JP6010047B2 - 対流強化送達(ced)による選択的複製性単純ヘルペスウイルスベクターの脳への送達 - Google Patents
対流強化送達(ced)による選択的複製性単純ヘルペスウイルスベクターの脳への送達 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、神経膠腫の治療における使用のための組成物および化合物に関する。
悪性神経膠腫は、最も一般的な原発性脳腫瘍であり、非常によくない予後を伴う(Wrensch et al, 2002)。神経膠腫は、内因性のグリア前駆細胞または神経幹細胞から生じ(Canoll and Goldman, 2008)、それとともに、白質路ならびに脈管周囲空間および軟膜下空間に沿って移動する能力を有すると仮説が立てられている(Louis, 2006)。その結果、悪性神経膠腫は、高度に浸潤性の腫瘍であり、完全な外科的な切除は不可能である。浸潤性の腫瘍細胞の適切な治療における従来の治療様式の限界は、元の腫瘍塊の2〜3cm以内に悪性神経膠腫の80%が再発するという観察により強調される(Hess et al, 1994)。
本研究に基づいて、本発明者らは、特に対流強化送達による白質への治療剤の送達を最適化するために有用な組成物および化合物を同定した。これは特に、遺伝子治療ベクターの送達に有用である。
本発明はここで、以下の図面に関して、実施例のみによって説明される。
悪性神経膠腫は最も一般的な原発性脳腫瘍であり、ほぼ常に不治である。このことの決定的な理由としては、これらの腫瘍が高度に浸潤性であること、腫瘍に化学抵抗性が本来備わっていること、および毒性を引き起こすことなく脳内で化学療法の治療濃度を達成することが困難なことが挙げられる。対流強化送達(CED)による腫瘍崩壊性ウイルスベクターの実質内の直接投与は、有望な新規の治療戦略を提示する。しかしながら、HSV-1程度の大きさの腫瘍崩壊性ウイルスをCEDにより投与できることを示唆する証拠はない。この研究において、HSV-1ウイルスベクターを投与する能力は、小さな動物モデル(ラット)および大きな動物モデル(ブタ)の両方の灰白質および白質において詳細に評価された。
ベクター
ICP4およびICP27遺伝子中にヌル突然変異を有し、CMVプロモーターの制御下で強化緑色蛍光タンパク質(EGFP)を発現するHSV-1ウイルス構築物は、好意によりBiovexから提供された。
全ての手順は、英国内務省動物福祉規則および適切な内務省免許に従って行った。
外径220μmおよび内径150μmのある長さの溶融シリカから鋭形の注入カニューレを構築した。Hamiltonシリンジのチャンバーと溶融シリカの内腔の間に封(seal)を作製するように働き、溶融シリカカニューレを、Hamiltonシリンジから、硬膜を通過して、脳へと誘導する自社製の連結デバイスを介して、これらのある長さの溶融シリカを10μlのHamiltonシリンジに連結した。次いで、このコネクタデバイスを介してカニューレを取り付けたHamiltonシリンジを、ラットが固定された定位フレーム(Stoelting Co, Wood Dale, IL USA)に取り付けられた注入ポンプ(World Precision Instruments Inc., Sarasota, FL, USA)に据え付けた。カニューレを挿入するために、ポンプ/シリンジ/コネクタ/カニューレの構築物の全体を、標的の深さに到達するまで、定位フレーム中で下げた。
体重45kgの雄の大きな白色ランドレースブタに、ケタミンの一筋肉内用量(0.1mg/体重kg)を投与した。次いで全身麻酔を誘導して、イソフルラン(2〜5%)で維持し、動物に、カフ付き(cuffed)気管内チューブを挿管した。耳静脈内に配置したカニューレを使用して、静脈内アクセスを得て、250ml/時の速度で通常の食塩水を注入した。
