JP6345595B2 - 抗原結合タンパク質および癌の治療のためのアドレッシング産物としてのその使用 - Google Patents
抗原結合タンパク質および癌の治療のためのアドレッシング産物としてのその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6345595B2 JP6345595B2 JP2014539357A JP2014539357A JP6345595B2 JP 6345595 B2 JP6345595 B2 JP 6345595B2 JP 2014539357 A JP2014539357 A JP 2014539357A JP 2014539357 A JP2014539357 A JP 2014539357A JP 6345595 B2 JP6345595 B2 JP 6345595B2
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Description
Macleod, K. et al. Cancer Res. (2005).65, 6789-6800
Mahadevan D. et al. Oncogene (2007).26, 3909-3919
Lay J.D. et al. Cancer Res. (2007).67, 3878-3887
Hong C.C. et al. Cancer Lett. (2008).268, 314-324
Liu L. et al. Cancer Res. (2009).69, 6871-6878
Keating A.K. et al. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2010).9, 1298-1307
Ye X. et al. Oncogene (2010).29, 5254-5264
このような文脈では、Axl RTKは、腫瘍学において興味深い標的と考えられる。いくつかのグループが、すでに、裸のモノクローナル抗体または標的化小分子を用いて、このgas6/Axl軸を標的とする抗腫瘍戦略を開発している[Verma A. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2011).10, 1763-1773]。
a)Axlタンパク質、またはその細胞外ドメイン(ECD)、またはそのエピトープと特異的に結合することができる化合物を選択すること;
b)場合により、前記目的分子または対照分子を、工程a)で選択された前記化合物と共有結合させて複合体を形成してもよく;
c)工程a)で選択された前記化合物、または工程b)で得られた前記複合体を、その表面でAxlタンパク質またはその機能的フラグメントを発現する哺乳動物細胞、好ましくは、生細胞と接触させること;
d)前記化合物または前記目的分子または前記複合体が前記哺乳動物細胞に細胞内送達またはインターナライズされたかどうかを決定する工程;および
e)前記化合物を生哺乳動物細胞に目的分子を送達またはインターナライズすることができる化合物として選択する工程
を含んでなる。
i)タンパク質Axl、好ましくは、ヒトAxlタンパク質と特異的に結合することができ、かつ、
ii)前記Axlタンパク質が前記哺乳動物細胞の表面で発現された際に、その前記タンパク質Axlとの結合の後に、哺乳動物細胞にインターナライズされ得る。
細胞傷害性薬剤を、
i)Axlタンパク質、好ましくは、ヒトAxlタンパク質と特異的に結合することができ、かつ、
ii)前記Axlタンパク質が前記哺乳動物細胞の表面で発現された場合に、その前記タンパク質Axlとの結合の後に、哺乳動物細胞にインターナライズされる
化合物に共有結合させる工程を含んでなる。
i)好ましくは配列番号29もしくは30の配列を有するヒトタンパク質Axlまたはその天然変異体配列と特異的に結合し、かつ、
ii)その前記ヒトタンパク質Axlとの結合の後にインターナライズされ、
配列番号1〜14からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種類のアミノ酸配列を含んでなる抗原結合タンパク質、またはその抗原結合フラグメントに関する。
i)Axl、好ましくは、そのEDCドメインまたはそのエピトープと、特異的に結合する抗原結合タンパク質を選択する工程、および
ii)哺乳動物細胞の表面で発現されたAxlタンパク質とのそれらの結合の後に、前記哺乳動物細胞にインターナライズされる、前記工程i)から得られた前記抗原結合タンパク質を選択する工程
を含んでなる。
