JP6606429B2 - 非哺乳動物組織からの脱細胞化生体材料 - Google Patents
非哺乳動物組織からの脱細胞化生体材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6606429B2 JP6606429B2 JP2015552775A JP2015552775A JP6606429B2 JP 6606429 B2 JP6606429 B2 JP 6606429B2 JP 2015552775 A JP2015552775 A JP 2015552775A JP 2015552775 A JP2015552775 A JP 2015552775A JP 6606429 B2 JP6606429 B2 JP 6606429B2
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Description
本出願は、35USC§119(e)の下で、2013年1月9日に出願された米国仮出願第61/750,555号の利益を主張する;この出願の全内容は、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
組織工学の試みは、生物学的機能を置換するため、特に組織全体またはその一部を修復または置換するための方法および材料を作り出すために継続されている。この点において、創傷療法および皮膚の修復は、病気やけがによる皮膚の完全性の喪失が生命を脅かす慢性的な合併症を引き起こし得るために、優勢な重点分野である。
さらに、足場生成物は多孔質であり、栄養の送達および組織の内部成長のための適切な経路を提供しなければならない。組織足場はまた、迅速な治癒を促進し、外観と機能の両方において正常な宿主組織に似ている新たな組織の発達または再生を促進する必要がある。この目的のために、移植された足場生成物は、(i)細胞移動、増殖および分化を奨励するための、生物活性的刺激、例えばタンパク質および分子のシグナル伝達、および(ii)これらのプロセスのための機械的または構造的な支持を、提供しなければならない。
両生類として、ほとんどの有尾類は幼生の状態で水生動物として生活を開始し、えらのある幼形から、肺を有し空気呼吸の陸生の成体形へと変態する。変態中、有尾類の物理的な特徴は、地上での生活の準備のために変化する。これらの変化は、尾びれの再吸収、皮膚の肥厚、皮膚腺の発達と鰓の吸収を含む。性的成熟も、ほとんどの有尾類でこの期間の間に生じる。有尾類のいくつかの科は「幼態保持」であり、すなわちかかる科のそれらの個体は、性的成熟後も、えらおよびひれなどの幼生時代の特徴を示し得ることを意味する。実際に、幼態保持の有尾類は多くの場合、一生を通してその水生(幼生)形態を保持している。したがって、メキシコアホロートルは通常、その成体期を通して幼態保持状態であるが、ただし特定の状況下では変態を受け、陸生形態に変形する。
本発明の生体材料は、有尾類から得た組織試料を脱細胞化することにより生産される。得られた有尾類生体材料の主成分は、ECMと、おそらくは失活上皮細胞であり、これは水分を保持し、また創傷治癒環境を保護することができる。
プロテアーゼ消化および1または2以上のヌクレアーゼによる処置を含む酵素的アプローチも、有尾類組織を脱細胞化するために使用することができる。これに加えて、または代替的に、有尾類組織は、洗浄、滅菌、消毒、抗生物質処置および/またはウイルスの不活化に供される。
定義
「抗菌性ポリペプチド」(または「AMP」)は、細菌、ウイルス、真菌、原虫、寄生虫、プリオンを含む広範囲の微生物、および腫瘍/癌細胞に対して広いスペクトルの活性を有する、可変の長さ、配列および構造の小ペプチドを意味する。(例えばZaiou, J Mol Med, 2007; 85:317を参照:この全体は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)。AMPは、広いスペクトルの迅速な殺傷活性の開始と、潜在的に低いレベルの誘導抵抗性、および付随する広範な抗炎症作用を有する。
抗菌ポリペプチドは、デフェンシン、例えばα−デフェンシン(例えば、好中球デフェンシン1、デフェンシンα1、好中球デフェンシン3、好中球デフェンシン4、デフェンシン5、デフェンシン6)、βデフェンシン(例えば、βデフェンシン1、βデフェンシン2、βデフェンシン103、βデフェンシン107、βデフェンシン110、βデフェンシン136)、およびθデフェンシンなどを含む。抗菌ポリペプチドは、hCAP18などのカテリシジンも含む。
本発明によれば、脱細胞化のために得た有尾類組織試料は、US 2008/0046095またはUS 2010/0104539に詳述されている方法で処理することができる。したがって、組織試料には、洗浄および化学的汚染除去を行ってもよい。この方法では、組織試料を、約10〜30分間、室温またはその近傍の18%NaCl(高張食塩水)溶液を含む滅菌洗面器(basin)で洗浄する。組織の基底膜に隣接した上皮細胞などの目に見える細胞の破片は、滅菌スポンジを使用して静かにこすり落として、基底膜を露出させる。とがっていない器具、細胞スクレーパまたは滅菌ガーゼを使用して、任意の残留破片または汚染も除去する。他の技術、例えば限定はされないが、膜の凍結、細胞スクレーパを使用した物理的な除去、または非イオン性界面活性剤、アニオン性界面活性剤、およびヌクレアーゼへの細胞の暴露なども、細胞除去のために使用することができる。
