JP6286124B2 - 遺伝子発現を用いて腎癌の臨床的結果の見込みを判定する方法 - Google Patents
遺伝子発現を用いて腎癌の臨床的結果の見込みを判定する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2010年1月11日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/294,038号明細書の優先権利益および2010年5月19日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/346,230号明細書の優先権利益を主張するものであり、これらの出願はそれぞれ、その内容全体が本明細書に組み込まれるものとする。
別に定義されていない限り、本明細書において使用する技術用語および科学用語は、本発明が属する分野の技術者が一般に理解するのと同じ意味を有する。Singleton et al.,Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology 2nd ed.,J.Wiley & Sons(New York,NY 1994)、およびMarch,Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions,Mechanisms and Structure 4th ed.,John Wiley & Sons(New York,NY 1992)が、本出願において使用する用語の多くに対して一般的なガイドを当分野の技術者に提供する。
腎細胞癌に関する病期
病期1:T1、N0、M0
病期2:T2、N0、M0
病期3:T1〜T2、N1、M0;T3、N0〜1、M0;T3a、N0〜1、M0;T3b、N0〜1、M0;およびT3c、N0〜1、M0
病期4:T4、N0〜1、M0;すべてのT、N2、M0;およびすべてのT、すべてのN、M1
原発腫瘍(T)
TX:原発腫瘍の評価が不可能
T0:原発腫瘍の兆候がない
T1:最大径が7cm以下で、腎臓に限局する腫瘍
T1a:最大径が4cm以下で、腎臓に限局する腫瘍
T1b:最大径が4cm超、7cm以下で、腎臓に限局する腫瘍
T2:最大径が7cm超で、腎臓に限局する腫瘍
T3:腫瘍が、主静脈に進展するか、または副腎もしくは腎周辺組織に浸潤するが、ゲロタ(Gerota)筋膜は越えない
T3a:腫瘍が、副腎または腎周辺および/もしくは腎洞の脂肪組織に直接浸潤するが、ゲロタ筋膜は越えない
T3b:腫瘍が、腎静脈またはその区域(すなわち、筋組織を含有する)分脈に著しく進展するか、または横隔膜下の大静脈に進展する
T3c:腫瘍が、横隔膜上の大静脈に著しく進展するか、または大静脈壁に浸潤する
T4:腫瘍がゲロタ筋膜を越えて浸潤する
所属リンパ節(N)
NX:所属リンパ節の評価が不可能
N0:所属リンパ節転移なし
N1:1個の所属リンパ節転移
N2:2個以上の所属リンパ節転移
遠隔転移(M)
MX:遠隔転移の評価が不可能
M0:遠隔転移なし
M1:遠隔転移あり
GX(分化の悪性度評価は不可能);
G1(高分化);
G2(中分化);および
G3〜G4(低分化/未分化)。
本明細書において使用する「高い悪性度」とは、さらに進行した悪性度にある腫瘍の分類を指す。例えば、悪性度4(G4)4は、悪性度1、2および3に比較して高い悪性度である。腫瘍悪性度分類は腎細胞癌における重要な予後因子である。H.Rauschmeier,et al.,World J Urol 2:103−108 (1984)。
現在のところ、RCC患者に関する臨床的結果の予測は、腫瘍の臨床的および病理学的特徴ついての主観的判断に基づいている。例えば、医師は、腎腫瘍の病期、悪性度、および壊死の存在に基づいて、適切な外科手術手順およびアジュバント療法について決定する。これらを決定する際に病理学者をガイドするための標準化された評価項目があるが、病理検査室間の一致のレベルは低い(Al−Ayanti M et al.(2003)Arch Pathol Lab Med 127,593−596を参照のこと)。これら腫瘍の特徴を測定および/または確認するための再現可能な分子アッセイがあれば有用であろう。
本開示の方法は、本開示の方法から得られる臨床的結果の予測を要約するレポートの作成に適している。「レポート」とは、本明細書において述べる場合、可能性評価およびその結果に関する対象情報を提供する報告要素を含む電子文書または有形文書である。被検者レポートには、可能性評価、例えば腎細胞癌の被験者に対する再発リスクに関する指摘が少なくとも含まれる。被験者レポートは、完全にまたは部分的に電子的に作成することができ、例えば電子表示装置(例えばコンピュータモニター)上に提示することができる。レポートには、さらに、1)試験施設に関する情報;2)サービス提供者情報;3)患者データ;4)試料データ;5)解釈レポート、ここにはa)指摘;b)試験データ(ここには1つまたは複数の目的遺伝子の正規化されたレベルを含むことができる)を含む様々な情報を含むことができる;および6)他の特徴の1つまたは複数を含むことができる。
遺伝子産物の発現レベルを測定するための多数のアッセイ方法が、核酸遺伝子産物(例えばmRNA)の発現レベルを測定するためのアッセイ方法、およびポリペプチド遺伝子産物の発現レベルを測定するためのアッセイ方法を含めて、当技術分野で公知である。