a)目的の腫瘍細胞を本発明の抗原結合タンパク質で処理およびインキュベートし、
b)工程a)の処理細胞と、並行して非処理細胞を、本発明の抗原結合タンパク質で処理し、
c)処理および非処理細胞に関して、抗原結合タンパク質と結合することができる二次標識抗体を用いてMFI(表面に存在するAxlの量を代表するもの)を測定し、
d)Δを、非処理細胞で得られたMFIから処理細胞で得られたMFIを差し引いた差として計算する。
i)配列番号7の配列、または配列番号7と少なくとも80%の同一性を示す任意の配列の軽鎖可変ドメイン;
ii)配列番号36の配列、または配列番号36と少なくとも80%の同一性を示す任意の配列の軽鎖可変ドメイン;および
iii)配列番号37〜47の配列、または配列番号37〜47と少なくとも80%の同一性を示す任意の配列の軽鎖可変ドメイン
からなる群から選択される軽鎖可変ドメインを含んでなる。
i)配列番号8の配列、または配列番号8と少なくとも80%の同一性を示す任意の配列の重鎖可変ドメイン;
ii)配列番号48の配列、または配列番号48と少なくとも80%の同一性を示す任意の配列の重鎖可変ドメイン;および
iii)配列番号49〜68の配列、または配列番号49〜68と少なくとも80%の同一性を示す任意の配列の重鎖可変ドメイン
からなる群から選択される重鎖可変ドメインを含んでなる。
i)配列番号7、36もしくは37〜47の配列、または配列番号7、36もしくは37〜47と少なくとも80%の同一性を示す任意の配列の軽鎖可変ドメインと;
ii)配列番号8、48もしくは49〜68の配列、または配列番号8、48もしくは49〜68と少なくとも80%の同一性を示す任意の配列の重鎖可変ドメイン
とを含んでなる。
a)本発明による抗原結合タンパク質、またはその抗原結合フラグメントをコードする核酸;
b)
・配列番号15〜28および69〜99からなる群から選択される核酸配列、または
・配列番号15〜20の6つの核酸配列を含んでなる核酸配列、または
・配列番号21、22の2つの核酸配列、またはある部分は配列番号69〜79から選択され、他の部分は配列番号80〜99から選択される2つの核酸配列を含んでなる核酸配列
を含んでなる核酸;
c)a)またはb)に定義された核酸と相補的な核酸;および
d)パートa)もしくはb)に定義された核酸配列と、またはパートa)もしくはb)に定義された核酸配列との最適なアラインメントの後に少なくとも80%、好ましくは、85%、90%、95%および98%の同一性を有する配列と、高ストリンジェント条件下でハイブリダイズすることができる、好ましくは少なくとも18ヌクレオチドを有する、核酸
の中から選択されることを特徴とする単離された核酸に関する。
a)本発明による宿主細胞を培地中、好適な培養条件で培養する工程;および
b)このようにして生産された抗原結合タンパク質、またはその抗原結合フラグメントの1つを培養培地または前記培養細胞から回収する工程
を含んでなることを特徴とする。
−−Ta−−Ww−−Yy−−
式中、
−T−は、ストレッチャー単位であり;
aは、0または1であり;
−W−は、アミノ酸単位であり;
wは独立に、1〜12の範囲の整数であり;
−Y−は、スペーサー単位であり;
yは、0、1または2である。
免疫複合体アプローチは、標的抗原がインターナライズ性のタンパク質である場合により有効となるので、ヒト腫瘍細胞株に対するMab−Zap細胞傷害性アッセイを用いたAxl受容体インターナリゼーションを試験した。より厳密には、Mab−Zap試薬は、アフィニティー精製したヤギ抗マウスIgGとリボソーム不活化タンパク質サポリンを含む、化学複合体である。免疫複合体のインターナリゼーションが起これば、サポリンは破断して標的化薬剤から離れ、リボソームを不活化し、タンパク質合性の阻害、そして最終的には細胞死をもたらす。Axl陽性細胞において1613F12またはmIgG1アイソタイプ対照抗体とともに72時間インキュベートした後に細胞の生存率を決定すれば、1613F12により誘導されたAxl受容体インターナリゼーションに関する結論を下すことができる。
得られた結果を図1に示す。
Axl受容体のヒト細胞外ドメイン(ECD)に対するマウスモノクローナル抗体(Mab)を作製するために、5個体のBALB/cマウスを、15〜20.106のCHO−Axl細胞で5回(s.c.)および20μgのrh Axl ECDで2回免疫した。初回免疫誘導はフロイントの完全アジュバント(Sigma、セントルイス、MD、USA)の存在下で行った。その後の免疫誘導にはフロイントの不完全アジュバント(Sigma)を加えた。
