JP6626176B2 - 低侵襲表皮電気穿孔装置 - Google Patents
低侵襲表皮電気穿孔装置 Download PDFInfo
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- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
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Description
本出願は、2011年6月28日に出願された米国特許仮出願第61/502,198号の利益を主張し、その全ての内容が参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明の表題の開発に関する活動は、少なくとも部分的に米国政府の軍契約第W81XWH−11−C−0051によって資金提供され、したがって、米国は、本発明に一定の権利を有し得る。
本明細書で使用される用語は、特定の実施形態のみを記載する目的のためであり、限定されることを意図されない。明細書および添付される特許請求の範囲において使用されるように、単数形「a」、および「the」は、文脈が別途、明確に示さない限り、複数の参照を含む。
本発明は、電気穿孔パルスをアレイごとに変化させるように構成される、複数の電極アレイを有する低侵襲装置(MID)を対象とする。図1(A)、1(B)、および1(C)は、電気穿孔し、1つまたは複数の抗原を送達するための複数の電極アレイを有する、MID100を開示する。MID100は、先端部104を有する筐体102と、先端部104に結合された複数の電極アレイ106、108であって、それぞれが正方形の4×4のパターンに配列される電極110を含む、電極アレイ106、108と、を備える。いくつかの実施形態において、先端部104および電極110のうちの1つまたは両方は、例えば、使用後に滅菌して、取り外された部分が再び使用され得るために、MID100の残りから取り外され得る。あるいは、先端部104および電極110の1つまたは両方は、単一の使用のためであり得る。
一態様において、本明細書に記載される複数の電極アレイ106、108を有するMID100、200は、電気穿孔し、以下に論じられるように、対象の皮膚、器官、または他の身体部分を通して1つまたは複数の抗原を送達する方法において使用され得る。すなわち、MID100、200は、生体膜内の顕微鏡の経路(細孔)を誘導する経膜電界パルスを適用するために使用され得、細胞膜の1つの側から他への1つまたは複数の抗原の送達を可能にする。本方法は、抗原を表皮組織の細胞に投与するステップと、表皮組織を電極と接触させるステップと、免疫反応を生成するために電気穿孔パルスを送達するステップと、を含み得る。本方法は、抗原を細胞に同時に送達することと、免疫反応を生成するために電気穿孔パルスを送達することと、を更に含み得る。
複数の抗原は、まず、空間的に離間する部位で皮内に注射される。いくつかの実施形態において、抗原は、Mantoux技術を使用し、例えば、29ゲージの注射針を使用して標的組織に皮内で送達される。
次に、表皮組織は、約0.1mm以下、または約0.01mm〜約0.04mmの深度で少なくとも1つの電極110で貫入される。注射部位および組織貫入部位は、共存していることが好ましい。いくつかの実施例において、共存することまたは注射部位および組織貫入部位を中央に置くことを容易にするために、表皮組織は、皮内注射前に、標識され、または窪ませられ得る。
一度表皮組織が貫入されると、表皮組織は電極110と接触され、電気穿孔パルスが送達される。いくつかの実施形態において、電気穿孔パルスは、表皮組織の細胞への損傷を実質的に防止する、電界と関連付けられる。更なる実施形態において、電気穿孔パルスは、視覚的アナログ尺度によって測定されるほぼ無痛である、電位と関連付けられる。例えば、電気穿孔パルスは、約1ボルト〜約30ボルト、または好ましくは約15ボルト〜約20ボルトの電位、約1mA〜約50mA、または好ましくは約10mA〜約15mAの電流、および約80ms〜約150msの範囲、または好ましくは100msの持続時間、またはそれらの組み合わせと関連付けられる。これらのパルス、好ましくは1〜10パルス、より好ましくは1〜3パルスは、連続して送達され得る。
