JP6557680B2 - 一過性受容体電位a1イオンチャネルの阻害 - Google Patents
一過性受容体電位a1イオンチャネルの阻害 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6557680B2 JP6557680B2 JP2016562799A JP2016562799A JP6557680B2 JP 6557680 B2 JP6557680 B2 JP 6557680B2 JP 2016562799 A JP2016562799 A JP 2016562799A JP 2016562799 A JP2016562799 A JP 2016562799A JP 6557680 B2 JP6557680 B2 JP 6557680B2
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- 125000000561 purinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=C2N=CNC2=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004309 pyranyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003072 pyrazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940001584 sodium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MRTAVLDNYYEJHK-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-chloro-2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)Cl MRTAVLDNYYEJHK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran thf Chemical compound C1CCOC1.C1CCOC1 WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WROMPOXWARCANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tfa trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F.OC(=O)C(F)(F)F WROMPOXWARCANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000004797 therapeutic response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008542 thermal sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001984 thiazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005985 thienyl[1,3]dithianyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000007970 thio esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002813 thiocarbonyl group Chemical group *C(*)=S 0.000 description 1
- 229960000984 tocofersolan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010044008 tonsillitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004306 triazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001889 triflyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000005455 trithianyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 208000029729 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 11 Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 208000010576 undifferentiated carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000003708 urethra Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940070710 valerate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000024883 vasodilation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019871 vegetable fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OGWKCGZFUXNPDA-XQKSVPLYSA-N vincristine Chemical compound C([N@]1C[C@@H](C[C@]2(C(=O)OC)C=3C(=CC4=C([C@]56[C@H]([C@@]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@]7(CC)C=CCN([C@H]67)CC5)(O)C(=O)OC)N4C=O)C=3)OC)C[C@@](C1)(O)CC)CC1=C2NC2=CC=CC=C12 