JP6595988B2 - ターゲットされる修飾tnfファミリーメンバー - Google Patents
ターゲットされる修飾tnfファミリーメンバー Download PDFInfo
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- JP6595988B2 JP6595988B2 JP2016526661A JP2016526661A JP6595988B2 JP 6595988 B2 JP6595988 B2 JP 6595988B2 JP 2016526661 A JP2016526661 A JP 2016526661A JP 2016526661 A JP2016526661 A JP 2016526661A JP 6595988 B2 JP6595988 B2 JP 6595988B2
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Description
ナノボディ
マウスのレプチン受容体(mLR)に対して向けられたナノボディ4−10は、Zabeau et al.(2012)に記載されている。そのコード配列をSlgKリーダーペプチド、HAタグ及びアルブミンとの融合の際に哺乳動物の発現ベクターpMET7(Takebe et al., 1988)にクローン化した。プラスミド名:pMET7 SlgK−HA−4.11−Albumin。抗Her2ナノボディ1R59Bは、Vaneycken et al.(2011)において記載されている。ヒトCD20(hCD20)に対して向けられたNB 2HCD25及びマウスCD20(mCD20)に対する2MC57 NBは、標準的な技術を使用して作製した(Gharouhdi et al., 1997; Pardon et al., 2014)。対照NB Bcll10は、De Groeve et al.(2010)において記載されている。
GGGGSリンカー(配列番号:1)を介して接続された3つのhTNF単量体からなるscTNFは、Boschert et al.(2010)によって記載されている。hTNFにおけるY87Q突然変異は、両方の受容体、TNF−R1及びTNF−R2との結合を完全に抑止することを示した。I97を変異することにより、両方の受容体とのhTNFの減少した結合を生じる(Loetscher et al., 1993)。hTNF内の残基の全範囲を変異し(QuikChange Site−Directed Mutagenesis Kit, Stratagene Cat# 200518)、及びMCF7細胞におけるこれらの毒性について試験した(図7)。我々は、ターゲットされる構築物について以下の突然変異を選択した:Y87Q、Y87F、I97S、I97A、Y115A、Y115G。sc hTNF WT−6xGGS、sc hTNF Y87Q3x−6xGGS、sc hTNFI97A3x−6xGGS、sc hTNF Y87Q1x I97A2x−6xGGS、sc hTNF Y87Q2x I97A1x−6xGGS、sc hTNF WT1x Y87Q2x−6xGGS、sc hTNF WT2x Y87Q1x−6xGGS、sc hTNF I97S3x−6xGGS、sc hTNF Y115A3x−6xGGS、sc hTNF Y87F3x、sc hTNF Y115G3x、sc mTNF WT及びsc mTNF Y86F3xのコード配列を遺伝子合成によって作製した(GeneArt)。個々の鎖は、GGGGS(配列番号:1)リンカーによって分離される。
1R59B Her2ナノボディのコード配列を以下のプライマーをもつプラスミドpHEN6−1R59BからPCRによって合成した:フォワード5’−GTCAAGATCTGGCGGTTCGGCGGCCGCAATGGCCCAGGTGCAGCTGCAG−3’(配列番号:2)、リバース5’− CAGTTCTAGATTACTTATCGTCGTCATCCTTGTAATCCGAACCGCCGTCCGGAGAGGAGACGGTGAC−3’(配列番号:3)。このPCRは、1R59Bナノボディのアミノ末端においてBglllとNotl部位とカルボキシ末端におけるFLAGタグとの間にGGSを導入する。