本発明は、上述の複数の電極アレイ106、108を有するMID100、200を使用して、少なくとも1つの抗原を送達する方法も対象とする。本方法は、MID100、200による異種送達を使用する、2つまたはそれ以上の抗原またはそれらの組み合わせの送達を対象とし得る。ある実施形態において、本明細書に記載されたMID100、200は、抗原の送達を向上させるために使用され得る。本明細書に使用されるように、「抗原」は、体内に導入されるとき、免疫反応(免疫を生成する)を誘発するいずれかの物質又は有機物を指す。
トランスフェクション効率に対する電極組成の効果
レポーター遺伝子局在化に対する電極材料の効果を論じるために、異なる電極組成(金およびステンレス鋼)を用いる2つの低侵襲装置(MID)についてトランスフェクション効率を比較した。この比較は、金電極に対するより安価な代替物(ステンレス鋼)を使用することができ、一方でなおトランスフェクション効果を維持するかを評価することとなっていた。電極組成は、金めっきされた電極をソケットから容易に取り外し、同じゲージおよび長さのステンレス鋼電極と交換したため、容易に試験した。これは、電極組成のみが異なる、同一の電極ヘッドを生成した。
トランスフェクション効率に対する電極離間効果
トランスフェクション効率およびレポーター遺伝子局在化に対する電極離間の効果を評価するために、1mm離間した回路基板を作製し、ハンドピース筐体内に嵌合し、1.5mm離間した回路基板を伴う類似のMIDと比較した。表面処理面積が異なる離間において、2つのハンドピースの間で同じに止まることを確実にするために、追加の電極列を1mm離間した回路基板に追加した。ゆえに、4×4の電極列(16個の電極)を伴う1.5mmの離間ハンドピースを5×5の電極列(25個の電極)を伴う1mmの離間ハンドピースと比較した。したがって、それぞれのハンドピースは、およそ4〜4.5mm2のおよその処理表面積を有した。図6Aは、側面斜視からの両方のハンドピースの写真を示す。上のハンドピースは、1mmの離間であり、下のハンドピースは、1.5mmの離間である。図6Bは、1mmのハンドピースの表面のクローズアップ図を示す。
電流に対する電極離間の効果
本明細書に記載される装置は、それぞれの電気穿孔パルス中に生じる、全ての電気的パラメータをリアルタイムで捕捉および記憶する能力を有し得る。実施例1に記載されたように、一連の生体内発現局在化の研究を終了し、異なる電極離間および組成の装置を用いる電気穿孔についての電流および電圧を調べた。印加電圧は定量に止まり(15ボルト)、それぞれの電極離間およびそれぞれの電極組成について、それぞれの処置のために送達されるインピーダンス(抵抗)および電流を調べた。
実施例4
トランスフェクション効率に対するプラスミド濃度の効果
細胞レベルで解析される電気穿孔効率
上記の実施例において詳述された、実験からの処置された動物から切除された皮膚試料は、免疫組織化学的に解析した。処置後の皮膚は、死後に切除し、区分し、パラフィンマウントした。GFP発現細胞を観察し、高出力の蛍光顕微鏡(OlympusのBX51TF)を使用して計数した。GFP発現細胞の数および領域(すなわち、表皮中の層の階層)を表示した。組織区分は、また、リンパ球IHC、ケラチノサイト(表皮中の細胞の大部分)、およびランゲルハンス細胞(表皮中の最も一般的APC)等、トランスフェクトされた細胞種の直接的同定を可能にするために、マウントする前に市販の抗体の収集物を用いて対比染色した。抗体は、リンパ球浸潤の際に電気穿孔の効果を観察するためにも使用した。
デュアルヘッド装置
小さい緩衝ゾーンを伴う側面と側面の2つのアレイを有するデュアルヘッド装置を製造した。アレイは、パルスを同時に送達するように設計した。あるいは、それぞれのヘッドは、付加的な機器の改変を用いて、独立してパルス変調し得る。プラスチックの筐体および特注の電気的構成要素を試作した。装置は、図13に示す。
トランスフェクションの動力学
一連の生体内発現局在化の研究は、実施例1に記載された方法を使用して終了する。具体的には、既知の投与量(0.5、1、および2mg/mL)のレポーター遺伝子GFPを発現するプラスミドDNAのモルモット皮膚への皮内注射後、1mmまたは1.5mmの試作装置を使用して、生じる注射気泡を直ちに電気穿孔する。MIDの電極は、金またはステンレス鋼の組成になる。動物は、処置後、異なる時点(12時間、24時間、および48時間、3日)で殺処分される。皮膚は、それぞれの時点について、切除し、蛍光顕微鏡下で可視化する。高解像度の写真を撮影し、次いで、標準的ソフトウェア(Adobe Photoshop CS5)を使用して、ピクセル強度について解析する。発現水準は、予め定義された処理面積のピクセル計数によって計算する。正確な結果を確実にするために、複数の動物の複数の処置部位からのプールされたデータを解析する。GFPの発現は、発現動力学の評価を容易にするために、異なる期間に渡って比較される。