OGWKCGZFUXNPDA-XQKSVPLYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004528 vincristine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OGWKCGZFUXNPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N vincristine Natural products C1C(CC)(O)CC(CC2(C(=O)OC)C=3C(=CC4=C(C56C(C(C(OC(C)=O)C7(CC)C=CCN(C67)CC5)(O)C(=O)OC)N4C=O)C=3)OC)CN1CCC1=C2NC2=CC=CC=C12 OGWKCGZFUXNPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003260 vortexing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- PJVWKTKQMONHTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N warfarin Chemical compound OC=1C2=CC=CC=C2OC(=O)C=1C(CC(=O)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 PJVWKTKQMONHTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
- C07D473/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6
- C07D473/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two oxygen atoms
- C07D473/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two oxygen atoms with radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached in position 1 or 3
- C07D473/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two oxygen atoms with radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached in position 1 or 3 with methyl radicals in positions 1 and 3, e.g. theophylline
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
- A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
- A61P11/14—Antitussive agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
- C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Discharging, Photosensitive Material Shape In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
- Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
Description
本出願は、2014年4月23日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/983,223号および2014年5月1日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/987,272号の優先権を主張する。これらの米国仮特許出願は、それらの全体が、本明細書において参考として援用される。
本発明は、式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩、薬学的調製物もしくは薬学的組成物、ならびに、疼痛、炎症性疾患、ニューロパシー、皮膚科障害、肺の症状および咳を処置するため、および一過性受容体電位A1イオンチャネル(TRPA1)を阻害するためのそれらの使用に関する。
一過性受容体電位A1(本明細書中において「TRPA1」)は、ヒトの痛覚に関係する非選択的陽イオンチャネルである。TRPA1は、感覚ニューロンに見られ、侵害性化学物質、組織損傷および炎症の検出を疼痛に結び付けるのを助ける検出器として機能する。TRPA1の活性化は、侵害受容ニューロンの発火および脊髄における中枢性感作の促進を誘導することによって、疼痛を引き起こすと考えられている。TRPA1の刺激は、感覚ニューロンの発火も増加させ、その結果、血管拡張を誘導し、免疫細胞のリクルートを助ける、炎症促進性神経ペプチド(例えば、NK−A、サブスタンスPおよびCGRP)を放出させ得る。炎症中に産生される種々の内因性の反応性化合物が、TRPA1を活性化する。その内因性の反応性化合物としては、リポソームの過酸化中に放出される4−ヒドロキシノネナール;COX酵素によって合成されるシクロペンタンプロスタグランジン;酸化ストレスによって産生される過酸化水素が挙げられる。また、TRPA1の活性化は、TRPA1を寒冷に対して感作する。さらに、TRPA1における機能獲得変異は、家族性偶発性疼痛症候群を引き起こす;この症状に苦しんでいる患者は、寒冷によって引き起こされ得る偶発性疼痛を有する。したがって、TRPA1は、神経損傷、冷感異痛および炎症性疼痛に関係する疼痛に関与すると考えられる。
本明細書中に記載される化合物は、TRPA1イオンチャネルの阻害が例えば疼痛の処置において有益である障害の処置において有用であり得る。いくつかの実施形態において、本明細書中に記載される化合物は、TRPA1を阻害する分野における他の化合物にまさる好ましい特性を有する。例えば、いくつかの実施形態において、本明細書中に記載される化合物は、肝毒性の血清バイオマーカーを増加させずにTRPA1イオンチャネルを阻害する。いくつかの実施形態において、本明細書中に記載されるような化合物、例えば、式(I)の化合物は、TRPA1を阻害する分野における他の化合物と比べて望ましい水溶解度を有する(静脈内投与のために製剤化された薬学的組成物に適した水溶解度を有する化合物を含む)。