一般に、核酸遺伝子産物(例えばmRNA)レベルを測定する方法としては、ポリヌクレオチドのハイブリダイゼーション分析を含む方法およびポリヌクレオチドの増幅を含む方法が挙げられる。試料中のmRNA発現を定量する、当技術分野で公知の一般に使用される方法としては、ノーザンブロット法およびin situハイブリダイゼーション(例えば、Parker & Barnes,Methods in Molecular Biology 106:247−283(1999)を参照のこと);RNAseプロテクションアッセイ(Hod,Biotechniques 13:852−854(1992));および逆転写ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(RT−PCR)(Weis et al.,Trends in Genetics 8:263−264(1992))が挙げられる。あるいは、DNA二本鎖、RNA二本鎖、およびDNA‐RNAハイブリッド二本鎖、またはDNA−タンパク質二本鎖を含む、特異的二本鎖を認識できる抗体を使用することができる。シークエンシングをベースとした遺伝子発現解析のための代表的な方法としては、遺伝子発現の連続分析(SAGE)および超並列的遺伝子ビーズクローン解析法(massively parallel signature sequencing)(MPSS)による遺伝子発現解析が挙げられる。
標的核酸のレベルは標的核酸にハイブリダイズするプローブを用いて測定することができる。標的核酸は、例えばVEGF/VEGFR阻害剤に対する応答に関連した応答指標遺伝子のRNA発現産物である場合も、参照遺伝子のRNA発現産物である場合もある。いくつかの実施形態では、標的核酸は、例えばポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)法を用いて最初に増幅する。
核酸を増幅する(例えばPCRによる)方法、プライマー伸長を行う方法、および核酸を評価する方法は、一般には、当技術分野で周知である。(例えば、Ausubel,et al,Short Protocols in Molecular Biology,3rd ed.,Wiley & Sons,1995、およびSambrook,et al,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,Third Edition,(2001)Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.を参照のこと)。
RNA遺伝子発現産物の量を測定するアッセイは、転写一次産物のイントロン配列またはエキソン配列を標的とすることができる。ヒト組織試料中で測定されるスプライシングされたイントロンの量は、試料中に存在する対応するエキソン(すなわち同じ遺伝子由来のエキソン)の量を一般に表す。イントロン配列からなるまたはそれに相補的なポリヌクレオチドは、例えば、応答指標遺伝子の発現レベルをアッセイするハイブリダイゼーション法または増幅法において用いることができる。
ポリペプチド遺伝子産物レベルを測定する方法は、当技術分野で公知であり、酵素標識免疫定量法(ELISA)、放射免疫定量法(RIA)、タンパク質ブロット分析、免疫組織化学分析などの抗体ベースの方法が挙げられる。in vivoイメージングに用いられる常磁性ラベルまたは他のラベルが結合した、標的ポリペプチドに特異的に結合する抗体を用い、磁気共鳴イメージングなどの適切なin vivoイメージング法により被験者内の標識抗体の分布を視覚化することで、被験者内のポリペプチド遺伝子産物の測定をin vivoで行うこともできる。このような方法には、当技術分野で公知である、質量分析法などのプロテオミクス法も含まれる。
血液、血漿、および血清から(例えば、Tsui NB et al.(2002)48,1647−53およびその中の引用文献を参照のこと)、ならびに尿から(例えば、Boom R et al.(1990)J Clin Microbiol.28,495−503およびその中の引用文献を参照のこと)発現分析用のRNAを単離する方法が記載されている。
RNA供給源として固定パラフィン包埋組織を用いて、遺伝子発現をプロファイリングするための代表的なプロトコルの工程が、mRNAの単離、精製、プライマー伸長、および増幅を含めて、様々な出版雑誌論文に記載されている。(例えば、T.E.Godfrey et al,.J.Molec.Diagnostics 2:84−91(2000);K.Specht et al.,Am.J.Pathol.158:419−29(2001),M.Cronin,et al.,Am J Pathol 164:35−42(2004)を参照のこと。)
本明細書に記載の方法およびシステムは、数多くの方法で実行することができる。特に興味ある一実施形態では、本方法は、通信インフラ、例えばインターネットの使用を含む。いくつかの実施形態を以下に説明する。本開示は、様々な形態のハードウェア、ソフトウェア、ファームウェア、プロセッサ、またはそれらの組合せで実行することができることも理解されよう。本明細書に記載の方法およびシステムは、ハードウェアおよびソフトウェアの組合せとして実行することができる。ソフトウェアはプログラム記憶装置に有形に記録されたアプリケーションプログラムとして、またはユーザの計算環境で実行されるソフトウェアの様々な部分として(例えばアプレットとして)実行することができる。また、レビュアの計算環境で実行することもでき、レビュアは、関連するリモートサイトに(例えばサービスプロバイダーの施設に)いてもよい。