態様において、足場は、さらに小さな粒子または粉末に加工することができる。微粒子は、水、生理食塩水または適切な緩衝液または培地中で水和して、ペーストまたはゲルを生成することができる。この微細材料およびそれから生成されたペーストまたはゲルは、以下により詳細に記載された多数の目的のために使用することができる。
別の態様において、有尾類に異種の少なくとも1つの薬剤が、対象に移植されるか、または別の方法で対象に投与されるか、または細胞培養に使用される前のECMまたはその有尾類画分に添加される。一般に薬剤としては、任意の薬剤であって、細胞培養に有用な、または治療剤もしくは治療用アジュバントとして有用な任意の薬剤を含む。薬剤は、本発明のECMの上またはこの中に、被覆、注入、またはその他で共有結合もしくは非共有結合的に結合するか、組み込むことができる。薬剤はまた、ECMを含む生成物と組み合わせることができ、例えば、薬剤とECMの粉末を混合することなどによる。各薬剤は、単独で本発明のECMと共に、または他の薬剤と組み合わせて使用してもよい。かかる薬剤の非限定的な例としては、抗菌剤、成長因子、サイトカイン、ケモカイン、皮膚軟化剤、レチノイド、ステロイド、および細胞を含み、細胞は限定することなく、対象自身の細胞を含む。
脱細胞化ECMの天然の状態、または微粒子状もしくは粉末として粉砕された状態に加えて、本発明はまた、脱細胞化ECMの抽出物および分離物も提供する。上述のように、有尾類ECMは抗菌ペプチド、成長促進因子、コラーゲンおよびラミニンに負荷され、ECMの有尾類画分は、本発明に有用である。
合成した生体適合性および細胞適合性材料を、ECMと組み合わせることができ、例えば、(a)シートまたはゲル状のECMのための構造的な支持、(b)ECMを成形するための構造的な支持、(c)ECMのコーティング(または微粒子ECMを含むコーティング)、補助ゲル化剤、または(d)微粒子状ECMまたはその分離物のための徐放性材料である。かかるポリマーは、他のECM材料にバッキングシートとして適用されることが知られており、例えばそれ自体が生分解性の材料である。マトリックスのための適切な合成材料は、移行および免疫学的合併症を防止するために、生体適合性であることができ、細胞増殖および分化した細胞の機能をサポートすることができる。いくつかは再吸収可能であり、完全に自然な組織置換を可能にする。いくつかは、様々な形状に構成可能で、移植の際の崩壊を防止するために十分な強度を有することができる。研究により、ポリグリコール酸からなる生分解性ポリエステルポリマーが、これらの基準のすべてを満たすことが示されている(Vacanti, et al. J. Ped. Surg. 23:3-9 (1988); Cima, et al. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38: 145 (1991); Vacanti, et al. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 88:753-9 (1991))。他の合成生分解性支持体マトリックスとしては、ポリ無水物、ポリオルトエステル、およびポリ乳酸などの合成ポリマーが挙げられる。合成ポリマーおよび、これらのマトリックスに細胞を組み込むか、または埋め込むための方法のさらなる例は、当技術分野で知られている。例えば米国特許第4,298,002号および第5,308,7号を参照。
本明細書に記載の脱細胞化ECMは、実質的に任意のin vivo、ex vivo、またはin vitroでの使用において、細胞、組織、器官を成長させるために有用である。ECMは、細胞の増殖および/または分化を促進するための基質として使用することができる。in vitroにおいて、ECMは、幹細胞、前駆細胞または分化細胞を含む細胞または細胞株の実質的に任意のタイプを含む細胞の培養において、増殖を支持する細胞増殖用基質として有用である。一態様において、細胞は癌細胞である。一態様において、癌細胞は、ECM上で増殖すると結節を形成する。基質上の細胞は、組織、器官または身体部分の前駆体、あるいは成熟組織または構造にも成長し得る。ECM上で増殖した細胞は、移植のために、創傷被覆材のために、in vitroでの薬物試験のために、分化等のモデル化のために、使用することができる。細胞は、ECMの組織細胞型に一致させてもよく、または不一致でもよい。細胞は、異種である。
本明細書において提供される医薬製剤の説明は、主にヒトへの投与に適した医薬組成物を対象としているが、当業者は、かかる組成物が、他の動物、例えば非ヒト哺乳動物などの非ヒト動物への投与にも、一般に適していることを理解するであろう。ヒトへの投与に適した医薬組成物の、この組成物を様々な動物への投与に適したものとするための改変はよく理解されており、当獣医薬理学者は、もし必要だとしても単に通常の実験によって、かかる改変を設計および/または実施することができる。
