JP6069317B2 - アノード制限電気化学セルで構成された高電圧電池 - Google Patents
アノード制限電気化学セルで構成された高電圧電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6069317B2 JP6069317B2 JP2014521698A JP2014521698A JP6069317B2 JP 6069317 B2 JP6069317 B2 JP 6069317B2 JP 2014521698 A JP2014521698 A JP 2014521698A JP 2014521698 A JP2014521698 A JP 2014521698A JP 6069317 B2 JP6069317 B2 JP 6069317B2
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Description
好ましくは、アノード電極9は、後で考察するように、充電電圧において耐食性(電気分解によって形成される水素に対する耐性)の材料でできている。
一実施形態による方法は、アノード電極材料の腐食を誘発せずに、セルのアノード電極において水の電気分解が始まる電圧よりも1.5倍高いおよび/または0.8ボルト高い電圧でエネルギー貯蔵システム100を充電することを含む。
アノード
アノードは、一般に、(電気化学二重層反応および/または擬似容量性反応(すなわち、部分的電荷移動表面相互作用)による)表面吸着/脱着によってNaイオン(および/または別のアルカリもしくはアルカリ土類イオン)を可逆的に貯蔵することができる任意の材料を含むことができ、所望の電圧範囲において耐食性/水素耐性とすることができる。一実施形態において、アノードは、(腐食しない、すなわち、発生水素による損傷を受けない)活性炭でできている。好ましくは、アノード電極は、アノードバイアス条件下の1M Na2 SO4 中で120F/gを超える(例えば、120〜180F/g)ように改変された高表面積(例えば、活性化)炭素を含む。好ましくは、活性炭アノードは擬似容量性であり、−1〜0.8ボルトSHEの電圧範囲で作動するように構成される。別のアノード材料として、黒鉛、メソポーラス炭素、カーボンナノチューブ、不規則炭素、(チタニアなどの)Ti酸化物材料、V酸化物材料、ホスホ−オリビン材料、他の適切なメソポーラスセラミック材料、およびその組み合わせが挙げられる。
遷移金属酸化物、スルフィド、ホスファートまたはフルオリドを含む任意の適切な材料を、アルカリおよび/またはアルカリ土類イオンなどの可逆的Naイオンインターカレーション/デインターカレーションの可能な活性カソード材料として使用することができる。本発明の実施形態において活性カソード材料としての使用に適切な材料は、好ましくは、活性カソード材料としての使用前にナトリウム、リチウム、その両方などのアルカリ原子を含む。活性カソード材料は、形成時の状態で(すなわち、エネルギー貯蔵装置における使用前に)Naおよび/またはLiを含む必要はない。しかし、Na系電解質を使用する装置では、電解質由来のNa陽イオンを、エネルギー貯蔵装置作動中のインターカレーションによって活性カソード材料に取り込むことができるべきである。したがって、本発明の実施形態において、カソードとして使用することができる材料は、形成時の状態で必ずしもNaや別のアルカリを含む必要はないが、エネルギー貯蔵装置の放電/充電サイクル中に大きい過電圧損失なしにNaや別のアルカリイオンの可逆的インターカレーション/デインターカレーションが可能である材料を含む。
一部の実施形態において、最初の活性カソード材料は、場合によってはLi、Alなどの1種類以上の金属がドープされた、λMnO2 (すなわち、酸化マンガンの立方晶同形体)系材料を含む。
一部の実施形態において、最初のカソード材料は、場合によってはLi、Alなどの1種類以上の金属がドープされた、Na2 FePO4 Fを含む。
一部の実施形態において、最初のカソード材料は、場合によってはLi、Alなどの1種類以上の金属がドープされた、斜方晶NaM9 O18を含む。この活性カソード材料は、Na2 CO3 およびMn2 O3 を適切なモル比に十分に混合し、例えば約800℃で焼成することによって作製することができる。焼成中にこの材料に組み込まれるNa含有量の程度によって、Mnの酸化状態、およびそれがO2 と局所的に結合する仕方が決まる。この材料は、非水系電解質中のNax MnO2 の場合、0.33<x<0.66の間で循環することが示された。あるいは、カソード材料はLiMn2 O4 を含み、電解質はLi2 SO4 を含む。
