JP6283162B2 - ヒト血液及び血液製剤における微生物枯渇のための新たな方法 - Google Patents
ヒト血液及び血液製剤における微生物枯渇のための新たな方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/0005—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts
- A61L2/0011—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts using physical methods
- A61L2/0029—Radiation
- A61L2/0076—Radiation using a photocatalyst or photosensitiser
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3681—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by irradiation
- A61M1/3683—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by irradiation using photoactive agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3681—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by irradiation
- A61M1/3683—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by irradiation using photoactive agents
- A61M1/3686—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by irradiation using photoactive agents by removing photoactive agents after irradiation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
- A61L2202/20—Targets to be treated
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61M1/02—Blood transfusion apparatus
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- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
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Description
米国特許第6、843、961号(Hlavinka et al.)は、光増感剤及び適切な波長の光を用いて血液及び血液製剤中の汚染物質を不活化するPDT方法及び器械を開示している。
本発明は以下の例に基づき更に説明されるが、これに限定されるものでない。
血液及び血液製剤から病原微生物を除去、撲滅、及び/又は不活化するための概略ステップは、以下のものを含む。
図1は、直方体形状を有する照射ユニットの四側面上に4個のLEDリングユニット101を有する四重照射ユニット100を示す平面図である。4個のLEDユニットは、中心の冷却要素103上に配置され、それぞれ無菌透明収容バックを収容するボックス105を有する。無菌透明収容バックは、4つのバック全て及び四重照射LEDユニットを介してフローを取得するために、チューブにより接続されている。無菌透明収容バックへの各流入は下側に位置する。図2は、四重照射ユニット100の各側面上の対応する無菌透明収容バックと共に各照射ユニットがどのように配置されているかを示す。
輸血は、損傷による多量失血のような状況においては命を救うことができるし、手術中に失った血液に取って代わることもできる。輸血はまた、重度の貧血や血液疾患に起因する血小板減少の治療にも利用できる。血友病又は鎌状赤血球病を煩うヒトは頻繁な輸血を必要とする。初期の輸血は全血を用いたが、現代の医療業務では血液の成分のみが用いられる。献血された血液は、特定の患者群での使用に適したものとするため、収集された後に処理されるのが通常である。数多くの感染病例えばHIV、梅毒、肝炎、その他などにおいては、検出されない微生物が一見健康そうな献血者から受血者へ輸血により伝染する。本発明は、検出されない又は検出が容易でないウイルス性因子を除去するのを助け、病原微生物を含まず安全に利用できる生体液を提供する。患者から収集された全血は、極少量の無毒性の光増感剤、好ましくはサフラニンOと混合される。全血及とサフラニンOとを収容する無菌透明収容バックは環状シェーカを用いて十分に混合され、照射ユニット内のバックホルダにセットされ、スライド運動が開始される。照射ユニットは波長532nmの光源を有する。使用される光源はレーザ又は高出力LEDライトを含んでも良い。照射ユニットでは、選択された光増感剤の吸収特性に応じて、可視領域、近UV、及び/又は近IRの光を出力する光源が使用可能である。従って、被処理血液は、血液透析濾過又は他の目的での最終使用まで、温度と湿度が調整された場所で保管される。この、通常は長い時間は、ウイルス性粒子を除去するのに十分なはずである。被処理血液及び血液製剤における余分な又は活性化されなかった光増感剤は、光増感剤吸収ユニット/小さな多孔質ビーズと大きなスポンジで満たされたプラスチックハウジングで構成された手段を用いて取り除かれる。これらのビーズは被処理生体液から余分な又は活性化されなかった光増感剤微粒子を抽出/吸収する。