PCR産物をBglll及びXbalで消化した。pMK−RQ−sc hTNF WT、pMK−RQ−sc hTNF Y87Q3x及びpMK−RQ−sc hTNF I97A3xをNdel及びBglllで消化した。消化したPCR産物及び合成遺伝子断片をNdel−Xbal消化したpMET7 SlgK−HA−レプチンベクターにクローン化して、pMET7 SlgK−HA−sc hTNF WT−6xGGS−1R59B−FLAG、pMET7 SlgK−HA−sc hTNF Y87Q3x−6xGGS−1R59B−FLAG及びpMET7 SlgK−HA−sc hTNF I97A3x−6xGGS−1R59B−FLAGを得た。1R59Bナノボディのない対照ベクターをPCR産物の代わりにBglllとXbalとの間にGGS及びFLAGタグを含む以下のアニーリングされたオリゴを挿入することによって得た:フォワード:5’GATCTGGCGGTTCGGCGGCCGCAGATTACAAGGATGACGACGATAAGTAAT3’(配列番号:4)、リバース:5’CTAGATTACTTATCGTCGTCATCCTTGTAATCTGCGGCCGCCGAACCGCCA3’(配列番号:5)。1R59Bナノボディのみをもつ対照ベクターをNdel−sc hTNF−Bglll断片の代わりに以下のアニーリングされたオリゴを挿入することによって得た:フォワード:5’−TATGATGTGCCCGACTACGCTGGCGGCAGCA−3’(配列番号:6)、リバース5’−GATCTGCTGCCGCCAGCGTAGTCGGGCACATCA−3’(配列番号:7)。GGSリンカーの長さは、BglllとNotl部位との間における本来の6xGGSに7xGGSまたは13xGGSリピート(遺伝子合成によって作製した、GeneArt)を付加することによって、13のリピート及び19のリピートのGGSリンカーに適合させた。
HekT細胞を標準的なリン酸カルシウム沈殿法を使用してタンパク質融合構築物でトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクション培養培地を収集した48時間後、及び−20℃にて貯蔵した。濃度を市販のhTNF ELISA(DY210、R1Dシステム)で決定した。
FreeStyle(商標)293−F細胞を製造業者の指針に従ったPEIpro(商標)トランスフェクション試薬(PolyPlus、Cat# 115−375)を使用してタンパク質融合構築物でトランスフェクトした。エンドトキシン含量は、色素生産性Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Assay(Lonza、Cat# 50−647U)によって評価したときに、全ての標品において検出限界の下であった。
Hek、HekT、Hek−mLR、MCF7、MCF7−hCD20、MCF7−mLR及びB16BI6−mCD20細胞を10%のFCSを追加したDMEMにおいて生育させた。FreeStyle(商標)293−F株化細胞をInvitrogen、Life Technologies(Cat# R790−07)から得て、及びGibco、Life Technologies(Cat# 12338)からのFreeStyle(商標)293 Expression Mediumにおいて維持した。ヒト乳がんSK−BR−3(ATCC:HTB−30)株化細胞をATCCから得て、及び10% FCSを追加したMcCoy’s 5A培地において維持した。
TNF特異的活性をNF−κBプロモーターの制御下のルシフェラーゼ活性を定量化することによって測定した。標準的なリン酸カルシウム沈殿法によるNF−κΒルシフェラーゼリポーター(pGL3−(IL6−κB)3−ホタルルシフェラーゼ)のトランスフェクションの2日後に、細胞をターゲットされる、または対照sc hTNFで6時間刺激した。可溶化液を調製し(溶解緩衝液:25mM Tris、pH 7.8、2mM EDTA、2mMジチオスレイトール、10% グリセロール、1% Triton X−100)、及び35μlのルシフェラーゼ基質緩衝液(20mMトリシン、1.07mM(MgC03)4Mg(OH)2・5H2O、2.67mM MgSO4・7H2O、0.1mM EDTA、33.3mMジチオスレイトール、270μΜ補酵素A、470μΜルシフェリン、530μΜ ATP、最終pH7.8)を50μlの可溶化液あたりに加えた。発光をTopCount化学発光カウンター(Packard)において5秒間測定した。