本発明の実施形態において、カソードおよびアノード材料を集電子上に取り付けることができる。最適な性能のために、集電子は、操作電位において電解質(後述するNa陽イオン含有水溶液)中で電子伝導性および耐食性であることが望ましい。
カソード側の適切な非被覆集電子材料として、ステンレス鋼、Ni、NiCrアロイ、Ti、Pb酸化物(PbOx )および貴金属が挙げられる。
集電子は、固体箔またはメッシュ材料を含むことができる。
本発明の実施形態は、アルカリ系(例えば、Liおよび/またはNa系)またはアルカリ土類系水系電解質などの水性(水系)電解質を使用する二次(充電式)エネルギー貯蔵システムを提供する。Naを使用することによって、はるかに厚い電極、はるかに安価なセパレータおよび集電子材料、並びに良好なより環境を考慮した電極および電解質塩材料を使用することができる。さらに、本発明の実施形態のエネルギー貯蔵システムは、屋外環境で組み立てることができ、製造コストをかなり削減することができる。
本発明の実施形態において使用されるセパレータは、織られたまたは織られていない綿シート、PVC(ポリ塩化ビニル)、PE(ポリエチレン)、ガラス繊維または任意の他の適切な材料を含むことができる。
Claims (13)
- 電気化学貯蔵装置であって、
電気的に直列接続された複数のハイブリッド電気化学セルを備え、
複数のハイブリッド電気化学セルの各々が、
負のアノード電極と、
正のカソード電極と、
水系電解質と、を含み、
前記アノード電極の充電貯蔵容量が、前記カソード電極の充電貯蔵容量よりも低く、
複数のハイブリッド電気化学セルのうちの少なくとも1個のセルの充電時に前記アノード電極の充電貯蔵容量を超えると、電解質の水が前記少なくとも1個のセルのアノード電極において局所的に電気分解して水素とOH- 種を形成し、
作動中の前記カソード電極がアルカリ金属陽イオンを可逆的にインターカレートし、
前記アノード電極が、前記アノード電極の表面のアルカリ金属陽イオンの可逆的非ファラデ反応によって電荷を貯蔵する容量性電極、または前記アノード電極の表面のアルカリ金属陽イオンと部分的電荷移動表面相互作用を起こす擬似容量性電極を含み、
水がアノード電極/電解質界面において電気分解し始める前に利用可能な前記アノード電極の充電貯蔵容量が、前記カソード電極の充電貯蔵容量の50〜90%であり、
前記アノード電極と前記カソード電極との質量比が、1未満であり、
前記アノード電極の比容量と前記アノード電極の荷重との積が、前記カソード電極の比容量と前記カソード電極の荷重との積よりも小さい装置。 - 電気化学貯蔵装置であって、
電気的に直列接続された複数のハイブリッド電気化学セルを備え、
複数のハイブリッド電気化学セルの各々が、
負のアノード電極と、
正のカソード電極と、
水系電解質と、を含み、
前記アノード電極の充電貯蔵容量が、前記カソード電極の充電貯蔵容量よりも低く、
複数のハイブリッド電気化学セルのうちの少なくとも1個のセルの充電時に前記アノード電極の充電貯蔵容量を超えると、電解質の水が前記少なくとも1個のセルのアノード電極において局所的に電気分解して水素とOH - 種を形成し、
前記アノード電極が、アノードバイアス条件下の1M Na2SO4 中で120F/gを超えるように改変された高表面積炭素を含む装置。 - 請求項2記載の装置において、
前記カソード電極が、式Ax My Oz を有する材料を含み、式中、AはLi、Na、K、Be、MgおよびCaの1種類以上であり、xは、使用前には0〜1の範囲であり、使用中には0〜10の範囲であり、Mは任意の1種類以上の遷移金属を含み、yは1〜3の範囲であり、zは2〜7の範囲であり、前記アノード電極は活性炭を含み、前記電解質はSO4 2- 、NO3 - 、ClO4 - 、PO4 3- 、CO3 2- 、Cl- またはOH- 陰イオンを含む装置。 - 請求項3記載の装置において、
前記カソード電極がドープもしくは非ドープ立方晶スピネルλMnO2 形材料またはNa0.44MnO2 トンネル構造斜方晶材料を含み、前記アノード電極が活性炭を含み、前記電解質が水中で溶媒和したNa2SO4 またはLi2SO4 の少なくとも一方を含む装置。 - 請求項1記載の装置において、