定義
本開示は、その適用において、本明細書中に記載される方法および組成物の詳細に限定されない。また、本明細書中で使用される表現法および用語法は、説明目的であって、限定として見なされるべきでない。
ee=(90−10)/100=80%
したがって、90%の一方のエナンチオマーおよび10%の他方のエナンチオマーを含む組成物は、80%の鏡像体過剰率を有するといわれる。
de=(90−10)/100=80%
したがって、90%の一つのジアステレオマーおよび10%の他のジアステレオマーを含む組成物は、80%のジアステレオ過剰率を有するといわれる。
本明細書の様々な箇所において、本発明の化合物の置換基は、群または範囲として開示される。本発明は、そのような群および範囲のメンバーの各々およびそれらのメンバーのすべての個別の部分組み合わせを含むと明確に意図されている。例えば、用語「C1−6アルキル」は、メチル、エチル、C3アルキル、C4アルキル、C5アルキルおよびC6アルキルを個別に開示していると明確に意図されている。
TRPA1の阻害が有益である障害の処置において有用であり得る化合物が、本明細書中に記載される。そのような障害は、本明細書中に記載される。
R1は、H、C1−C6アルキル、C1−C6アルケニルまたはC1−C6アルキニルであり;
R2は、一つまたは複数のR5基で必要に応じて置換される、H、C1−C6アルキル、C1−C6アルケニルまたはC1−C6アルキニルであり;
R3は、H、C1−C6アルキル、C1−C6アルケニルまたはC1−C6アルキニルであり;
R4は、一つまたは複数の位置において1〜4個のR6基で必要に応じて置換される、ハロ、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、チオール、アルキルチオ、アミノ、アルキルアミノ、ジアルキルアミノ、シアノ、ニトロ、アミド、アルキルアミド、ジアルキルアミド、チオイル、スルホニル、シクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリールまたはヘテロアリールであり;
R5は、独立して、H、ハロゲン、アルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、ヒドロキシ、アミノ、アミド、ホスホネート、カルボキシル、エーテル、アルキルチオ、ハロアルキルおよびシアノであり;
R6は、独立して、H、ハロゲン、アルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、シクロアルキル、ヒドロキシ、アミノ、ニトロ、スルフヒドリル、イミノ、アミド、ホスフェート、ホスホネート、ホスフィネート、カルボニル、カルボキシル、シリル、エーテル、アルキルチオ、スルホニル、ケトン、アルデヒド(alkehyde)、エステル、複素環、芳香環または芳香族複素環、ハロアルキルおよびシアノである。
nは、0〜4の整数であり;
mは、0〜4の整数から選択される。
nは、0〜4の整数であり;
mは、0〜4の整数から選択される。
nは、0〜4の整数であり;
mは、0〜4の整数から選択される。
式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩などの本明細書中に記載される化合物を含む薬学的組成物は、本明細書中に記載される障害、例えば、被験体(例えば、ヒトおよび動物)におけるTRPA1イオンチャネルの阻害に応答性である障害を処置するためまたは回復させるために使用され得る。
本発明の薬学的組成物における活性成分の実際の投薬量レベルは、特定の患者、組成物および投与様式に対して、その患者にとって毒性でなく、所望の治療反応を達成するのに有効な活性成分の量が得られるように変動し得る。
本明細書中に記載される化合物は、本明細書中に記載される障害を処置するためまたは予防するために使用され得る。例えば、TRPA1阻害活性を有する化合物が、TRPA1に関連する疾患または症状の症候を予防、処置または軽減するために本明細書中で提供される。式(I)の化合物または一つもしくはそれを超える式(I)の化合物を含む薬学的組成物は、本明細書中に記載される障害、症状または疾患、例えば、TRPA1の阻害によって処置可能なものを処置するために投与され得る。例えば、式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩を含む薬学的組成物は、周術期の鎮痛薬として、例えば、経度から中程度の急性術後痛の管理および中程度から重度の急性疼痛の管理においてオピオイド鎮痛薬の補助剤として、有用である。治療有効量の式(I)の化合物を含む薬学的組成物は、式(I)の化合物を含む薬学的組成物の1回またはそれを超える個別投与を含む臨床的に安全かつ有効な様式で、疼痛の処置のために患者に投与され得る。さらなる例示的な方法としては、末梢糖尿病性ニューロパシー(PDN)および化学療法誘発性末梢神経障害(CIPN)の処置が挙げられる。例えば、治療的に有効な用量の式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩を含む薬学的組成物は、被験体における疼痛を処置するために、1日またはそれを超える日数の処置期間にわたって1日あたり複数回(例えば、BID)、それを必要とする被験体に投与され得る(例えば、静脈内)。式(I)の化合物を含む薬学的組成物は、肺の症状、例えば、閉塞性疾患、例えば、慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)、喘息(例えば、寒冷誘発性喘息、運動誘発性喘息、アレルギー誘発性喘息および職業性喘息)および咳を処置するためまたは回復させるためにも使用され得る。
TRPA1の調節において有用な式(I)の化合物は、哺乳動物、特に、ヒトにおける疼痛の処置および/または予防に適した鎮痛医薬品の製剤化において使用され得る。TRPA1の内因性の活性化物質は、組織損傷、炎症および代謝ストレスをはじめとした多くの病理学的な症状において産生される。本発明の化合物および薬学的組成物は、神経因性疼痛を含むTRPA1の活性化に起因する疼痛を処置するために投与され得る。関連性のある神経因性疼痛の症状としては、有痛性糖尿病性ニューロパシー、化学療法誘発性末梢神経障害、腰痛、三叉神経痛、帯状疱疹後神経痛、坐骨神経痛および複合性局所性疼痛症候群が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
