JP6083874B2 - ミトコンドリア病特異的人工多能性幹細胞、その製造方法及び使用 - Google Patents
ミトコンドリア病特異的人工多能性幹細胞、その製造方法及び使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
[1]ミトコンドリア病を引き起こすミトコンドリアDNA変異を有する患者から得られた体細胞から、該変異の頻度が該体細胞と比較して増大した、又は検出できないレベルまで低下したiPS細胞を製造する方法であって、
(1)該患者から得られた体細胞を初期化物質と接触させる工程;
(2)細胞培養物からiPS細胞コロニーを選択する工程;及び
(3)iPS細胞の該変異の頻度を決定する工程
を含む、方法。
[2]変異が、3243位におけるアデニンからグアニンへの置換(A3243G)である、上記[1]に記載の方法。
[3]ミトコンドリア病が糖尿病を伴う、上記[1]又は[2]に記載の方法。
[4]核初期化物質が、Octファミリーメンバー、Soxファミリーメンバー、Klf4ファミリーメンバー、Mycファミリーメンバー、Linファミリーメンバー及びNanog、並びにそれらをコードする核酸からなる群より選択される、上記[1]〜[3]のいずれか一に記載の方法。
[5]核初期化物質が、Oct3/4、Sox2及びKlf4、又はそれらをコードする核酸である、上記[4]に記載の方法。
[6]核初期化物質が、Oct3/4、Sox2、Klf4及びc-Myc若しくはL-Myc、又はそれらをコードする核酸である、上記[4]に記載の方法。
[7]ミトコンドリア病を引き起こすミトコンドリアDNA変異を有する患者から得られた体細胞から樹立された、該変異の頻度が該体細胞と比較して増大したiPS細胞。
[8]変異が、3243位におけるアデニンからグアニンへの置換(A3243G)である、上記[7]に記載のiPS細胞。
[9]ミトコンドリア病が糖尿病を伴う、上記[7]又は[8]に記載のiPS細胞。
[10]上記[7]〜[9]のいずれか一に記載のiPS細胞を体細胞に分化させることを含む、ミトコンドリア病モデル細胞の製造方法。
[11]体細胞が、膵β細胞、神経細胞、心筋細胞又は骨格筋細胞である、上記[10]に記載の方法。
[12]上記[10]又は[11]に記載の方法から得られた、ミトコンドリア病モデル細胞。
[13]ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤をスクリーニングする方法であって、
(1)上記[12]に記載のミトコンドリア病モデル細胞を被検物質と接触させる工程;
(2)該細胞におけるミトコンドリア病の1以上の表現型を決定する工程;及び
(3)被検物質不在下と比較して、少なくとも1の表現型を改善した被検物質を、ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤の候補として選択する工程
を含む、方法。
[14]ミトコンドリア病を引き起こすミトコンドリアDNA変異を有する患者から得られた体細胞から樹立された、該変異の頻度が検出できないレベルまで低下したiPS細胞。
[15]上記[14]に記載のiPS細胞を体細胞に分化させることを含む、ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤の製造方法。
[16]体細胞が、膵β細胞、神経細胞、心筋細胞又は骨格筋細胞である、上記[15]に記載の方法。
[17]上記[15]又は[16]に記載の方法により得られた、体細胞。
[18]上記[17]に記載の体細胞を含む、ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤。
[19]上記[17]に記載の体細胞をミトコンドリアDNAに変異を有する患者に移植することを含む、ミトコンドリア病の治療又は予防方法。
[20]ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤の製造のための、上記[14]に記載のiPS細胞の使用。
[21]ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤のソースとしての、上記[14]に記載のiPS細胞。
本発明は、ミトコンドリアDNA(mtDNA)に変異を有する患者由来の体細胞を初期化することを含む、mtDNA変異頻度がもとの体細胞と比較して増大したミトコンドリア病特異的iPS(Mt-iPS)細胞、又は実質的に該変異を有さない(即ち、該変異の頻度が検出できないレベルまで低下した)Mt-iPS細胞の製造方法を提供する。