TNF誘導性遺伝子IL−6の発現を500ng/mlのターゲットされる、または対照sc hTNFで6時間処理されたSK−BR−3細胞におけるHPRTと相対的に、RT−PCRによって定量化した。総RNAをRNeasyカラム(Qiagen)で精製し、及び製造業者の指針に従って、同量のRNA(0.5μg)をPrimescript RT Reagentキット(Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan)を使用して逆転写のために使用した。10倍に希釈したcDNAを1xSYBR Green Iマスターミックス(04 887 352 001、Roche)及び1nM遺伝子特異的プライマーを含むRT−QPCR混合物に加えた。アッセイをLightCycler 480 Real−Time PCR Systemサーモサイクラー(Roche Applied Science)において三通りで行い、及び結果を、AACT法を使用して解析した。以下のプライマーを使用した:
HPRTフォワード:5’TGACACTGGCAAAACAATGCA3’(配列番号:10);
HPRTリバース:5’GGTCCTTTTCACCAGCAAGCT3’(配列番号:11);
IL−6フォワード:5’GACAGCCACTCACCTCTTCA3’(配列番号:12);
IL−6リバース:5’AGTGCCTCTTTGCTGCTTTC3’(配列番号:13)。
また、TNF特異的活性を、MCF7細胞における細胞毒性を評価することによって測定した。1000個の細胞を黒い96ウェルプレートに蒔き、及び24時間後に異なるTNF構築物で刺激した。48〜72時間後に、生存細胞の数を製造業者の指針に従ってCellTiter−Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay(Promega Cat# G7570)を使用して決定した。
インビボにおけるhTNF毒性を評価するために、雌の8週間目のC57BL/6Jマウス(Charles River, Franceから購入した)には、10mg D−ガラクトサミン(LPSを含まないPBSで希釈し、500μlの容積で注射した)と組み合わせた500ng rhTNFまたはsc hTNFナノボディ融合タンパク質を腹膜内に注射した。罹患率を末梢(直腸)体温の測定によってモニターした。融合タンパク質あたりn=2−4。
8週間目の雌のC57BL/6Jマウスを剃り、及び背中に6x105 B16BI6−mCD20腫瘍細胞を皮下に接種した(0日目)。処理は、最も大きな垂直直径の産物がおよそ50 mm2であったときに始めた(10日目において)。PBSまたは35μgナノボディsc mTNF融合タンパク質を病変周辺注射(腫瘍部位の近くの皮下注射だが腫瘍瘤の外側)によって連続8日間投与した(10〜17日目、灰色のバーとして図16Aに示した)。腫瘍をノギスで毎日測定し、及び平均±SEMとして示す。罹患率を体重量及び温度の毎日の測定によってモニターした。処理あたりn=5。
図1は、sc hTNFのナノボディNまたはC末端のいずれかをもつsc hTNF−ナノボディ融合タンパク質の略図を示す。
TNF刺激に応じてのNF−κΒルシフェラーゼリポーター活性の誘導をHekT細胞において、及びマウスのレプチン受容体(Hek−mLR)を発現するHek細胞において試験した。図2Aに示したように、WT sc hTNF誘導されたNF−κΒ誘導を完全に(>1000倍)、または部分的(100倍)に、それぞれY87Q3xまたはI97A3x突然変異によって抑止した。その上、mLRを発現しないHekT細胞において、全てのsc hTNF構築物(WT、Y87Q3x及びI97A3x)は、mLRナノボディへの融合に非依存的に類似のNF−κB活性を誘導する(図2A)。対照的に、mLRナノボディに連結することは、WT sc hTNFと類似の程度までmLRを発現するHek細胞におけるsc hTNFI97A3xのNF−κΒ誘導を回復することができる(図2B)。我々は、mLRを発現している細胞が、ナノボディ連結sc hTNF I97A3xに対する親のHekT細胞より100倍感度が高いと見積もった。対照的に、3倍のY87Q突然変異は、HekT細胞と比較してHek−mLR細胞におけるTNF反応性の任意のレスキュー効果を示さなかった(図2B)。