一般的に健康と認識される人の血液でも、保存状態、特に37度で保存された濃縮血小板において成長する病原微生物により汚染されている。血液は栄養素、糖、酸素を有し、微生物の成長にとって理想的な環境と温度を提供する。もし免疫システムが健全なら寄生虫は常時チェックされる。血液中に見られる最も一般的な寄生原虫には、ホストの血液中で感染性期を有する内部寄生虫例えばマラリア原虫やトリパノソーマなどが含まれる。一般的に知られている原生動物には、マラリアの原因となるマラリア原虫種、他の原生動物、シャガス病又はアメリカ睡眠症の原因となるトリパノソーマクルージ、及びアフリカ睡眠病の原因となるトリパノソーマブルーセイがある。輸血用血液には、これらの寄生虫がますます多く存在する。寄生虫は脂肪細胞や筋細胞に入り込み、増殖を始め、最終的に血液中に放出されて身体全体に広がる。これらは最終的には血液中にはあまり存在しなくなるが、臓器に住み増殖を続ける。血液と臓器の双方で生きている伝染性の寄生虫と共に感染病はいつまでも続く。寄生虫の伝染は、虫が再び刺すことで起こり得る。初めは餌と一緒に寄生虫を取り込み、その後に刺した次の人にこれらを伝染させる。寄生虫は輸血や臓器移植によっても伝染し得る。本発明は血液及び血液製剤からこのような寄生虫を除去して、病院や血液バンクでの更なる利用のために安全なものとするために効果的に採用される。健康なドナーから収集された血液には、生体液中の寄生虫を標的とし照射後に不活化させる光増感剤であるサフラニンOが注入される。光増感剤と血液とを収容する無菌透明収容バックは照射室内に置かれる。血液及び光増感剤と共にバックが十分に光に曝されるのを確実にするため、バックホルダはスライド運動を開始する。血液や製剤は損傷を受けない。血液中の反応しない及び余分な光増感剤は除去され、これで患者における更なる使用を安全にできる。
Claims (14)
- a.全血を使用又は全血を血液成分に分離し、
b.処理液を構成する前記全血又は血液成分とサフラニンOとを混合し、
c.前記サフラニンOに適切な波長で前記処理液を照射し、
d.余分な及び/又は活性化されなかった前記サフラニンOを、ビーズ及びスポンジで満たされたハウジングである光増感剤吸収ユニットを用いて枯渇させ、
e.処理され浄化された前記処理液を収集して無菌状態で更なる使用時まで保存するステップを備える、血液及び血液製剤の生物学的活性の基本的要素に悪影響を与えることなく血液及び血液製剤中の病原性微生物の枯渇、除去、又は不活化のための抗菌方法。 - 前記微生物は、ウイルス、細菌、多耐性細菌、メチシリン感受性黄色ブドウ球菌(MSSA)、寄生原生動物、プリオン、菌、及び他の検出されない、検出が困難な、及び知られていない病原微生物を含む、請求項1に記載の抗菌方法。
- 前記血液及び血液製剤は、全血、赤血球、白血球、血漿、血小板、濃縮血小板、血小板フェレーシス、新鮮凍結血漿、クリオプレシピテーション、クリオプレシピテートされた抗血友病因子(AHF)、ヒト単独ドナー新鮮凍結血漿、濃縮顆粒細胞、アルブミン、抗トロンビンIII、凝血因子、及びこれらの組み合わせを含む、請求項1に記載の抗菌方法。
- 前記照射は、投与される前記サフラニンOの吸収スペクトルに適合した波長で前記血液及び血液製剤を照射することから成る、請求項1に記載の抗菌方法。
- 前記血液成分への分離ステップは、分離、デキャンティング、遠心分離、及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択された方法で行われる、請求項1に記載の抗菌方法。
- 前記混合ステップ及び照射ステップは、スライド動作、回転動作、及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択された動きによって更に増進される、請求項1に記載の抗菌方法。
- 照射ユニットと、
無菌透明収容バック及びバックホルダと、
ビーズ及びスポンジで満たされたハウジングである光増感剤吸収ユニットと、
を備え、
前記バックホルダは、スライド運動、回転運動、及びこれらの組み合わせの運動を開始する、
生物学的活性の基本的要素に悪影響を与えることなく生体液から微生物を枯渇させるために使用される、請求項1に記載の抗菌方法のための装置。 - 前記照射ユニットは、光源と、冷却要素と、バックホルダと、スライドさせ、回転させ、及び実行される組み合わせの運動のための手段と、を備える、請求項7に記載の装置。
- 照射ユニットの前記光源は、前記サフラニンOに適合した電磁スペクトルの可視、近UV、及び近IR領域の波長を有する、レーザ、ダイオードレーザシステム、高出力LED、ランプ、LED、白色光源及びその他の光源である、請求項8に記載の装置。
- 前記光源は532nmで動作するLEDを備える、請求項8に記載の装置。
- 前記スライドさせ、回転させ、及び実行される組み合わせの運動は、適切な生体液−サフラニンO混合と照射ユニットからの光への暴露を確実にする、請求項8に記載の装置。
- 前記バックホルダはスライド運動可能である、請求項7に記載の装置。
- 前記無菌透明収容バックは前記サフラニンOを活性化させるために光を透過させる、請求項7に記載の装置。
- 前記光増感剤吸収ユニットは、ビーズ及びスポンジで満たされたハウジングであって、被処理血液及び血液製剤から余分な及び/又は活性化されなかった前記サフラニンOを除去するように設計されている、請求項7に記載の装置。
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