本発明の方法は、iPS細胞が樹立されているか、樹立可能である、任意の哺乳動物において適用することができ、例えば、ヒト、マウス、サル、ブタ、ラット、イヌ等が挙げられるが、好ましくはヒトである。
iPS細胞は、ある特定の核初期化物質を、核酸又はタンパク質の形態で体細胞に導入することによって作製することができる、ES細胞とほぼ同等の特性、例えば分化多能性と自己複製による増殖能、を有する体細胞由来の人工の幹細胞である(K. Takahashi and S. Yamanaka(2006)Cell, 126:663-676;K. Takahashi et al.(2007)Cell, 131:861-872;J. Yu et al.(2007)Science, 318:1917-1920;M. Nakagawa et al.(2008)Nat. Biotechnol., 26:101-106;WO 2007/069666)。核初期化物質は、ES細胞に特異的に発現している遺伝子若しくはES細胞の未分化維持に重要な役割を果たす遺伝子、又はその遺伝子産物であれば良い。例えば、Octファミリーメンバー(例、Oct3/4)、Klfファミリーメンバー(例、Klf4、Klf1、Klf2、Klf5)、Soxファミリーメンバー(例、Sox2、Sox1、Sox3、Sox15、Sox17、Sox18)、Mycファミリーメンバー(c-Myc、L-Myc、N-Myc)、Linファミリーメンバー(例、Lin28、Lin28b)、GLISファミリーメンバー(例、GLIS1、GLIS2、GLIS3)、TERT、SV40 Large T antigen、HPV16 E6、HPV16 E7、Bmil、Nanog、Esrrb又はEsrrgが挙げられる。これらの初期化物質は、iPS細胞樹立の際には、組み合わされて使用されてもよい。例えば、これらの初期化物質を、少なくとも1つ、2つ若しくは3つ含む組み合わせであり、好ましくは4つを含む組み合わせである。
遺伝子名 マウス ヒト
L-Myc NM_008506 NM_001033081
GLIS1 NM_147221 NM_147193
GLIS2 NM_031184 NM_032575
GLIS3 NM_175459 NM_001042413
Lin28 NM_145833 NM_024674
Lin28b NM_001031772 NM_001004317
Esrrb NM_011934 NM_004452
Esrrg NM_011935 NM_001438
本発明は、mtDNAに変異を有する患者由来の体細胞から樹立されるiPS細胞クローンは、二峰性の変異ヘテロプラスミーの程度を示す、すなわち、あるクローンは、もとの体細胞と比較して該変異の頻度が増大しており(変異-リッチ Mt-iPS細胞)、その他のクローンは実質的に該変異を有さない(変異-フリー Mt-iPS細胞)との発見に基づく。従って、本発明によれば、従来の疾患特異的iPS細胞の樹立と同様の方法により、疾患の原因となる遺伝子異常がより蓄積された疾患モデル細胞のソースと、正常なミトコンドリア機能を有する、もとの体細胞の提供者への自家移植用細胞のソースとが同時に提供され得る。
本発明のMt-iPS細胞における変異頻度が二峰性を示すのは、mtDNAの変異頻度が世代を経る際に、ヘテロプラスミーからホモプラスミーへと急速に変化する、急調分離現象がin vitroで再現されているためと考えられる。急調分離を説明するためのモデルはいくつか提唱されている。体細胞、成熟卵細胞、初期胚では、103〜104コピーのmtDNAが存在するが、始原生殖細胞では10〜100コピーに一時的に減少する(mtDNA ボトルネック効果)ことが知られている。ES細胞の調製においても、内部細胞塊(ICM)からES細胞へと変化する際に、mtDNAのコピー数が急減することが報告されている。これらの知見から、ミトコンドリア病患者由来の初期胚から樹立したES細胞(Mt-ES細胞)もまた、同様にmtDNAの変異頻度が二峰性を示すと考えられる。
上記のようにして得られたミトコンドリア病特異的多能性幹細胞は、自体公知の分化誘導法を用いて、所望の体細胞・組織に分化させることができる。ミトコンドリア病の罹患臓器は、糖尿病患者における膵β細胞、神経、心筋、骨格筋など多岐に及ぶ。mtDNA変異が蓄積された変異-リッチ Mt-iPS/ES細胞をこれら病態の発現し得る臓器の細胞・組織に分化させることにより、ミトコンドリア病のモデル細胞として、創薬スクリーニングの有用なツールとすることができる。一方、mtDNA変異が消失した変異-フリー Mt-iPS/ES細胞を、該細胞の由来する体細胞の提供者である患者の罹患臓器の細胞・組織に分化させることにより、正常なミトコンドリア機能を有する、自己の細胞・組織を作り出すことができる。従って、これらの細胞・組織を自家移植することにより、ミトコンドリア病の治療を行うことが可能となる。