構築物を最適化するために、個々の鎖において異なる突然変異、並びにsc hTNFとターゲティング部分との間の異なるリンカー長をもつsc hTNF構築物を試験した。結果を図3、4及び5に要約する。sc hTNFI97A3x及びsc hTNF Y87Q1x l97A2xは、レプチン受容体を発現しないHek細胞における活性を示さないが、レプチン受容体を標的としたときに明らかな用量依存的活性を有する。
我々は、α−Her2ナノボディ1R59B及びsc hTNF WT、sc hTNF Y87Q3xまたはsc hTNFI97A3xを使用して融合タンパク質を作製した。ナノボディとsc hTNFとの間のリンカーは、6xGGSまたは19xGGSのいずれかであった。これらの分子を定量的RT−PCRによってHPRTと相対的に決定されるIL−6 TNF誘導性遺伝子の誘導のために、Her2を過剰発現させているSK−BR−3乳癌株化細胞において試験した。
I97A3x突然変異体sc hTNFの相対的に高い残効性のため、我々は、MCF7細胞におけるルシフェラーゼ活性として異なる個々の三量化hTNF突然変異体の毒性を測定することによって、さらなる突然変異を捜した。WT個々の三量化TNFに対する突然変異体の活性を図7に示す。大部分の突然変異は、強烈にTNF活性に影響を及ぼさず(>WTの1%)、及びこれらのおそらく残りの実質的毒性のため、ターゲットされる構築物の開発により有望でないかもしれない。我々は、TNF機能を(ほとんど)完全に抑止する突然変異により興味を持っている。無変異(<WTの0,1%)の使用は、副作用を有しないが、ターゲティングによる再活性化がより容易に達成されないという欠点を可能性として有するターゲットされる構築物を生じる。いくつかの残効性を有する突然変異(WTの0,02〜5%、特にWTの 0,1%〜1%)は、より優れた再活性化される可能性を有し、一方で毒性がない。個々の三量化WT TNFの0,02〜5%の間に活性範囲をカバーしている6つの異なる突然変異をターゲットされる修飾サイトカインの開発のために選択した:Y87Q(0,02%)、I97S及びY115A(0,2%)、Y87F(0,5−1%)、Y115G(1〜2%)及びI97A(2〜5%)。
mLR NBターゲットされるTNFの毒性をMCF7及びMCF7−mLR細胞において評価した。異なる突然変異(I97A3x、I97S3x及びY115A3x)をsc hTNFとmLR NBとの間の異なるリンカーと同様に試験した(6xGGS、13xGGS、19xGGS)。図8Aに示したように、毒性はI97A3x突然変異I97S3xによって20倍に、及びY115A3x突然変異によって500倍に減少され、それは、我々が個々の三量化TNFについて観察したものと類似する(図7)。その上、mLRを発現しないMCF7細胞において、mLR NBへの融合は、WTまたは突然変異体sc hTNFの活性を変化させず(図8A)、その一方で、この融合は、MCF7−mLR細胞における全てのsc hTNF突然変異体を再活性化する(図8B)。我々は、mLRを発現している細胞が、NB連結I97S3x及びY115A3x sc hTNFに対する親MCF7細胞より100倍感度が高いと見積もった。しかし、これらのターゲットされる修飾TNFは、WT sc hTNFよりなおも約20倍活性がない。対照的に、I97A3xターゲットされる修飾TNFは、MCF7−mLR細胞におけるWT活性レベルに回復され、それは20倍の再活性化に対応する(図8B)。