この実施例では、まず、rhAxl−Fcタンパク質に対する1613F12の結合を検討した。次に、TAMファミリーの他の2つのメンバーrhDtk−FcおよびrhMer−Fcに対するその結合を検討した。
Axl発現レベルの定量を可能とするために、まず、較正ビーズと並行して市販のAxl抗体(R and D Systems、ref:MAB154)を用い、ヒト腫瘍細胞上の細胞表面Axl発現レベルを確立した。次に、1613F12を用いて、細胞表面Axlの結合を検討した。
ヒト腫瘍細胞表面のAxl発現レベルを、細胞表面抗原を評価するための定量的フローサイトメトリーキットである間接的免疫蛍光アッセイ(QIFIKIT(登録商標)法(Dako、デンマーク)を用い、フローサイトメトリーにより決定した。較正グラフによってビーズの既知の抗原レベルの平均蛍光強度(MFI)を比較すると、細胞株の抗体結合能(ABC)が決定できる。
より具体的には、1613F12を用いて、Axlの結合を調べた。
1613F12の種交差特異性に取り組むため、マウスとサルの2つの種を検討した。まず、組換えマウス(rm)Axl受容体に対する結合をELISAにより調べる(図4)。次に、サルCOS7細胞がそれらの表面にAxl受容体を発現することから、これらの細胞を用いてフローサイトメトリー実験を行った(図5)。COS7細胞株は、アフリカミドリザルの腎臓細胞に由来するCV−1細胞株を、ラージT抗原を産生するがゲノム複製に欠陥を持つSV40ゲノムの一形態で不死化することにより得られたものである。
簡単に述べると、組換えマウスAxl−Fc(R and D systems、カタログ番号854−AX/CF)タンパク質をImmulon II 96ウェルプレートに4℃で一晩コーティングし、0.5%ゼラチン溶液で1時間のブロッキング工程の後、1613F12精製抗体を開始濃度5μg/ml(3.33 10−8M)で37℃にてさらに1時間加えた。次に、1/2連速希釈を12列にわたって行った。プレートを洗浄し、ヤギ抗マウス(Jackson)特異的IgG HRPを37℃で1時間加えた。反応の開始はTMB基質溶液を用いて行った。mIgG1アイソタイプ対照抗体および市販の抗体Axl Mab 154も並行して用いた。コーティング対照は、HRPと結合したヤギ抗ヒトIgG Fcポリクローナル血清(Jackson、ref 109−035−098)の存在下および/またはHRP結合抗ヒスチジン抗体(R and D Systems、ref:MAB050H)の存在下で実施した。
COS7細胞を用いた1613F12細胞結合試験については、2×105細胞を、1613F12またはmIgG1アイソタイプ対照Mabの10μg/ml(6,66 10−8M)抗体溶液の1/2連続希釈(12点)によって作製した抗体濃度範囲で、4℃にて20分間インキュベートした。1%BSAおよび0.01%NaN3を添加したリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)中で3回洗浄した後、細胞を二次抗体ヤギ抗マウスAlexa 488(1/500希釈)とともに4℃で20分間インキュベートした。1%BSAおよび0.1%NaN3を添加したPBS中でさらに3回洗浄した後、細胞をFACS(Facscalibur、Becton−Dickinson)により分析した。少なくとも5000細胞を評価し、蛍光強度の平均値を計算した。データはPrismソフトウエアを用いて分析する。
1613F12をさらに特徴付けるために、Gas6競合アッセイを行った。このアッセイでは、遊離rhAxl−Fcタンパク質および1613F12をインキュベートして抗原−抗体複合体を形成させ、次いで、これらの複合体をアッセイプレートのGas6コーティング表面に添加する。結合していない抗体−抗原複合体を洗い流した後、rhAxl−Fcタンパク質のヒトFc部分に対する、酵素結合二次抗体を加える。次に、基質を加え、酵素−基質反応により誘発されたシグナル強度によって抗原濃度を決定することができる。
1613F12が直鎖またはコンフォメーションエピトープを認識するかどうかを決定するため、SN12C細胞溶解液を用いてウエスタンブロット解析を行った。還元条件または非還元条件となるようにサンプルに異なる処理を施した。還元型のサンプルでバンドが見られれば、その処理抗体はECDドメインの直鎖エピトープを標的とし、そうでなれば、その抗体はAxl ECDのコンフォメーションエピトープに対して生じたものである。
結果を図7に示す。
以下の実施例では、Axl受容体発現に対するAxl抗体の活性に取り組むため、ヒト腎細胞癌細胞株SN12C(ATCC)を選択した。SN12C細胞株はAxl受容体を過剰発現する。図8A〜8Bの全細胞抽出液に対するウエスタンブロットにより、Axlダウンレギュレーションを検討した。