本発明は、前述のようにして得られた変異-リッチ Mt-iPS/ES細胞由来の体細胞、好ましくは膵β細胞、神経細胞、心筋細胞、骨格筋細胞若しくはそれらにより構築される組織と被検物質とを接触させ、該細胞若しくは組織が発現するミトコンドリア病の病態を改善させる、即ち、正常細胞若しくは組織の形質(phenotype)に近づけるように該細胞若しくは組織を変化させるか、あるいは当該病態の発現を阻止若しくは遅延させる被検物質を候補物質として選択することを含む、ミトコンドリア病の予防及び/又は治療薬の候補物質をスクリーニングする方法を提供する。
上記のスクリーニング法により選択された物質は、ミトコンドリア病の予防及び/又は治療剤として使用し得る。
変異-フリー Mt-iPS/ES細胞から分化誘導された体細胞は、医薬上許容される担体と混合することにより、注射剤、懸濁剤、点滴剤等の非経口製剤として製造され得る。当該非経口製剤に含まれ得る医薬上許容される担体としては、例えば、生理食塩水、ブドウ糖やその他の等張化剤を含む等張液(例えば、D-ソルビトール、D-マンニトール、塩化ナトリウムなど)などの注射用の水性液を挙げることができる。本発明の非経口製剤は、例えば、緩衝剤(例えば、リン酸塩緩衝液、酢酸塩緩衝液など)、無痛化剤(例えば、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩酸プロカインなど)、安定剤(例えば、ヒト血清アルブミン、ポリエチレングリコールなど)、保存剤、酸化防止剤などをさらに含んでも良い。本発明の剤を水性懸濁液剤として製剤化する場合、上記水性液の一つに細胞密度が約1×106〜約1×108細胞/mLとなるように体細胞を懸濁させる。本発明の剤は、幹細胞の凍結保存に通常使用される条件下で凍結保存し、用時融解できる。その場合、本発明の剤は、血清若しくはその代替物、有機溶剤(例、DMSO)等をさらに含んでいてもよい。血清若しくはその代替物の濃度は、特に限定されるものではないが、約1〜約30%(v/v)、好ましくは約5〜約20%(v/v)であり得る。有機溶剤の濃度は、特に限定されるものではないが、0〜約50%(v/v)、好ましくは約5〜約20%(v/v)であり得る。
mtDNA A3243G変異を保因する日本人糖尿病患者2人から皮膚生検を得た。患者1(Mt1)は38歳男性であり、患者2(Mt2)は46歳女性であった。患者の臨床データを表1に示す。
患者由来の血液細胞、線維芽細胞(Mt1-fibro及びMt2-fibro)及び推定iPSクローン(Mt1-1〜1-4及びMt2-1〜2-10)におけるヘテロプラスミーの存在及びレベルを評価した。Mt-iPS細胞におけるmtDNA A3242G変異のヘテロプラスミーの程度を定量化するために、インベーダーアッセイを適用した[Nat Biotechnol. 1999;17:292-296, Clin Biochem. 2004;37:268-276、Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2006;50:128-134]。インベーダーアッセイのためにMt-iPS細胞を採取した際の継代数は以下のとおりであった:Mt1-1:継代(p)12;Mt1-2:p17;Mt1-3:p17;Mt1-4:p14;Mt2-1:p9;Mt2-2:p8;Mt2-3:p10;Mt2-4:p9;Mt2-5:p10;Mt2-6:p10;Mt2-7:p7;Mt2-8:p7;Mt2-9:p9;Mt2-10:p11。
3243Aのプライマリープローブ:
5’-CGCGCCGAGGAGCCCGGTAATCGC<アミノ>-3’、
3243Gのプライマリープローブ:
5’-ACGGACGCGGAGGGCCCGGTAATCG<アミノ>-3’、
共通のインベーダーオリゴ:
5’-CCCACCCAAGAACAGGGTTTGTTAAGATGGCAGT-3’。
次に、Mt-iPSクローンの幹細胞特性を免疫化学、アルカリホスファターゼ染色及び核型分析により検証した。