本開示ではまた、計算環境の中で実行した場合、本明細書に記載のような応答可能性評価の結果のすべてまたは一部を行うためのアルゴリズムの実行に与えるプログラムを記憶したコンピュータ読み取り可能な記憶媒体(例えば、CD−ROM、メモリキー、フラッシュメモリカード、ディスケット等)が考えられる。コンピュータ読み取り可能な媒体が本明細書に記載の方法を実行するための完全なプログラムを含有する場合には、このプログラムは、収集し、分析し、出力を作成するためのプログラム命令を含み、一般には、本明細書に記載のようにユーザと対話し、そのデータを分析情報と併せて処理し、そのユーザのためにユニークな印刷媒体または電子媒体を作成するためのコンピュータ読取り可能なコード装置を含む。
参照正規化
試料中の非生物学的変動、例えば測定される発現産物の量および質による発現測定の変動を最小にするために、遺伝子産物に関して測定された発現レベルの生データ(例えば、qRT−PCRにより得られたサイクル閾値(Ct)の測定)を、1つまたは複数の参照遺伝子について得られた平均発現レベルデータに対して正規化することができる。正規化へのアプローチの1つでは、少数の遺伝子を参照遺伝子として使用する;参照遺伝子として選択される遺伝子は、典型的には、試料間の発現の変動量が最小であり、他の遺伝子の発現レベルが相対的に安定な参照遺伝子発現と比較される。グローバルな正規化アプローチでは、特定の遺伝子の発現を全物質量と比較するために、試料中の各遺伝子の発現レベルを試料中のすべての遺伝子の平均発現レベルと比較する。
当分野の技術者であれば、2群においてある遺伝子の発現レベル(または他の変数)を比較し、見出された発現レベルの差の統計的有意性を判定するのに適した様々な統計的方法が利用可能であることを認識されよう。(例えば、H.Motulsky,Intuitive Biostatistics(Oxford University Press,1995);D.Freedman,Statistics(W.W.Norton & Co,4th Ed.,2007)を参照のこと。)例えば、コックス比例ハザード回帰モデルは、特定の臨床的時間−事象(time−to−event)エンドポイント(例えば、RFI、OS)に適合させることができる。コックス比例ハザード回帰モデルの仮定の1つは、比例ハザード仮定、すなわち、モデル効果が根底にあるハザードを増加させるという仮定である。モデル妥当性の評価は、これに限定されないが、マルチンゲール残差の累積合計の検討を含めて、実施することができる。当分野の技術者であれば、効果が時間依存的になり得る状態において、対数累積ハザード関数の自然スプライン平滑化によるワイブル分布およびハザードスケールを用いて、フレキシブルなパラメトリックモデルに適合させるために使用することができる(例えば、Royston and Parmer(2002)、平滑化スプライン等)数多くの統計的方法があることを認識されよう。(P.Royston,M.Parmer,Statistics in Medicine 21(15:2175−2197(2002)を参照のこと。)再発リスクと(1)再発リスク群および(2)臨床的/病理学的共変数(例えば、腫瘍病期、腫瘍悪性度、壊死の存在、リンパまたは血管の浸潤等)との関係は、有意性に関して試験することができる。モデルのさらなる例としては、遺伝子発現と二分的(ロジスティックに対して)または順序的(順序ロジスティックに対して)臨床エンドポイント(すなわち、病期、壊死、悪性度)との関連を評価することができる、ロジスティックまたは順序ロジスティク回帰モデルが挙げられる。(例えば、D.Hosmer and S.Lemeshow,Applied Logistic Regression(John Wiley and Sons,1989)を参照のこと。)
腎腫瘍組織は、クリーブランドクリニック財団(CCF)のデータベースにある約1200人の患者から得た。このデータベースは、1985年〜2003年の間に腎癌、明細胞型、病期I、II、およびIIIと診断され、利用可能なパラフィン包埋腫瘍(PET)ブロックがあり、適切な臨床的経過観察を受け、かつアジュバント/ネオアジュバント全身療法による処置がなされなかった患者からなる。遺伝性VHL疾患または両側性腫瘍の患者もまたは除外した。腫瘍の悪性度分類は、(1)腫瘍:病理学および遺伝学:尿路系および男性性器の腫瘍の世界保健機構(World Health Organization)分類に明記のFuhrman悪性度分類システム;および(2)修正Fuhrman悪性度分類システムを用いて行った(表1)。一般に、リンパ節併発が患者に対して予想されない、または観察されない場合は、リンパ節併発の検査は行わず、Nxと明記する。この研究では、Nxは病期分類の目的のためにN0として処理した。732個の遺伝子の発現を、個々の患者の組織試料について定量的に評価した。