Leica CM1850クリオスタット(Leica Microsystems, Germany)を使用して、ラットの脳を35μmの厚さの冠状切片に切断した。Leica SM2500ミクロトームを使用して、ブタの脳を100μmの冠状切片に切断した。選択した切片に対して免疫組織化学を行った。簡潔に、免疫組織化学のための全ての溶液は、リン酸緩衝化食塩水(PBS)中で作製した。自由に動くPFA固定切片をPBS中で15分間、3回洗浄し、3%過酸化水素中でインキュベートして、内因性のペルオキシダーゼ活性を除去した。次いで、切片をPBS中で15分間、3回洗浄し、その後、ブロッキング溶液(10%正常ヤギまたはロバ血清)中、室温で1時間ブロッキングした。次いで切片を、ブロッキング溶液から、ブロッキング溶液中に適切に希釈した一次抗体に直接移し、一晩インキュベートした。以下の一次抗体を使用した:マウス抗NeuN (1:300; Chemicon, UK)、ウサギ抗GFAP (1:200; Chemicon)、マウス抗ED1 (1:100; Serotec, UK)、マウス抗CD4 (Ox38)(1:300; Serotec, UK)およびマウス抗CD8 (ox 8)(1:300; Serotec, UK。PBSで3回洗浄後、切片を、二次抗体とともに室温で少なくとも2時間インキュベートした。蛍光免疫組織化学のために、種特異的二次抗体(Cy3)を使用した(1:200; Jackson Laboratories, CA, USA)。PBSで洗浄後、切片を、ゼラチンコートスライドガラス上のVectashield(Vectorlabs, CA, USA)にマウントしてカバーガラスをかけ、その後蛍光画像化を行った。
Leica DM5500顕微鏡(Leica Microsystems, Germany)およびデジタルカメラ(Microbrightfield, USA)を使用して蛍光画像化を行った。市販のソフトウェア(Stereoinvestigator, Microbrightfield)を使用して、免疫染色した切片に対して立体解析学的計測を行った。簡潔に、代表的な組織切片において母集団推定(population estimate)を行い、計測フレームサイズ、計測フレーム数ならびに0.1未満のGundersen (m=1)誤差係数(Gundersen (m=1) coefficient of error)を有する正確な細胞計測を達成するために必要な組織切片の数および分離(separation)を決定した。次いで、これらのパラメーターを使用して、光学分別機プローブを用いて等間隔の連続切片に対して細胞計数を行った。形質導入された細胞の分布の体積を、それぞれの切片上のEGFP発現細胞の外縁の周囲の輪郭をたどることによって計算した。線条の外側の形質導入された細胞をこれらの輪郭から除外して、線条内の形質導入された細胞の分布の体積のみが計算されることを確実にした。脳室系へのベクターの明らかな漏れに関連した注入は、さらなる解析から除外した。それぞれの注入についてのウイルス分布の体積中の活性化ミクログリアならびにCD4およびCD8陽性Tリンパ球のベクター細胞向性および密度の測定を、分別機プローブを使用して、針の軌跡の近くにある選択された組織切片に対して行った。
分散分析(ANOVA)に関してTukey's検定を使用して、異なる注入パラメーターに関連するベクター分布および細胞形質導入に有意な差があったかどうかを決定した。
ラット線条および白質へのHSV注入
0.5μl/分の流量でのラットの線条および白質の両方へのHSV-1の注入は、広範囲の組織損傷および注入部位のごく近位でのごくわずかな数の細胞の形質導入を伴った(図2)。形質導入された細胞の分布の体積および数の改善を試みて、カニューレ先端で達成される圧力を上げるために、より早い流量(2.5μl/分)で注入を繰り返した。しかしながら、低レベルの細胞形質導入およびウイルスにより形質導入された細胞の乏しい分布を伴う同様のパターンの広範囲の組織損傷が観察された。
白質への1% BSAのプレ注入により、注入に関連する有意な組織損傷なしで広範囲の細胞形質導入が可能になった(図5a)。EGFP陽性細胞の数およびEGFP陽性細胞の分布の体積のピークは48時間であった。しかしながら、白質におけるHSV-1ウイルス粒子の広範囲の分布は、ED1陽性ミクログリア(図5b)およびCD8陽性T細胞(図5c)の両方の迅速な浸潤を生じ、これは24〜72時間の間に増加した(図5d)。
1% BSAの組織へのプレ注入後の白質における効果的なHSV-1分布により、GFAP陽性星状細胞の広範囲の形質導入が誘導された(図6a、bおよびc)。白質における形質導入された細胞の数および形質導入された細胞の分布の体積の分析には含まれなかったが、細胞は、上部皮質(overlying cortex)においても形質導入された。形態学的にこれらの細胞の大部分は星状細胞であったが、これらの細胞のいくらかは、神経マーカーNeuNと共局在した(図6d、eおよびf)。白質における形質導入された細胞の大部分は、GFAPと共局在したが、ED1陽性活性化ミクログリアの有意な割合も形質導入された(図6中の表)。24〜72時間の間の星状細胞またはミクログリア細胞の形質導入の割合において有意な差はなかった。