修飾TNFのターゲティングについてのその他のターゲティング部分の効果を評価するために、我々は、実施例6の構築物におけるmLR NBをhCD20 NBと置換し、及びMCF7細胞及びhCD20(MCF7−hCD20)を発現するMCF7細胞においてこれらの毒性を試験した。結果を図9に示す。予想通りに、mLR NB及びhCD20 NBターゲットされる修飾TNFは、親MCF7細胞に対して同様に挙動する(図8A及び9A)。
我々は、sc hTNF後の代わりに前にNBを配置することによってhCD20 NB−TNF構築物を改善しようとした。また、我々は、2つのさらなる、より急激でない突然変異(Y87F3x及びY115G3x、図7)を試験した。MCF7及びこれらの構築物をもつMCF7−hCD20毒性研究を図10に示す。hCD20 NBに接続されたsc hTNFは、MCF7細胞において対照Bcll10 NBに接続した対応する突然変異体と同じ毒性を及ぼし(図10A)、及び活性のレベルは、我々が個々の三量化TNF突然変異体について観察したものと類似する(図7)。突然変異体のこの減少した毒性は、MCF7−hCD20細胞におけるhCD20ターゲティングに(部分的に)戻る:hCD20 NB接続された修飾TNFは、対応するBcll10対照NB接続されたsc hTNFsと比較して、10倍(Y115G3x)、15倍(Y87F3x)、100倍(l97S3x、Y115A3x)またはさらにより高い(Y87Q3x)増加した活性を与える(図10B)。この実験において、hCD20 NBがsc hTNFのアミノ末端の代わりにカルボキシ末端に配置するときに、再活性化はより少ない(図9B)。
ターゲットされる修飾TNF対ターゲットされない修飾TNFの相違は、少なくとも100倍であるという事実にもかかわらず、いくつかの突然変異は、その抗腫瘍効果に影響を及ぼすかもしれないWT活性レベル(Y87Q3x)より低いレスキュー活性を示す。あるいは、いくつかの突然変異は、インビボにおいて使用されるときに、いくらかの(全身)毒性を導くかもしれないいくつかの残効性(l97S3x及びY115A3x)をなおも有する。これらの潜在的欠点を解決するために、我々は、したがって、活性レベルがさらに調節され得るかどうか確かめるために、sc hTNFの個々の鎖における異なる残基を変異することによってさらなる構築物を試験した。図11に示したように、単鎖において異なる突然変異を組み合わせることは、ターゲットされない細胞における残効性及びターゲティングによる再活性化のレベルを変化させることができる。
ターゲットされる個々の三量化対単鎖TNF効率を比較するために、WTまたはI97A hTNFを単量体としてmLR NBにC末端にて接続した。これらの毒性を、MCF7細胞及びmLR(MCF7−mLR)を発現するMCF7細胞において試験し、及び図12に示す。また、個々の三量化形態において、I97A突然変異は、MCF7細胞において毒性であるが、WT hTNFより少ない範囲である(図8A及び図12A)。その上、mLRナノボディにC末端に接続されるときに、個々の三量化する−しかし単鎖でない−TNFは、MCF7細胞においてより毒性にならず、及びこれは、WT及びI97Aの両方についての場合である(図8A及び図12A)。ほとんど確実に、個々の三量化TNF−mLR NB構築物で形成されたhTNF三量体に存在する3つのナノボディは、その受容体へのhTNFの結合を立体的に妨げている。しかし、この減少した活性は、MCF7−mLR細胞におけるmLRへのターゲティングによって戻り得る(図12B)。興味深いことに、これは、活性の調整のさらなるレベルを提供する:1つは、異なる突然変異を組み合わせることができ、並びに立体的妨害を使用して、残効性及びターゲティングに応じた再活性化のレベルに影響を及ぼすことができる。
TNFは、マウスにおいて著しい種特異性を示すため、前臨床でhTNF突然変異体の毒性を評価することは明らかでない。mTNFと対照的に、hTNFは、極めて高い用量で致死性を誘導するのみである(Brouckaert et al. 1992)。この種特異性の理由が、マウスのTNF−R2と相互作用していないhTNFによって生じると長く考えられたが、薬物動態研究は、hTNFがマウスにおけるmTNFより非常に迅速に除去され、及び結果として生じる限られたhTNF曝露が罹患率のその欠如の原因であることを示した(Ameloot et al. 2002)。