アホロートル真皮試料の脱細胞化は、健常なまたは治癒したアホロートル真皮組織から切り出した試料を調製し、その後に試料に低/高浸透圧浸漬を施して細胞溶解させ、溶媒脱水、およびオーブン乾燥することにより、実施することができる。これらの移植片の具体的な処理は、15〜26%NaCl中の保管、複数回の低/高浸透圧浸漬(NaCl溶液と水を利用して)、次にエタノールを使用した溶媒脱水、および、空気乾燥または37℃でのオーブン乾燥のいずれかによる、溶媒の蒸発を含む。
天然のアホロートル真皮組織の組織学的検査を行って、基底膜などの注目すべきECM要素の存在を同定した。図1および図4を参照。天然のアホロートル真皮組織とヒト羊膜の比較組織学的および免疫組織化学的分析を行って、ECMの構造および成分を比較し、臨界成分の相対濃度と分布を評価した。図2、図3、および図4を参照。図3は、天然のアホロートル真皮組織とヒト羊膜組織の、種特異的なコラーゲンIVおよびラミニン抗体を介した、免疫組織化学的染色を示す(倍率40倍)。図2は、天然のアホロートル真皮組織とヒト羊膜のH&E染色およびアルシアンブルー染色(40倍)を示し、これは、両方の組織において同等の組織構築(histoarchitecture)および硫酸化グリコサミノグリカンの存在を示す。ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン染色による、対の天然および処理後のアホロートル真皮組織の切片の、組織学的評価(図5)は、細胞外マトリックス組織構築の処理後の保存と、細胞または任意の顕著な濃度の細胞破片の不在を示した。
脱細胞化脱水アホロートル真皮を、機械的なスプリッタを介して分割し、不均一なマトリックスを均一な切片に分離することができる。所望の厚さの分離切片を、その後、再水和し凍結乾燥して、表面特徴を有する所望の配向の多層積層構造体を得ることができる。より具体的には、真皮マトリックスの網状真皮の領域から得られた内部開放多孔質マトリックスを有する、両面基底膜構造を構成して、所望の表面特性を得ることができる。代替的に、分離された天然の切片を所望の臨床転帰のために天然の形態で使用することができる。例えば、網状真皮の開放多孔質均一マトリックスは、軟組織構造を強化するために用いることができる。
両表面に硫酸化GAGおよびコラーゲンIVとラミニンを有する、積層されたカスタム構築物を、臨床上の利益のために望ましい両面接着防止および抗菌特性のために、得ることができる。さらに、多層構造体は、移植片のin vivoでの耐久性を延長するために、構成することができる。
無細胞有尾類結合組織マトリックスの、脱細胞化脱水アホロートルの天然または分離された切片は、脱細胞化軟組織構造を1cm2の切片に区画化し、切片を、水性の1M氷酢酸中、Warringブレンダー(〜100gの組織)で30〜60秒間均質化することにより、調製することができる。スポンジの調製は、様々な体積の水を加え、次に所望の幾何学的形状の型内でのスラリーの中和および凍結乾燥により、得ることができる。得られた多孔率は、マトリックスに添加される水の量に相関する。さらに、選択された範囲の生理活性抽出物を、中和の前にスラリーに添加することができ、これには、消化されたヒトまたは有尾類のミネラル化および脱ミネラル化結合組織から抽出された、粒子状成分または小タンパク質成分、例えば脱灰骨基質、エラスチン、または骨形成タンパク質が含まれ、これらは、構築物中に共有結合で負荷することができる。抽出物は、中和後のコラーゲン繊維と共有結合し、原線維発生が生じる生理学的状態に戻る。その後in vivoでのタンパク質分解中に生理活性成分が放出され、急性炎症の間にin vivoで分子が消費または露出されないことが確実となる。代替的に、NaCl水溶液を中和前にスラリーに添加して、室温で安定な、持続性、低粘度の注入用溶液を得ることができる。イオン選択性膜を介するスラリーの注入は、塩イオンを除去し、注入後に原線維発生を生じさせて、三次元マトリックスが形成される。
ミネラル化コラーゲン有尾類結合組織の切片の脱細胞化の後に、Uristによって使用されたものと同様の脱ミネラル化プロセスを、および、切片化された、無細胞脱ミネラル化、ミネラル化、またはミネラル化なしの有尾類結合組織細胞外マトリックスの、溶媒または凍結乾燥脱水、凍結粉砕を行うことができ、これにより、保存された組織構築および機能を有するECMの微粒子または粉末形態を得ることができる。最終的な粒度分布は、凍結粉砕後の持続時間およびふるい分けに依存して変化させることができ、125〜850ミクロンの間である。低用量冷γ線照射または電子ビーム照射(<25kGy)を使用して、無細胞ECMシート、微粒子または粉末およびカスタム設計された構築物を滅菌することができる。