免疫細胞化学は既報のとおり実施した[Zygote. 2006;14:299-304]。抗ヒト一次抗体は、SSEA-1、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、TRA-1-60、TRA-1-81(全てStemgent, San Diego, CA)、NANOG(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN)、β3-チューブリン(Millipore, Temecula, CA)、α-平滑筋アクチン(αSMA)(Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO)、及びFOXA2(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA)を含んだ。免疫蛍光法のために、Alexa Fluor 488ヤギ抗マウスIgM、Alexa Fluor 488ヤギ抗ラットIgM、Alexa Fluor 488ヤギ抗マウスIgG、Alexa Fluor 546ウサギ抗ヤギIgG、Alexa Fluor 546ヤギ抗マウスIgG(全てMolecular Probes, OR, USA)を二次抗体とした。アルカリホスファターゼ活性は、Alkaline Phosphatase Staining Kit(Stemgent)を用いて検出した。Olympus IX81顕微鏡(Olympus, Tokyo, Japan)を用いて画像をキャプチャした。
Mt-iPSクローンが細胞遺伝学的に正常であるかを検証するために、22継代でのMt-iPS細胞(Mt2-3及びMt2-6)の核型分析を次に実施した。日本遺伝子研究所(Sendai, Japan)にて標準的なG分染法(standard G-banding)染色体解析を行った。
(1)胚様体(EB)形成及びin vitro分化
Mt-iPS細胞のin vitroでの分化能を決定するために、浮遊培養を用いて胚様体(EB)を形成させた[Mol Med. 2000;6:88-95]。Mt-iPS細胞をコラゲナーゼ/トリプシン処理により解離し、ReproCELL培地中、低接着マルチウェルプレートに移した。2日ごとに培地を交換した。浮遊培養8日後に、iPS細胞はボール状の構造を形成した。これらのEBを、0.1%ゼラチンでコートしたプレートに移し、8日間、さらに分化を誘導した。接着した細胞は、神経細胞、敷石様細胞及び上皮細胞に類似した形態を含む、様々な形態タイプを示した(データ示さず)。β3-チューブリン(外胚葉マーカー)、αSMA(中胚葉マーカー)及びFOXA2(内胚葉マーカー)などの分化マーカーを免疫細胞化学により分析した。全てのMt-iPSクローンが、in vitroにて三胚葉に分化できることが分かった(図3A)。
in vivoでの多能性を決定するために、Mt-iPS細胞を重症複合免疫不全(SCID)マウスの精巣(testicle)に移植した。およそ5×105 iPS細胞をコラゲナーゼ/トリプシン処理により集め、7〜12週齢の免疫不全SCIDマウスの精巣に注入した。注入9〜12週間後にテラトーマを集め、10%中性緩衝ホルマリンで固定した。パラフィン包埋組織を切片化し、ヘマトキシリン・エオジン染色した。動物実験は、本発明者らの研究機関のガイドラインに沿って実施し、京都大学動物実験委員会の承認を受けた。
次に、Mt-iPSクローンの変異頻度が、細胞培養及び継代の間に固定されるかを検証した。変異頻度は、実施例2で示す方法と同じ方法で測定した。同一クローンを様々な継代数で分析することにより、変異-フリー Mt-iPSクローン(Mt1-2、Mt2-3)では、いずれの変異誘発も観察されないことが明らかとなった(図4A)。変異-リッチ Mt-iPSクローンの変異頻度は、継代間で比較的一定した(Mt1-4、Mt2-6)(図4A)。
定量的ゲノムPCRにより、血液細胞、線維芽細胞(Mt1-fibro及びMt2-fibro)及びiPSクローンにおけるmtDNA含量(細胞あたりのミトコンドリアゲノムコピー)を測定した。比較のために、2つのヒトES細胞株(H9及びKhES-1)及び2つのヒトiPS細胞株(B7及びG1)を培養し、mtDNA含量分析のために採取した[Science. 1998;282:1145-1147;Int J Dev Biol. 2004;48:1149-1154;Cell. 2007;131:861-872;Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:101-106]。
A3243G変異を有する同一患者(Mt2;mtDNA変異頻度約20%)から得られた変異-リッチ Mt-iPSクローン(Mt2-5;mtDNA変異頻度83%)及び変異-フリー Mt-iPSクローン(Mt2-4;mtDNA変異頻度<1%)を使用して、mtDNAによりコードされるタンパク質(シトクロムCオキシダーゼサブユニット1(COX1)及びシトクロムCオキシダーゼサブユニット2(COX2))の産生量を評価した。胚様体(EB)は、Mt2-4及びMt2-5クローンから誘導し、各EBにおけるCOX1及びCOX2産生は、ウエスタンブロッティングにより分析した。結果を図6に示す。