フローサイトメトリー技術は、細胞表面のAxl受容体の標識を可能とする。この技術の使用は、膜Axl発現に対する抗体の効果を強調することができる。本実施例では、高レベルのAxlを発現するヒト腎腫瘍SN12C細胞を用いた。
1つの代表的な実験からのデータを表7に示す。これらの結果は、3回の独立した実験で再現された。
補足的インターナリゼーション結果を、直接的蛍光標識法を用いた共焦点顕微鏡観察により得る。
写真を図9A〜9Cに示す。
SN12C増殖アッセイ
ウェル当たり1000個のSN12C細胞を96ウェルプレートのFCS不含培地に播種し、37℃、5%CO2雰囲気で一晩培養した。翌日、細胞を10μg/mlの各抗体とともに37℃で1時間プレインキュベートした。ウェルに直接リガンドを加えることにより、細胞をrmGas6(R and D Systems、カタログ番号986−GS/CF)で処理し、または処理せず、その後、72時間放置して増殖させた。増殖は3Hチミジン組み込みに従って測定した。
本実施例では、サポリン結合1613F12の細胞傷害効力を記載する。この目的で、ヒト腫瘍細胞株の大パネルを用いて、直接的in vitro細胞傷害性アッセイを行った(図11A〜11K)。この腫瘍細胞株パネルは、種々の細胞表面Axl発現を与える。
細胞傷害性%=100−[(RLUAb−sap×100)/RLUAbなし]
ヒトにおける治療適用のためのマウス抗体(Mab)の使用は、一般に、大きな有害作用をもたらし、患者はヒト抗マウス抗体(HAMA)反応を生じ、それにより、治療の有効性を低下させ、継続的な投与を妨げる。この問題を克服するための1つのアプローチは、抗原結合活性を改変することなく、マウス配列をそれらのヒト対応物で置換することによりマウスMabをヒト化することである。これは2つの主な方法、すなわち、(i)マウス可変領域がヒト定常領域と連結されているマウス/ヒトキメラ抗体の構築(Boulianne et al., 1984)および(ii)マウス可変領域由来の相補性決定領域(CDR)を注意深く選択されたヒト可変領域にグラフトし、次いで、これらの「再成形されたヒト」可変領域をヒト定常領域と連結すること(Riechmann et al., 1988)によって達成することができる。
13.1.1 軽鎖可変ドメインVLのヒト化
予備工程として、1613F12 VLのヌクレオチド配列を、IMGTデータベース(http://www.imgt.org)のマウス生殖細胞系遺伝子の部分と比較した。マウスIGKV16−104*01およびIGKJ5*01生殖細胞系遺伝子を同定した。CDRグラフトに最良のヒト候補を同定するために、1613F12 VLマウス配列と最良の同一性を示すヒト生殖細胞系遺伝子を検索した。IMGTデータベース分析ツールの助けで、マウス1613F12 VL CDRに対する、可能性のあるアクセプターヒトV領域:IGKV1−27*01およびIGKJ4*02を同定した。軽鎖可変ドメインにヒト化を行うために、ヒト配列とマウス配列の間で異なる各残基に優先ランク順位を与えた。これらの優先順位(1〜4)を用いて、最大14の復帰突然変異を有する軽鎖可変領域の、異なる11のヒト化変異体を作出した。
CDRグラフトの最良のヒト候補を同定するために、1613F12 VHと最良の同一性を示すマウスおよびヒト生殖細胞系遺伝子を検索した。1613F12 VHのヌクレオチド配列を、IMGTデータベースの一部である配列アラインメントソフトウエア「IMGT/V−QUEST」を使用することにより、マウスおよびヒトの両方の生殖細胞系遺伝子配列とアラインした。ベクターNTIパッケージの「Align X」ソフトウエアを用いてヌクレオチド配列アラインメントの結果を確認するために、アミノ酸配列のアラインメントも行った。マウス生殖細胞系遺伝子とのアラインメントは、マウス生殖細胞系V遺伝子IGHV14−3*02およびJ遺伝子IGHJ2*01が最も相同なマウス生殖細胞系遺伝子であることを示した。IMGTデータベースを使用し、マウスD遺伝子生殖細胞系IGHD1−1*01を相同配列として同定した。CDRグラフトのために適当なヒト生殖細胞系を選択するために、1613F12 VHマウス配列と最高の相同性を有するヒト生殖細胞系遺伝子を同定した。IMGTデータベースおよびツールの助けで、ヒトIGHV1−2*02生殖細胞系遺伝子およびヒトIGHJ5*01 J生殖細胞系遺伝子を、マウス1613F12 VH CDRに対するヒトアクセプター配列として選択した。重鎖可変ドメインにヒト化を行うために、ヒト配列とマウス配列の間で異なる各残基に優先ランク順位(1〜4)を与えた。これらの優先順位を用いて、最大18の復帰突然変異を有する重鎖可変領域の、異なる20のヒト化変異体を作出した。