in vitroでの一連の解析により、脱細胞化ならびに、脱細胞化細胞外マトリックス構築物および/または微粒子の、天然またはカスタム設計された機能的および構造的特性の保存を確認することができ、前記構築物および/または微粒子としては、多層積層構築物、例えば両面基底膜シートマトリックスまたは分離された天然の均質開放多孔質マトリックス、または可溶化凍結乾燥して負荷されたECM由来のコラーゲンスポンジを含む。細胞破片のマーカーとしてのDNA含量を用いて、脱細胞化の定量的評価を、単一の、エタノールに基づく抽出技術と、蛍光染料Quant-iT PicoGreen(Molecular Probes, USA)を、96ウェルプレート中170μLの作業溶液と30μLの試料/標準の比率で用いて、実施することができる。対の天然および処理後の分析および市販の組織ECMとの比較を行って、受容性を確認することができる。図6を参照。
生理活性成分ならびに、天然および処理後のタンパク質分解再吸収プロファイルの定量化のための、ELISA分析を行うことができる。コラゲナーゼでの消化(232〜262mg/活性単位)の際に、pH7.6の緩衝液中(50mMトリス−HCl、200mMのCaCl2、50mMのNaCl)37℃で24時間脱細胞化かつ脱水した有尾類ECM組織または構築物の、重量対表面積を正規化した切片(Sigma, USA)を、種々の時点で分析して、組織構築物の保存を確認するための、処理の前後の組織の相対的吸収曲線を構成することができる。消化後の可溶化コラーゲンは、酸/塩洗浄消化物の100μlのアリコート中、Sircolキット(Biocolor Ltd., UK)を使用して評価することができる。具体的には、BMP2/4およびTGF−1成長因子または硫酸化GAGのレベルを、消化後に、市販のELISAキット(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN)を用いて評価することができる。1:10希釈消化物中のタンパク質含有量を、標準ブラッドフォード吸光度アッセイによって測定することができる。
24時間での定性的細胞生存率の評価のため、直接的な細胞接触法(ISO 10993、Part 5)を細胞毒性試験のために拡張時点(48時間および72時間)で実施して、細胞の増殖および接着効率を測定することができる。血球計での非接着細胞の手動カウントを、培養ウェルの移動およびトリプシン処理後に、行うことができる。CellTiter 96アッセイを実施して、4日後の生存細胞を定量化することができる。生/死細胞染色キットも使用して、24時間および4日目において蛍光顕微鏡を介して足場を可視化し、これにより生体適合性を検証することができる。
Claims (20)
- (A)有尾類からの、細胞外マトリックスを含む組織試料を得ること、および(B)(i)該組織試料の構造的および機能的完全性を保持すること、および(ii)ヒトにおける異種移植片としての生体材料の抗原性を低減または排除するために十分なように試料の細胞成分を除去すること、
を含む方法により前記試料を脱細胞化すること、
を含む方法により生産される、ヒトへの移植のための脱細胞化生体材料。 - 脱細胞化が、組織試料にアルカリ処理を施すことを含む、請求項1に記載の脱細胞化生体材料。
- 前記(A)および(B)を含む方法がさらに、試料を滅菌することを含む、請求項1に記載の脱細胞化生体材料。
- 失活細胞をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の脱細胞化生体材料。
- (A)有尾類からの、細胞外マトリックスを含む組織試料を得ること、および(B)(i)該組織試料の構造的および機能的完全性を保持すること、および(ii)ヒトにおける異種移植片としての生体材料の抗原性を低減または排除するために十分なように試料の細胞成分を除去すること、
を含む方法により前記試料を脱細胞化すること、
を含む方法により生産される、有尾類由来の細胞外マトリックス成分を含む、ヒトへの移植のための組織移植片。 - (A)有尾類からの、細胞外マトリックスを含む組織試料を得ること、および(B)(i)該組織試料の構造的および機能的完全性を保持すること、および(ii)ヒトにおける異種移植片としての生体材料の抗原性を低減または排除するために十分なように試料の細胞成分を除去すること、
を含む方法により前記試料を脱細胞化すること、
を含む方法により生産される、滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)、または滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)に由来する有尾類画分を含む、ヒトへの移植のためのパッケージ。 - 滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)、または滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)に由来する有尾類画分が、分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)のシートである、請求項6に記載のパッケージ。