TRPA1の調節において有用な式(I)の化合物は、哺乳動物、特に、ヒトにおける片頭痛の処置および/または予防に適した医薬品の製剤化において使用され得る。TRPA1活性化物質への曝露は、感受性集団において片頭痛の引き金を引くと示された。そのような活性化物質としては、ウンベルロン、ニトログリセリン、たばこの煙およびホルムアルデヒドが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。したがって、本発明のTRPA1アンタゴニストは、慢性と急性の両方の片頭痛の処置に対して著しい潜在的資質のある治療薬である。
本明細書中に提供される組成物および方法はまた、炎症性疾患の処置に関連して使用され得る。これらの疾患としては、喘息、慢性閉塞性肺疾患、関節リウマチ、変形性関節症、炎症性腸疾患、糸球体腎炎、多発性硬化症などの神経炎症性疾患、および免疫系の障害が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。TRPA1は、膵臓痛および膵臓の炎症に関与すると示された(例えば、Schwartzら、Gastroenterology(2011)140(4):1283−1291を参照のこと)。
膵炎は、膵臓の炎症である。膵臓は、胃の後ろにあり、十二指腸に近接した大きな腺である。正常には、消化酵素は、小腸に到達するまで活性にならず、小腸において食物の消化を開始する。しかし、これらの酵素が、膵臓の内側で活性になる場合、膵臓自体の「消化」を開始する。TRPA1は、膵臓痛および膵臓の炎症に関与すると示された(例えば、Schwartzら、Gastroenterology(2011)140(4):1283−1291を参照のこと)。
TRPA1の過活性は、有毒なカルシウム過負荷に至り得るので、TRPA1アンタゴニストは、糖尿病、化学的損傷、化学療法、スタチンなどの薬、HIV/AIDS、ファブリー病、ビタミン欠乏症、シャルコー・マリー・トゥース病(Marie−Charcot Tooth disease)などの遺伝性多発ニューロパシー、および外傷に関連するニューロパシーの予防においても有用性を有する。筋萎縮性側索硬化症などの末梢神経変性疾患もまた、TRPA1アンタゴニストによる処置に適用できることがある。
肺疾患および咳
皮膚科障害
かゆみ、すなわち急性そう痒は、例えば、環境中の有害物質に対する警告によって、重要な防御機能を発揮するが、例えば、数多くの皮膚障害、全身性障害および神経系障害を併発する消耗性の症状でもあり得る。かゆみのいくつかの形態は、それらが、例えば抗ヒスタミン剤による処置に感受性であるとき、ヒスタミンシグナル伝達によって媒介される。しかしながら、ほとんどの病態生理学的なかゆみの症状は、抗ヒスタミン剤処置に対して非感受性である。本発明の化合物および薬学的組成物は、かゆみを処置するために投与され得る。
TRPA1機能に拮抗する化合物は、前述の損傷、疾患、障害または症状のいずれかの予防および処置において有用であり得る。それらの有効性は、これらの化合物の活性のインビトロアッセイに加えて、一つまたは複数の動物モデルにおいて容易に試験され得る。疼痛を調べるための動物モデルが数多く存在する。様々なモデルが、損傷、疾患または他の症状に起因する疼痛を刺激するために様々な作用物質または手順を用いる(例えば、Blackburn−Munro(2004)Trends in Pharmacol Sci(2004)25:299−305(例えば、表1、3または4)を参照のこと)。次いで、チャレンジされた動物の行動特性が観察され得る。それらの動物において疼痛を減少させ得る化合物または手順は、試験化合物または手順の非存在下のチャレンジされた動物の行動特性とそれらの存在下のチャレンジされた動物の行動特性とを比較して観察することによって、容易に試験され得る。
皮膚疾患のマウスモデルが、現在、複数存在する。例えば、Liuらは、オキサゾロンおよびウルシオールによって誘発される複数の接触皮膚炎(contact dermatis)モデルを報告した(例えば、Liu Bら、FASEB J.(2013)27(9):3549−63を参照のこと)。簡潔には、Trpa1ノックアウトマウスに、オキサゾロンまたはウルシオールの局所投与を行うことにより、皮膚炎およびかゆみの反応を誘導する。耳のパンチを採取し、未処置の耳と比べて、チャレンジされた領域を計測することによって、表皮の厚さも計測され得る。インビボ処置化合物は、オキサゾロン(ozazolone)またはウルシオールによる処置の前または後に動物に化合物を投与することによって、測定され得る。ひっかき行動は、観察チャンバーの上に位置するビデオカメラによって記録される。処置群を把握していない観察者が、30分間にわたって、動物がひっかき行動に費やす時間を記録する。
すべての反応を、不活性雰囲気下、通常、窒素下において行った。すべての非水性反応を、無水溶媒を用いて行った。すべての反応物を、マグネチックスターバーまたは吊り下げ式機械撹拌のいずれかを用いて撹拌した。すべての飽和抽出溶液を水性であると仮定する(例えば、飽和NH4Cl)。すべての乾燥剤が無水である。乾燥剤による有機溶液の乾燥は、その乾燥剤が濾過によってその有機溶液から除去されたこと意味する。クロマトグラフィーは、シリカゲルにおけるカラムクロマトグラフィーのことを指す。分取薄層クロマトグラフィー(TLC)は、シリカゲルプレート上で行った。反応混合物の濃縮は、減圧下での濃縮および回転蒸発器の使用を意味する。最終生成物の乾燥は、高真空条件下での乾燥を意味する。超音波処理は、超音波浴の使用を意味する。すべての1H−NMRデータを400MHzにおいて得た。質量スペクトルは、陽イオンモードで得られ、別段示されない限り、プロトン化種MH+として報告される。
DCM ジクロロメタン
DIC N,N’−ジイソプロピルカルボジイミド
DIPEA N,N’−ジイソプロピルエチルアミン
DMAP 4−ジメチルアミノピリジン
DMF N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド
EDC 1−エチル−3−(3−ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド
EA 酢酸エチル
Ether ジエチルエーテル
h 時間
HOAc 酢酸
HOAT 1−ヒドロキシ−7−アザベンゾトリアゾール
LAH 水素化アルミニウムリチウム
MeOH メタノール
min 分
n−BuLi n−ブチルリチウム
NMP N−メチルピロリジノン
Pd/C 活性炭担持パラジウム、通常、10%パラジウムの負荷量
PE 石油エーテル
RT 室温
TBAI ヨウ化テトラブチルアンモニウム
TEA トリエチルアミン
TFA トリフルオロ酢酸
TLC 薄層クロマトグラフィー
THF テトラヒドロフラン
調製1 (2S)−2−(1,3−ジメチル−2,6−ジオキソ−3,4,5,6−テトラヒドロ−1H−プリン−7(2H)−イル)プロパン酸
*キラルHPLCの詳細:Chiralcel ADカラム,250*4.6mm,10um。移動相:ヘキサン(0.1%TFA)/IPA(0.1%TFA)70/30。
実施例1 (S)−2−(1,3−ジメチル−2,6−ジオキソ−2,3−ジヒドロ−1H−プリン−7(6H)−イル)−N−(2’−(2,2−ジメチルピロリジン−1−イル)−[2,5’−ビピリミジン]−4−イル)プロパンアミド
*キラルHPLC法の条件:カラム:CHIRALPAK IB,150*4.6mm,5μm;移動相:A:ヘキサン(HPLCグレード);B:EtOH(HPLCグレード);流速:0.8mL/分;勾配:25分間の30%B。結果:所望のジアステレオ異性体(S)の保持時間は、14.16分であり、他方の異性体(R)は、9.66分である。
*キラルHPLC法の条件:カラム:CHIRALPAK IB、150*4.6mm,5μm;移動相:A:ヘキサン(HPLCグレード);B:EtOH(HPLCグレード);流速:0.8mL/分;勾配:25分間の30%B。
*キラルHPLC法の条件:カラム:CHIRALPAK IB、150*4.6mm,5μm;移動相:A:ヘキサン(HPLCグレード);B:EtOH(HPLCグレード);流速:0.8mL/分;勾配:25分間の30%B。
*キラルHPLC分離条件 Chiral Technologies(West Chester,PA)製の2.1×25.0cm ChiralPak IC、50%の超臨界二酸化炭素および50%のDCM:ヘキサン:イソプロパノールの2:1:1混合物を用いる、80mL/分の流速。
*キラルHPLC分離条件 Chiral Technologies(West Chester,PA)製の2.1×25.0cm ChiralPak IC、50%の超臨界二酸化炭素および50%のDCM:ヘキサン:イソプロパノールの2:1:1混合物を用いる、80mL/分の流速。
工程1 (R)−メチル2−(((トリフルオロメチル)スルホニル)オキシ)プロパノエート
本発明の化合物は、本明細書中ではそれらのそれぞれの実施例の番号によって言及される。例えば、実施例1に記載された方法によって生成された化合物は、「実施例1の化合物」、「実施例1」または「化合物1」と称され得る。三つすべての名称が、本明細書中で交換可能に使用され得る。
本発明のある特定の化合物は、溶媒または溶媒の組み合わせ(例えば、水、エタノールまたはそれらの組み合わせ)の中でのスラリー処理後に溶媒和結晶形を生成した。例えば、化合物2は、室温においてエタノール、または最大3%の水を含むエタノール水溶液混合物においてスラリー化したとき、本明細書中でA形と称される溶媒和物結晶形を生成した。そのスラリーから得られた固体結晶性生成物を、粉末X線回折(XRPD)を用いてインデックスすることにより、単位格子を定義した(図1)。XPRDピーク実測値を下記の表1に列挙する。
表1 エタノールスラリーから得られた固体結晶形の化合物2(A形)の粉末X線回折ピーク実測値
表2 エタノールスラリー由来の無水固体結晶形の化合物2(B形)の粉末X線回折ピークの実測値
参照により本明細書中に援用されるKerns,E.H.,J Pharm Sci(2001)90:1838−1858において概要が述べられ、下記に記載される手順を用いて、式(I)の化合物の溶解度を試験した。式(I)の化合物に対する溶解度についてのデータは、この方法によって得られ、表3に含められた。以下のカラム寸法:4.6×30mm,3.5μmを有するXbridge Shield RP18カラムを用いるHPLCによって、クロマトグラフィーデータを得た。移動相は、0.1%(v/v)で加えられたトリフルオロ酢酸(MPC)を含む脱イオン水(MPA)およびHPLCグレードのアセトニトリル(MPB)からなった。移動相の流速は、2.5mL/分であり、カラムおよびサンプリングの操作は、外界温度で行われた。UV検出は、280nmに設定した。溶解度の測定のために使用されたすべてのサンプルに対して、使用された移動相の勾配は、表4に示されているとおりである。
表3 選択された式(I)の化合物に対する例示的な溶解度:
表4 溶解度測定のために使用された移動相の勾配
表5 通常のリンガー液における式(I)の化合物の溶解度
表6 化合物2およびワルファリンと血漿タンパク質との結合の比較
表7 アルブミンおよび血漿における化合物2 hTRPA1 IC50測定
式(I)の化合物の代謝安定性を、標準的な肝ミクロソームアッセイによって測定した。簡潔には、DMSOに溶解した試験される化合物をヒト、イヌまたはラットの肝ミクロソームに加えることによって、代謝安定性を試験した。1μMの試験化合物という開始濃度でアッセイを行った。37℃においてニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチドリン酸オキシダーゼ(NADPH)再生成分を加えることによって、その反応を惹起し、その時点において、直ちにアリコートを氷冷アセトニトリル/メタノール/水溶液中でクエンチした。反応混合物を、振盪機上において37℃でインキュベートし、さらなるアリコートを7、15、30および60分後に採取した。クエンチおよび遠心分離の後、サンプルをHPLC/MS/MSにおいて解析した。結果を下記の表9、表10および表11に示す。
表9 ヒト肝ミクロソームにおける化合物の半減期および肝クリアランス