ヒト化1613F12がそのマウス1613F12型に匹敵するかどうかを確認するために、rhAxl−Fcタンパク質アッセイを使用するELISA、およびSN12C細胞を使用するFACSの両方により、結合実験を行った。補足として、SN12Cヒト腎臓腫瘍細胞およびCalu−1ヒト肺癌細胞株を用いて直接的in vitro細胞傷害性アッセイを行った。
次に、1613F12の親和性の測定を、Biacoreを用いて行った。Biacore Xを用いて、ヒトAxl ECDに対する1613F12の結合動態を測定した。
データを下表8にまとめる。
Claims (13)
- i)好ましくは配列番号29または30の配列を有するヒトタンパク質Axlと特異的に結合し、かつ、
ii)その前記ヒトタンパク質Axlとの結合の後にインターナライズされ、
配列番号1、2および3の配列をそれぞれ有するCDR−L1〜CDR−L3の3つの軽鎖CDRと、配列番号4、5および6の配列をそれぞれ有するCDR−H1〜CDR−H3の3つの重鎖CDRとを含んでなる、抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。 - 好ましくは配列番号31または32の配列を有するヒトタンパク質Axl細胞外ドメインに局在するエピトープと特異的に結合する、請求項1に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
- 少なくとも200のFACSによる平均蛍光強度(MFI)の減少を誘導する、請求項1に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
- モノクローナル抗体である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
- i)配列番号7の配列の軽鎖可変ドメイン、
ii)配列番号36の配列の軽鎖可変ドメイン;および
iii)配列番号37〜47の配列の軽鎖可変ドメイン
からなる群から選択される軽鎖可変ドメインを含んでなる、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。 - i)配列番号8の配列の重鎖可変ドメイン;
ii)配列番号48の配列の重鎖可変ドメイン;および
iii)配列番号49〜68の配列の重鎖可変ドメイン
からなる群から選択される重鎖可変ドメインを含んでなる、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。 - i)配列番号7、36または37〜47の配列の軽鎖可変ドメイン;および
ii)配列番号8、48または49〜68の配列の重鎖可変ドメイン
を含んでなる、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。 - 2011年7月28日にCNCM(パスツール研究所、フランス)に寄託されたハイブリドーマI−4505により産生されるモノクローナル抗体1613F12からなる、請求項1に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
- タンパク質Axl細胞外ドメイン、好ましくは、ヒトタンパク質Axl細胞外ドメイン、より好ましくは、配列番号31または32の配列を有するヒトタンパク質Axl細胞外ドメイン、に局在するエピトープからなる宿主標的部位に、細胞傷害性薬剤を送達するためのアドレッシング産物として使用するための、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
- 細胞傷害性薬剤とコンジュゲートされた請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメントを含んでなる、免疫複合体。
- 癌の治療において使用するための、請求項10に記載の免疫複合体。
- 請求項11に記載の免疫複合体ならびに少なくとも1種類の賦形剤および/または薬学的に許容可能なビヒクルを含んでなる、医薬組成物。
- 2011年7月28日にCNCM(パスツール研究所、フランス)に寄託されたマウスハイブリドーマI−4505。
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2011
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