(1)CCFで腎切除術を受け、最低限で6か月の臨床的経過観察を受けるかまたは再発RCCを有し、カルテ、データベース、または登録の中で文書化されている患者
(1)クリーブランドクリニックのアーカイブ中に初診からの利用可能な腫瘍ブロックがない。
別個の2つの病理検査室が、同じ標準化された評価項目を用いて、いくつかの臨床的および病理学的因子の分析を行なった。共変数による一致のレベルを以下の表2に示す。統計分析の目的に対しては、一方の中央検査室の測定のみを用いた。
包含/除外基準すべてに合致した患者942人から得られたパラフィン包埋組織(PET)試料由来のRNAを、固定腎組織のために最適化されたプロトコルを用いて抽出し、TaqMan(登録商標)RT−PCRを用いて、定量的遺伝子発現の分子アッセイを実施した。RT−PCRは、2枚の384穴プレートを用いて、5μL反応容量当たり1.0ngのRNA投入量で実施した。
Claims (15)
- 腎細胞癌患者について可能性のある臨床的結果を判定するための方法であって、
(a)腎細胞癌を持つ患者から得た腎細胞癌試料において、LMNB1遺伝子のRNA転写物またはその発現産物の発現レベルを測定する工程と、
(b)正規化された発現レベルを得るために前記発現レベルを正規化する工程と、
(c)(i)前記正規化された発現レベルの増加が腎細胞癌の再発のリスクと正の相関をすることに基づいて、LMNB1の正規化された発現レベルから当該患者の腎細胞癌の再発の可能性を予測する工程、又は、
(ii)前記正規化された発現レベルの増加が腎細胞癌の病期の進行と正の相関をすることに基づいて、LMNB1の正規化された発現レベルから当該患者の腎細胞癌の病期の進行の可能性を予測する工程、又は、
(iii)前記正規化された発現レベルの増加が腎細胞癌の悪性度の上昇と正の相関をすることに基づいて、LMNB1の正規化された発現レベルから当該患者の腎細胞癌の悪性度の上昇の可能性を予測する工程、又は、
(iv)前記正規化された発現レベルの増加が壊死の存在と正の相関をすることに基づいて、LMNB1の正規化された発現レベルから当該患者の壊死の存在を予測する工程
とを含む、方法。 - 前記LMNB1の正規化された発現レベルに基づいてレポートを作成する工程をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、(i)患者の腎臓細胞癌の再発可能性を予測するための方法である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、(ii)患者の腎臓細胞癌の病期の進行可能性を予測するための方法である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、(iii)患者の腎臓細胞癌の悪性度上昇可能性を予測するための方法である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、(iv)患者の壊死の存在を予測するための方法である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 表3a、3b、8a及び8bから選択される少なくとも1つの他の遺伝子のRNA転写物又は発現産物の発現レベルを測定することを含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 表4a及び4bから選択される少なくとも1つの他の遺伝子のRNA転写物又は発現産物の発現レベルを測定することを含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 表5a及び5bから選択される少なくとも1つの他の遺伝子のRNA転写物又は発現産物の発現レベルを測定することを含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 表6a及び6bから選択される少なくとも1つの他の遺伝子のRNA転写物又は発現産物の発現レベルを測定することを含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも2つの遺伝子からの発現レベルが測定され、前記少なくとも2つの遺伝子が1又は複数の遺伝子サブセットに由来する、請求項7から10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記1つまたは複数の遺伝子サブセットが血管新生、免疫応答、輸送、細胞接着/細胞外マトリックス、細胞周期、またはアポトーシスの遺伝子である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記腎細胞癌試料が、固定された又はパラフィン包埋された組織試料である、請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- RNA転写物の発現レベルが測定される、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- RNA転写物の発現レベルが、PCRベースの方法で測定される、請求項1から14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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