前記OH- 種が前記アノード電極の表面近傍のpHを増加させ、このpHを増加させることが前記電解質の電圧安定性窓を局所的に低下させ、それによってさらなる水素発生を抑制または抑止し、
前記少なくとも1個のセルの充電時に形成された水素種が、前記少なくとも1個のセルの放電時に前記OH- 種と結合する装置。 - 請求項1記載の装置において、
前記アノード電極が、活性炭活物質および水素貯蔵材料を含む複合電極を含む装置。 - 請求項1記載の装置において、
前記装置中の複数のハイブリッド電気化学セルの第1のセルが、前記装置中の複数のハイブリッド電気化学セルの第2のセルよりも製造時の充電貯蔵容量が低く、
前記第1のセルが、放電および充電中に過充電および充電不足状態になり、
前記装置が、セルレベルの電圧監視および電流制御回路を持たない装置。 - 電気化学エネルギー貯蔵装置を動作させる方法であって、
電気的に直列接続された複数の水系電解質ハイブリッド電気化学セルのうちの少なくとも1個のセルのアノード電極の充電貯蔵容量を充電時に超えるように、複数の水系電解質ハイブリッド電気化学セルを充放電するステップを含み、
充電時に、前記少なくとも1個のセルの充電時に前記少なくとも1個のセルのアノード電極の充電貯蔵容量を超えると、水系電解質の水が前記少なくとも1個のセルのアノード電極において電気分解して水素およびOH- 種を形成し、前記OH- 種が前記アノード電極の表面近傍のpHを増加させ、このpHを増加させることが電解質の電圧安定性窓を低下させ、それによってさらなる水素発生を抑制または抑止し、
放電時に、前記少なくとも1個のセルの充電時に形成された水素種が、前記OH- 種と結合し、
複数の水系電解質ハイブリッド電気化学セルの各々が、カソード電極をさらに含み、
複数の水系電解質ハイブリッド電気化学セルの各々において、前記アノード電極の充電貯蔵容量が前記カソード電極の充電貯蔵容量よりも低く、
複数の水系電解質ハイブリッド電気化学セルの各々が、二次ハイブリッド水溶液エネルギー貯蔵セルであり、
作動中の前記カソード電極がアルカリ金属陽イオンを可逆的にインターカレートし、
前記アノード電極が、前記アノード電極の表面のアルカリ金属陽イオンの可逆的非ファラデ反応によって電荷を貯蔵する容量性電極、または前記アノード電極の表面のアルカリ金属陽イオンと部分的電荷移動表面相互作用を起こす擬似容量性電極である方法。 - 請求項8記載の方法において、
水がアノード電極/電解質界面において電気分解し始める前に利用可能な前記アノード電極の充電貯蔵容量が、前記カソード電極の充電貯蔵容量の50〜90%であり、
前記アノード電極と前記カソード電極との質量比が、1未満であり、
前記アノード電極の比容量と前記アノード電極の荷重との積が、前記カソード電極の比容量と前記カソード電極の荷重との積よりも小さい方法。 - 請求項8記載の方法において、
前記カソード電極が、ドープもしくは非ドープ立方晶スピネルλMnO2 形材料またはNaMn9O18トンネル構造斜方晶材料を含み、前記アノード電極が活性炭を含み、前記電解質が、水中で溶媒和した1種以上のアルカリ陽イオンおよびSO4 陰イオン種の組み合わせを含み、セルレベルの電圧が監視も制御もされない方法。 - 請求項8記載の方法において、
前記少なくとも1個のセルの充電時に形成される水素種の少なくとも一部が、前記アノード電極中、電極上または電極に貯蔵される方法。 - 請求項11記載の方法において、
前記アノード電極が、活性炭活物質および水素貯蔵材料を含む複合電極を含み、前記少なくとも1個のセルの充電時に形成される水素種の少なくとも一部が、前記水素貯蔵材料中、材料上または材料に貯蔵される方法。 - 請求項10記載の方法において、
前記アノード電極における水の電気分解が始まる電圧よりも1.5倍高いまたは0.8ボルト高い電圧で前記電気化学エネルギー貯蔵装置を充電するステップを含む方法。
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US13/423,430 | 2012-03-19 | ||
US13/423,430 US8945751B2 (en) | 2011-07-19 | 2012-03-19 | High voltage battery composed of anode limited electrochemical cells |
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