Claims (17)
- 電気穿孔して1つまたは複数の抗原を送達するための装置であって、
遠位先端部を有する筐体と、
それぞれが前記先端部と結合された複数の電極アレイであって、前記電極アレイは、前記先端部から突出し、かつ空間的に分離した部位を画定し、それぞれの電極アレイが複数の電極を含み、そして、前記先端部が、前記装置の使用の間の滅菌のために、前記筐体から繰り返し取り外すことができ、かつ再び取り付けることができる、複数の電極アレイと、
それぞれの電極アレイの少なくとも1つの電極に電気的に結合されたパルス発生器と、
前記パルス発生器に電気的に結合されたプログラム可能なマイクロコントローラと、
を備え、それぞれの電極が、電気穿孔パルスを表皮組織の細胞に送達するように構成され、前記マイクロコントローラが、それぞれの電極アレイの前記電気穿孔パルスのパラメータを独立して調整するように構成される、装置。 - 前記電気穿孔パルスが電位と関連付けられ、前記マイクロコントローラが、前記電位をアレイごとに変化させるように構成される、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記電気穿孔パルスが電流と関連付けられ、前記マイクロコントローラが、前記電流をアレイごとに変化させるように構成される、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記電気穿孔パルスが持続時間と関連付けられ、前記マイクロコントローラが前記持続時間をアレイごとに変化させるように構成される、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記マイクロコントローラが、それぞれの電極アレイについてそれぞれの電気穿孔パルスの量を独立して調整するように構成され、前記量が1〜10である、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記電気穿孔パルスが送達されるとき、空間的に分離した部位が前記抗原の干渉を実質的に阻止する、請求項1に記載の装置。
- それぞれの電極アレイ内の複数の電極がそれぞれのパターンで配列される、請求項1に記載の装置。
- それぞれの電極アレイ内の複数の電極の少なくとも1つの電極が0.1mm以下の長さを有する組織貫入端部を含む、請求項1に記載の装置。
- それぞれの電極アレイ内の複数の電極の少なくとも1つの電極が0.01mm〜0.04mmの長さを有する組織貫入端部を含む、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記電気穿孔パルスが前記表皮組織の前記細胞内の損傷を実質的に阻止する、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記電気穿孔パルスが、0.01V〜70Vである電位と関連付けられ、ここで当該電位が視覚的アナログ尺度で測定されるほぼ無痛である、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 隣接する電極が1.0mm以下の距離で互いに離間する、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 隣接する電極が1.5mm以下の距離で互いに離間する、請求項1に記載の装置。
- それぞれの電極アレイのための複数の電極が前記電気穿孔パルスを実質的に同時に送達するように構成される、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記パルス発生器および前記マイクロコントローラに結合された電力源をさらに備える、請求項1に記載の装置。
- ハンドルをさらに備え、前記電力源が筐体内に保持され、パルス発生器に電力を供給するように構成された蓄電池であり、前記蓄電池が前記装置を携帯可能にする、請求項15に記載の装置。
- 前記電気穿孔パルスの送達を誘引するためのトリガボタンをさらに備える、請求項15に記載の装置。
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