常法に従って、変異-リッチ Mt-iPSクローン(Mt2-5)及び変異-フリー Mt-iPSクローン(Mt2-4)を腸管及び膵臓内分泌細胞へと分化誘導した。結果を図7に示す。
Claims (14)
- ミトコンドリア病を引き起こすミトコンドリアDNA変異をヘテロプラスミックに有する患者から採取された体細胞から、該変異の頻度が該体細胞と比較して増大した、又は検出できないレベルまで低下し、かつ該変異頻度が継代後及び分化誘導後も安定に保持されるiPS細胞を製造する方法であって、
(1)該患者から採取された体細胞を初期化物質と接触させる工程;
(2)細胞培養物からiPS細胞コロニーを選択する工程;
(3)iPS細胞の該変異の頻度を決定する工程;及び
(4)該変異の頻度が該体細胞と比較して増大した、又は検出できないレベルまで低下したiPS細胞を選択する工程
を含む、方法。 - 変異が、3243位におけるアデニンからグアニンへの置換(A3243G)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ミトコンドリア病が糖尿病を伴う、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 核初期化物質が、Octファミリーメンバー、Soxファミリーメンバー、Klf4ファミリーメンバー、Mycファミリーメンバー、Linファミリーメンバー及びNanog、並びにそれらをコードする核酸からなる群より選択される、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 核初期化物質が、
(a) Oct3/4、Sox2及びKlf4、又はそれらをコードする核酸、あるいは
(b) Oct3/4、Sox2、Klf4及びc-Myc若しくはL-Myc、又はそれらをコードする核酸を含む、請求項4に記載の方法。 - ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤をスクリーニングする方法であって、
(1)請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法により、ミトコンドリアDNA変異の頻度が元の体細胞と比較して増大したiPS細胞を製造する工程;
(2)該製造されたiPS細胞から分化誘導した体細胞を被検物質と接触させる工程;
(3)該細胞におけるミトコンドリア病の1以上の表現型を決定する工程;及び
(4)被検物質不在下と比較して、少なくとも1の表現型を改善した被検物質を、ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤の候補として選択する工程を含む、方法。 - 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法により、同一患者の体細胞から製造したミトコンドリアDNA変異の頻度が検出できないレベルまで低下したiPS細胞から分化誘導した体細胞を陰性対照として用いることをさらに含む、請求項6記載の方法。
- 分化誘導した体細胞が、腸管細胞、膵β細胞、神経細胞、心筋細胞又は骨格筋細胞である、請求項6又は7に記載の方法。
- 体細胞が、腸管細胞又は膵β細胞である、請求項8に記載の方法。
- ミトコンドリア病の表現型が、シトクロムCオキシダーゼサブユニット1および/またはシトクロムCオキシダーゼサブユニット2のタンパク質量が低下することである、請求項6〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- ミトコンドリア病を引き起こすミトコンドリアDNA変異を有する患者から採取された体細胞を初期化して得たiPS細胞のうち、該変異の頻度が検出できないレベルまで低下したiPS細胞を選択して体細胞に分化誘導することを含む、ミトコンドリア病の治療及び/又は予防剤の製造方法。
- 分化誘導した体細胞が、腸管細胞、膵β細胞、神経細胞、心筋細胞又は骨格筋細胞である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 体細胞が、腸管細胞又は膵β細胞である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- ミトコンドリア病を引き起こすミトコンドリアDNA変異をヘテロプラスミックに有する、糖尿病を伴うミトコンドリア病患者由来の、該変異の頻度が検出できないレベルまで低下した腸管細胞又は膵β細胞を含有してなる、該患者に対する自家移植療法剤。
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