前記起動回路に接続されることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム。
- 前記常時閉接点と前記第1検出素子とは直列配置で前記起動回路に接続されることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の移動充電車の起動ロッキングシステム。
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201610955040.0A CN106849209B (zh) | 2016-10-27 | 2016-10-27 | 移动充电车启动锁止系统 |
CN201610955040.0 | 2016-10-27 | ||
PCT/CN2017/095036 WO2018076851A1 (zh) | 2016-10-27 | 2017-07-28 | 移动充电车启动锁止系统 |
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JP2019533421A JP2019533421A (ja) | 2019-11-14 |
JP6820418B2 true JP6820418B2 (ja) | 2021-01-27 |
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US (1) | US11225161B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3534482A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6820418B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR102262211B1 (ja) |
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CN106849209B (zh) * | 2016-10-27 | 2020-12-04 | 蔚来(安徽)控股有限公司 | 移动充电车启动锁止系统 |
CN112363084B (zh) * | 2019-07-26 | 2024-05-07 | 浙江吉智新能源汽车科技有限公司 | 一种电池锁止机构的状态检测装置、方法及车辆 |
CN112485566B (zh) * | 2020-11-17 | 2023-12-29 | 华人运通(江苏)技术有限公司 | 一种直流快充接触器的状态检测电路及状态检测方法 |
CN112477692B (zh) * | 2020-11-25 | 2022-03-01 | 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 | 一种电动汽车动力电池的充电控制方法及装置 |
CN112757960A (zh) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-07 | 洛阳智能农业装备研究院有限公司 | 一种无人驾驶电动拖拉机行车控制方法 |
US20230062237A1 (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2023-03-02 | Noodoe Corporation | Management methods and systems for electric vehicle charging equipment |
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FR2682224B1 (fr) * | 1991-10-04 | 1993-12-31 | Peugeot Automobiles | Dispositif de prise de charge pour vehicule a moteur electrique. |
JP4400660B2 (ja) * | 2007-09-04 | 2010-01-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電動車両 |
JP5483691B2 (ja) * | 2009-11-30 | 2014-05-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 充電装置 |
CN102371997B (zh) * | 2010-08-19 | 2013-12-04 | 香港生产力促进局 | 电动汽车用充电和电机驱动混合装置及电动汽车 |
JP5011443B1 (ja) * | 2011-03-30 | 2012-08-29 | パナソニック株式会社 | リレー溶着検出回路及び電力供給システム |
JP2014121111A (ja) | 2012-12-13 | 2014-06-30 | Tokai Rika Co Ltd | ロック装置 |
JP5761230B2 (ja) * | 2013-02-26 | 2015-08-12 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 車両の充電装置 |
WO2014170937A1 (ja) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-23 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 車両 |
CN104249629B (zh) * | 2013-06-28 | 2016-09-07 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 电动汽车、电动汽车的动力系统和动力电池的充电方法 |
CN103419728B (zh) | 2013-09-02 | 2016-03-30 | 重庆文理学院 | 一种电动汽车充电插座门盖自动开关控制设施 |
CN203601031U (zh) * | 2013-11-08 | 2014-05-21 | 河南少林客车股份有限公司 | 电动汽车安全保护系统 |
FR3013164B1 (fr) * | 2013-11-08 | 2018-02-02 | Intelligent Electronic Systems | Procede de charge de vehicule electrique a vehicule electrique |
CN105799533A (zh) * | 2016-04-08 | 2016-07-27 | 北京现代汽车有限公司 | 一种电动汽车安全控制方法及装置 |
CN106849209B (zh) * | 2016-10-27 | 2020-12-04 | 蔚来(安徽)控股有限公司 | 移动充电车启动锁止系统 |
CN206237154U (zh) * | 2016-10-27 | 2017-06-09 | 蔚来汽车有限公司 | 移动充电车启动锁止系统 |
KR102468384B1 (ko) * | 2017-10-23 | 2022-11-18 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 충전 인렛 잠금 제어 방법 및 시스템 |
US11376979B2 (en) * | 2019-02-20 | 2022-07-05 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | System and method for charging a network of mobile battery-operated units on-the-go |
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