- 滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)、または滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)に由来する有尾類画分が、乾燥粉末である、請求項6に記載のパッケージ。
- 滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)、または滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)に由来する有尾類画分が、ゲルである、請求項6に記載のパッケージ。
- (A)有尾類からの、細胞外マトリックスを含む組織試料を得ること、および(B)(i)該組織試料の構造的および機能的完全性を保持すること、および(ii)ヒトにおける異種移植片としての生体材料の抗原性を低減または排除するために十分なように試料の細胞成分を除去すること、
を含む方法により前記試料を脱細胞化すること、
を含む方法により生産される、滅菌され分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)、または分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)に由来する滅菌有尾類画分を含む、ヒトへの移植のための滅菌医療用インプラント。 - インプラントが、生体適合性のシート、メッシュ、ゲル、移植片、組織またはデバイスである、請求項10に記載の滅菌医療用インプラント。
- (A)有尾類からの、細胞外マトリックスを含む組織試料を得ること、および(B)(i)該組織試料の構造的および機能的完全性を保持すること、および(ii)ヒトにおける異種移植片としての生体材料の抗原性を低減または排除するために十分なように試料の細胞成分を除去すること、
を含む方法により前記試料を脱細胞化すること、
を含む方法により生産される、分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)、または分離された脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)に由来する有尾類画分で、被覆された、これに含浸された、これをカプセル封入した、またはこれに結合された、ヒトへの移植のための材料。 - (A)有尾類からの、細胞外マトリックスを含む組織試料を得ること、および(B)(i)該組織試料の構造的および機能的完全性を保持すること、および(ii)ヒトにおける異種移植片としての生体材料の抗原性を低減または排除するために十分なように試料の細胞成分を除去すること、
を含む方法により前記試料を脱細胞化すること、
を含む方法により生産される、互いに積層された少なくとも2枚の分離脱細胞化有尾類細胞外マトリックス(ECM)シートを含む、ヒトへの移植のためのデバイス。 - (A)有尾類からの、細胞外マトリックスを含む組織試料を得ること、および(B)(i)該組織試料の構造的および機能的完全性を保持すること、および(ii)ヒトにおける異種移植片としての生体材料の抗原性を低減または排除するために十分なように試料の細胞成分を除去すること、
を含む方法により前記試料を脱細胞化すること、
および脱細胞化細胞外マトリックス(ECM)を滅菌することにより調製した、ヒトへの移植のための生成物。 - (A)有尾類からの、細胞外マトリックスを含む組織試料を得ること、および(B)(i)該組織試料の構造的および機能的完全性を保持すること、および(ii)ヒトにおける異種移植片としての生体材料の抗原性を低減または排除するために十分なように試料の細胞成分を除去すること、
を含む方法により前記試料を脱細胞化し、
脱細胞化細胞外マトリックス(ECM)を形成すること、
を含む、ヒトへの移植のための生物学的材料を調製する方法。 - 方法がさらに、脱細胞化細胞外マトリックス(ECM)がその上または内部で細胞が成長できるマトリックスとして有用であることを可能とするのに十分なように、脱細胞化細胞外マトリックス(ECM)の構造的および機能的完全性を保持する様式で、脱細胞化を実施することを含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 脱細胞化細胞外マトリックス(ECM)を均質化して粉末を形成することをさらに含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 粉末をゲルとして再構成することをさらに含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 脱細胞化細胞外マトリックス(ECM)を滅菌することをさらに含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 脱細胞化細胞外マトリックス(ECM)を、有尾類にとって外来性の薬剤に結合させることをさらに含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
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