ラットにおける初期バイオアベイラビリティ研究を、本発明の化合物の溶液を用いて行った。化合物を、適切な賦形剤における溶液として経口投与によって送達した。製剤の例としては、以下が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない:4%DMSO、10%Solutol HS−15および86%水または4%DMSO、5%Tween、25%Cremophor EL。目標濃度は、代表的には、1mg/mLであり、経口胃管栄養法によって非絶食ラットに投与した。絶対的バイオアベイラビリティは、非静脈内の用量補正された曲線下面積(AUC)を静脈内の用量補正されたAUCで除算した値である。経口経路(PO)によって投与された薬物に対するFを算出するための式を以下に示す。
%F=AUC PO×用量IV/AUC IV×用量PO
表12 非絶食ラットにおける化合物のバイオアベイラビリティ
Sprague−Dawleyラットにおいて、10mg/kg〜1000mg/kgの単回の経口量の化合物2を一連の実験において比較した。これらの研究において使用された化合物2は、エタノールから再結晶され、微粒子化された。曲線下面積(AUC)および最大血漿濃度(Cmax)に基づく曝露量は、用量とともに1000mg/kgまで増加した。
表13 化合物2:カプセル製剤および懸濁製剤のPKパラメータの比較
参照により本明細書中に援用されるdel Caminoら、J Neurosci(2010)30(45):15165−15174に概要が述べられ、下記に要約されている手順を用いて、表14に示されているデータ表に提供されているヒトTRPA1のインビトロ阻害を計測することによって示されたように、式(I)の化合物は、TRPA1チャネルを阻害する。TRPA1の阻害に対するデータは、この方法によって、示されている式(I)の化合物に対して得られ、関連性のあるデータが下記の表14に含められている。すべての電流が、EPC−9およびEPC−10増幅器ならびにPatchmasterソフトウェア(HEKA)を用いて、ホールセル配置で記録された。パッチピペットは、1.5〜3Mの抵抗を有し、直列抵抗の最大75%が補償された。標準的なピペット溶液は、140mM CsAsp、10mM EGTA、10mM HEPES、2.27mM、20 MgCl2、1.91mM CaCl2および最大0.3mM Na2GTPからなり、pHは、CsOHで7.2に調整された。さらに、145mM CsCl、10mM HEPES、10mM EGTAおよび最大0.3mM Na2GTPおよび1mM MgCl2を含む溶液(CsOHでpH7.2に調整)が使用され得る。標準的な浴溶液は、150mM NaCl、10mM HEPES、10mMグルコース、4.5mM KCl、1mM EGTA、3mM MgCl2を含み、pHは、NaOHで7.4に調整した。いくつかの場合では、EGTAの代わりに2mM CaCl2を加え、MgCl2の濃度を1mMに低下させた。
表14 ヒトTRPA1に対する式(I)の化合物のアンタゴニスト作用
本発明の実施形態は、炎症性疼痛の処置において効果的であり得る。化合物2を、CFA誘発性疼痛試験法によって試験した。化合物2を、経口投与(PO)のために、4%DMSO、10%Solutol、86%DWI,pH5.9中の透明の溶液として製剤化した。
表15 様々な経口投与量の化合物2による寒冷過敏症の減弱
表16 化合物2および化合物Aの血漿レベル
表17 化合物2の投与時の動物の行動の検査
表18 様々な経口投与量の化合物4による寒冷過敏症の減弱
表19 化合物2によるCFA誘発性寒冷過敏症の逆転
化合物2を、Dubuissonら、Pain(1977)Dec;4(2):161−74が報告したホルマリン誘発疼痛試験において試験した。Dubuissonらは、ラットおよびネコにおいて疼痛および痛覚消失を評価するための方法を報告した。簡潔には、希ホルマリン(50μLの3%ホルマリン)を、ラットの後足の足底表面に注射する。その動物を、直ちに観察領域(標準的なPlexiglassラットケージ)に戻し、その時点において、その動物が二つの異なる相において疼痛行動(ひるむ、注射された足/脚を舐める、噛む)を示すのに費やした時間を、訓練された観察者が記録する。初期相(I相:0〜5分)は、ホルマリンおよび機能的TRPA1による求心性線維の直接的な活性化に依存する有意な構成要素を有すると考えられる(McNamaraら、2007)。特定の研究において疼痛行動を数えるのに関与する個体は、処置群を把握していない。
表20 ホルマリンモデルを用いたとき、経口投与された化合物2の用量反応
表21 ホルマリンモデルを用いたときの静脈内に投与された化合物1の用量反応
表22 ホルマリンモデルを用いたときの経口投与された化合物4の用量反応
表23 ホルマリンモデルを用いたときの経口投与された化合物4の用量反応
表24 ホルマリンモデルを用いたときの化合物2の経口投与における疼痛反応の持続時間
本発明の化合物は、有意な薬物/薬物相互作用を有しない可能性があり、このことは、その投与が複数の薬剤を摂取している患者にとって好ましくする。
表25 化合物1および2によるCYP450酵素の阻害
表26 化合物2および適切な参照化合物による10μMにおけるCYP450阻害
ビヒクル(脱イオン水における0.5%メチルセルロース[400cps])中の化合物2を、雄および雌の非ナイーブビーグル犬の三つの群に、5日間連続して1日1回、胃管栄養法によって経口投与した。各群に、一つの用量レベルを投与した。用量レベルは、各群に対して300、600および1000mg/kgであった。同時のコントロール群には、類似のレジメンでビヒクルを投与した。用量体積は、すべての群に対して10ml/kgであった。肝毒性または胆管損傷を表す、アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ(alanine aminotransferease)[ALT]、アスパラギン酸アミノトランスフェラーゼ[AST]、アルカリホスファターゼ(alkaline phosphastase)[ALP]およびガンマ−グルタミルトランスフェラーゼ[GGT]の血清バイオマーカーを介して、肝毒性(Hepatoxicity)を計測した。表27は、示された各用量レベルのイヌにおける化合物2が、300mg/kgの用量以下まで血清バイオマーカーを上昇させなかったことを示している。
表27 ビーグル犬における化合物2の肝毒性安全性プロファイル