ラットの白質において組織への1% BSAのプレ注入により広範囲のHSV-1ベクター分布が可能になることを決定したので、このアプローチの実践を、ブタモデルにおけるより大きな体積の脳で評価した。放線冠内のカテーテルの軌跡に沿った2つの部位で左半球への注入を実行したのに対して、右半球では、放線冠内の1つの部位で全ウイルス溶液を注入した。動物は2日で回復して、この時点では異常な神経学的徴候は示さなかった。
高度の神経膠腫は高度に浸潤性の腫瘍である。主な腫瘍塊はしばしば、手術および/または放射線療法により効果的に治療され得るが、浸潤腫瘍細胞を破壊することは技術的に困難である。ベクター媒介性の腫瘍崩壊が効果的であることを証明するためには、最初のベクター投与で可能な限り多くの腫瘍細胞を形質導入するという多大な必要がある。しかしながら、これらの腫瘍は大きな面積の壊死を含むので、直接的な腫瘍内ベクター送達は有効であるとは思われず、そのためこの研究の焦点ではない。このことは、高度の神経膠腫の治療における有効性の説得力のある証拠を示すための以前の臨床試験の失敗に反映されている(7〜9)。実際、より最近の研究の焦点は、複製選択性HSVベクターを腫瘍周囲組織に投与することである(6)。CEDにより脳における広範囲のベクター分布を達成することは可能であるので、CEDは、臨床実務において、腫瘍崩壊性の複製選択性ベクターの送達のための最も合理的なアプローチである。しかしながら、120〜300nmの直径を有するHSV系ベクター(Jacobs et al, 1999)が、80nmまでの直径を有する脳の細胞外空間を通って注入され得るかどうかは疑わしかった(Thorne and Nicholson, 2006)。そのため、この研究において、CEDにより複製選択的HSV-1ベクターを正常な脳に投与することの実行可能性は詳細に試験された。HSV系ベクターの直接頭蓋内投与を含んだ多くの前臨床研究(17、18、20〜24、26-41)にかかわらず、顕著なことに、これは、灰白質および白質の両方において適切な注入パラメーターを使用して、HSV-1ベクターの分布特性を評価するために最初に公表された研究ならびにベクター分布を改善するための戦略の評価を提示する。
Claims (12)
- 神経膠腫の治療において遺伝子治療ベクターと共に使用するための、アルブミンを含む医薬組成物であって、遺伝子治療ベクターを投与する前に、アルブミンを患者の脳に予め注入することを特徴とする、医薬組成物。
- 遺伝子治療ベクターを投与する前に、アルブミンが、患者の脳の白質に予め注入される、請求項1記載の医薬組成物。
- アルブミンが等張溶液中にある、請求項1または2記載の医薬組成物。
- アルブミンが人工CSF中にある、請求項1〜3いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- アルブミンおよび遺伝子治療ベクターが、注入により投与される、請求項1〜4いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- アルブミンおよび遺伝子治療ベクターが、細いカテーテルを介して投与される、請求項5記載の医薬組成物。
- アルブミンおよび/または遺伝子治療ベクターが、対流強化送達により投与される、請求項5または6記載の医薬組成物。
- 遺伝子治療ベクターがウイルスベクターである、請求項1〜7いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- ウイルスベクターが、単純ヘルペスウイルスベクター、アデノウイルスベクターまたはレンチウイルスベクターである、請求項8記載の医薬組成物。
- ウイルスベクターの直径が少なくとも100nmである、請求項8または9記載の医薬組成物。
- ウイルスベクターがヘパリン結合受容体に結合する、請求項8〜10いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- ウイルスベクターが単純ヘルペスウイルス−1(HSV−1)である、請求項8〜11いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
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