すでに述べたように、hTNFのインビボ毒性は、マウスにおいて容易に研究することができない。したがって、並びに免疫担当性同系マウスにおいて予想される抗腫瘍実験のため、我々がhTNFについて選択したものに相同的なmTNFの残基を変異することに決めた(実施例5を参照されたい)。図15に図示したように、10μgと同じ低い用量で静脈内に注射したときに、Bcll10NB−sc mTNF WTは、重篤な罹患率(図15A)及び100%の死亡率(図15B)を生じさせた。対照的に、200μgの静脈内大量瞬時投与として注射したときでさえ、Bcll10NB−sc mTNF Y86F3xは、死亡も誘導しなかったし(図15B)、意の毒性の任徴候も生じさせなかった(起毛、震え、嗜眠、身繕いの喪失または体温の低下;後者について図15Aを参照されたい)。それにもかかわらず、B16BI6−mCD20腫瘍をもつマウスに35μgの用量で病変周囲に毎日注射したときに、ナノボディ接続されたsc mTNF Y86F3xは、特にmCD20にターゲットされたときに、腫瘍成長をまだ減少させる/防ぐことができる(図16A)。より低い用量がPBS処理された動物により密接に擬態するように(データを示さず)、腫瘍成長に対するターゲットされない突然変異体TNFの効果は(図16A)、高用量(35μg)が使用されたためである。NB−sc mTNF Y86F3xでの毎日の処理は、罹患率または死亡率の任意の徴候を生じさせなかった一方で、NB−sc mTNF WTで処理された腫瘍をもつマウスは、1回または2回の注射の後に死亡した(図16B)。
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Claims (7)
- (i)修飾ヒト腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)を3コピー含む単鎖ポリペプチドであって、前記修飾ヒトTNFは、野生型ヒトTNFと比較して、その受容体への親和性が低下しており、前記修飾ヒトTNFは、次の位置:Y87、I97、およびY115のうちの1つにおける置換変異を少なくとも1つ含み、位置Y87における置換変異は、Y87QおよびY87Fから選択され、位置I97における置換変異は、I97AおよびI97Sから選択され、位置Y115における置換変異は、Y115AおよびY115Gから選択される、単鎖ポリペプチドと、
(ii)リンカー配列と、
(iii)ターゲティング部分と、
を含む構築物であって、前記リンカー配列が前記ターゲティング部分に前記TNFポリペプチドのコピーを連結している、構築物。 - 前記ターゲティング部分が、抗体またはラクダ科重鎖抗体(VHH)を含む、請求項1に記載の構築物。
- 前記ターゲティング部分が、腫瘍脈管構造のマーカーに特異的にターゲティングされる、請求項1または2に記載の構築物。
- 前記ターゲティング部分が、CD20、Her2、c−Met、EGFR、テネイシンC、ανβ3インテグリン、CD13、CD3、CD47、CD70、Axl、PSCA、およびPSMAから選択される標的に対して向けられる、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の構築物。
- 前記ターゲティング部分が、CD20に対して向けられる、請求項4に記載の構築物。
- 前記ターゲティング部分が、Her2に対して向けられる、請求項4に記載の構築物。
- 単鎖融合タンパク質を含む構築物であって、前記融合タンパク質が、
(i)3コピーの修飾ヒトTNFであって、前記修飾ヒトTNFは、野生型ヒトTNFと比較して、その受容体への親和性が低下しており、前記修飾ヒトTNFは、位置Y87における置換変異を少なくとも1つ含み、位置Y87における置換変異は、Y87QおよびY87Fから選択される、3コピーの修飾ヒトTNFと、
(ii)リンカー配列と、
(iii)CD20に向けられたラクダ科重鎖抗体(VHH)を含むターゲティング部分と、を含み、前記リンカー配列が前記ターゲティング部分に前記修飾ヒトTNFのコピーを連結している、構築物。
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