ビヒクル(0.5%メチルセルロース[400cps])中の化合物2を、Charles River Laboratoriesからのsprague−dawleyラットの三つの群に、最低28日間連続して1日1回、胃管栄養法によって経口投与した。各群に一つの投与量レベルを投与した。投与量レベルは、各群に対して30、100および300mg/kg/日であった。同時のコントロール群には、類似のレジメンでビヒクルを投与した。用量体積は、すべての群に対して10ml/kgであった。肝毒性または胆管損傷を表す、アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ[ALT]、アスパラギン酸アミノトランスフェラーゼ[AST]、アルカリホスファターゼ[ALP]およびガンマ−グルタミルトランスフェラーゼ[GGT]の血清バイオマーカーを介して、肝毒性を計測した。表28は、示された各用量レベルのラットにおける化合物2が、300mg/kgの用量以下まで血清バイオマーカーを上昇させなかったことを示している。
表28 ラットにおける化合物2の肝毒性安全性プロファイル
ビヒクル(0.5%メチルセルロース,400cps)中の化合物2を、カニクイザルの四つの群に、28または29日間連続して1日1回、経鼻胃管挿管によって投与した。各群に、一つの用量レベルを投与した。投与量レベルは、1群あたり10、30、100および300mg/kg/日であった。同時のコントロール群には、類似のレジメンでビヒクルを投与した。用量体積は、すべての群に対して10ml/kgであった。肝毒性または胆管損傷を表す、アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ[ALT]、アスパラギン酸アミノトランスフェラーゼ[AST]、アルカリホスファターゼ[ALP]およびガンマ−グルタミルトランスフェラーゼ[GGT]の血清バイオマーカーを介して、肝毒性を計測した。表29は、示された各用量レベルのサルにおける化合物2が、300mg/kgの用量以下まで血清バイオマーカーを上昇させなかったことを示している。
表29 カニクイザルにおける化合物2の肝毒性安全性プロファイル
本明細書に引用された特許、特許出願および刊行物の各々およびすべての開示は、それらの全体が参照により本明細書中に援用される。本発明は、具体的な態様に照らして開示されてきたが、本発明の他の態様およびバリエーションが、本発明の真の精神および範囲から逸脱することなく他の当業者によって工夫され得ることは明らかである。添付の請求項は、そのような態様および等価なバリエーションのすべてを含むと解釈されるように意図されている。
Claims (42)
- 式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩であって、
式中、
R1は、H、C1-C6アルキル、C1-C6アルケニルまたはC1-C6アルキニルであり;
R2は、一つまたは複数のR5基で必要に応じて置換される、H、C1-C6アルキル、C1-C6アルケニルまたはC1-C6アルキニルであり;
R3は、H、C1-C6アルキル、C1-C6アルケニルまたはC1-C6アルキニルであり;
R4は、一つまたは複数の位置において1〜4個のR6基で必要に応じて置換される、ハロ、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、チオール、アルキルチオ、アミノ、アルキルアミノ、ジアルキルアミノ、シアノ、ニトロ、アミド、アルキルアミド、ジアルキルアミド、チオイル、スルホニル、シクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリールまたはヘテロアリールであり;
R5は、独立して、H、ハロゲン、アルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、ヒドロキシ、アミノ、アミド、ホスホネート、カルボキシル、エーテル、アルキルチオ、ハロアルキルおよびシアノであり;
R6は、独立して、H、ハロゲン、アルキル、アラルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、シクロアルキル、ヒドロキシ、アミノ、ニトロ、スルフヒドリル、イミノ、アミド、ホスフェート、ホスホネート、ホスフィネート、カルボニル、カルボキシル、シリル、エーテル、アルキルチオ、スルホニル、ケトン、アルデヒド、エステル、複素環、芳香環または芳香族複素環、ハロアルキルおよびシアノである、
式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩。 - R1が、C1-C6アルキルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R1が、-CH3である、請求項1または2に記載の化合物。
- R1が、Hである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2が、Hである、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の化合物。
- R2が、C1-C6アルキルである、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の化合物。
- R2が、-CH3、-CD3または-CHF2である、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の化合物。
- R1およびR2の各々が、独立してC1-C6アルキルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R1およびR2の各々が、独立して-CH3である、請求項8に記載の化合物。
- R1およびR2の各々が、独立して-CH3であり、R3が、Hである、請求項8に記載の化合物。
- R3が、Hである、請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の化合物。
- R3が、C1-C6アルキルである、請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の化合物。
- R3が、-CH3である、請求項12に記載の化合物。
- R1、R2およびR3の各々が、独立してC1-C6アルキルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R1、R2およびR3の各々が、独立して-CH3である、請求項14に記載の化合物。
- 前記化合物が、式(Ia)の化合物
である、請求項1〜15のいずれかに記載の式(I)の化合物。 - 前記化合物が、式(Ib)の化合物
である、請求項1〜15のいずれかに記載の式(I)の化合物。 - R4が、ヘテロシクリルである、請求項1〜17のいずれかに記載の化合物。
- 前記ヘテロシクリルが、4〜8員環である、請求項18に記載の化合物。
- 前記ヘテロシクリルが、窒素原子を介して連結される、請求項18または19に記載の化合物。
- R4が、置換ヘテロシクリルである、請求項1〜17のいずれかに記載の化合物。
- R4が、以下の群
から選択される、請求項1〜17のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - R4が、以下の群
から選択され、mが、1である、請求項1〜22のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - R4が、以下の群
から選択される、請求項1〜23のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - R4が、以下の群
から選択され、mが、1である、請求項1〜22のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - R4が、以下の群
から選択される、請求項1〜22および25のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - mが、1である、請求項22に記載の化合物。
- mが、0である、請求項22に記載の化合物。
- R6が、アルキル、ハロアルキルまたはシアノである、請求項1〜27のいずれかに記載の化合物。
- R6が、アルキルまたはハロアルキルである、請求項29に記載の化合物。
- R6が、-CF3である、請求項30に記載の化合物。
- R4が、以下の群
から選択される、請求項1〜17のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - 前記式(I)の化合物が、式(II)の化合物
であり、式中、
nは、0〜4の整数であり;
mは、0〜4の整数から選択される、
請求項1〜17のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - 前記式(I)の化合物が、式(IIa)の化合物
であり、式中、
nは、0〜4の整数であり;
mは、0〜4の整数から選択される、
請求項1〜17のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - 前記式(I)の化合物が、式(IIb)の化合物
であり、式中、
nは、0〜4の整数であり;
mは、0〜4の整数から選択される、
請求項1〜17のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - 前記化合物が、以下の群
- 前記化合物が、
またはその薬学的に許容され得る塩である、請求項1のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - 前記化合物の固体結晶形が、2θに関して表現される特徴的なピークを約7.67°、約12.52°、約13.49°および約19.31°に含む粉末X線回折パターンを有する、請求項37に記載の化合物。
- 前記化合物の固体結晶形が、2θに関して表現される特徴的なピークを約9.78°、約12.98°、約19.20°および約19.67°に含む粉末X線回折パターンを有する、請求項37に記載の化合物。
- 前記化合物の固体結晶形が、約150℃に等しいかまたはそれより高い融点を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 前記化合物の固体結晶形が、約180℃〜約205℃の範囲内の融点を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 前記化合物の固体結晶形が、約190℃〜約200℃の範囲内の融点を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
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Also Published As
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TW201625618A (zh) | 2016-07-16 |
EP3134410B1 (en) | 2021-03-10 |
US20170050966A1 (en) | 2017-02-23 |
PT3134410T (pt) | 2021-04-22 |
TWI676626B (zh) | 2019-11-11 |
AU2015252007B2 (en) | 2019-08-22 |
CA2945789C (en) | 2022-08-30 |
LT3134410T (lt) | 2021-04-26 |
DK3134410T3 (da) | 2021-04-26 |
US10428072B2 (en) | 2019-10-01 |
HRP20210613T1 (hr) | 2021-05-28 |
JP2017516763A (ja) | 2017-06-22 |
SI3134410T1 (sl) | 2021-04-30 |
CA2945789A1 (en) | 2015-10-29 |
EP3134410A1 (en) | 2017-03-01 |
AU2015252007A1 (en) | 2016-10-13 |
HUE054066T2 (hu) | 2021-08-30 |
CN106573934A (zh) | 2017-04-19 |
RS61715B1 (sr) | 2021-05-31 |
CN106573934B (zh) | 2019-10-11 |
WO2015164643A1 (en) | 2015-10-29 |
PL3134410T3 (pl) | 2021-07-12 |
CY1124243T1 (el) | 2022-07-22 |
ES2865173T3 (es) | 2021-10-15 |
US20180230149A1 (en) | 2018-08-16 |
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