JP5897585B2 - クロモバクテリウムの生物活性組成物および代謝産物 - Google Patents
クロモバクテリウムの生物活性組成物および代謝産物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5897585B2 JP5897585B2 JP2013536704A JP2013536704A JP5897585B2 JP 5897585 B2 JP5897585 B2 JP 5897585B2 JP 2013536704 A JP2013536704 A JP 2013536704A JP 2013536704 A JP2013536704 A JP 2013536704A JP 5897585 B2 JP5897585 B2 JP 5897585B2
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Description
β−プロテオバクテリウム(Proteobacterium)株である、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエは、多種多様な昆虫に対して殺虫作用を示す(Martin, Blackburn et al. 2004; Martin 2004; Martin, Gundersen-Rindal et al. 2007; Martin, Hirose et al. 2007; Martin, Shropshire et al. 2007)。その作用機序は、亜致死量で観察された摂食抑制を伴う、摂食阻害と毒素活性の組み合わせであると思われる(Martin, Gundersen-Rindal et al. 2007)。特に、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエは、コロラドハムシの成虫(レプチノタルサ・デケムリネアタ(Leptinotarsa decemlineata))、ウェスタンコーンルートワームの成虫(ディアブロティカ・ビルジフェラ(diabrotica virgifera))、
既知の全てのクロモバクテリア種のうち、クロモバクテリウム・ビオラセウムは最もよく研究されており、クロモバクテリアにより産生される二次代謝物に関する公開情報は、クロモバクテリウム・ビオラセウムのみについての研究に基づいている。Duran及びMenck (2001)は、クロモバクテリウム・ビオラセウム、即ち、土壌および水に由来するグラム陰性腐生菌の薬理的および産業的な全体像の包括的な総説を発表している。通常は、ヒトに対して病原性はないと考えられるが、時折、日和見病原菌として、ヒトおよび動物における敗血症および致死性感染症の病原物質になることがある。クロモバクテリウム・ビオラセウムは、紫色の色素であるビオラセインを産生することが知られており、ビオラセインは、酸素の存在下で、2個のL−トリプトファン分子の融合により生成したビスインドール分子である(Hoshino et al., 1987; Ryan and Drennan; 2009)。ビオラセインの生合成は、クオラムセンシング(quorum-sensing)によって制御されるが、クオラムセンシングは、グラム陰性細菌における他の様々な二次代謝作用経路を調節する共通の機序である(McClean et al., 1997)。
線虫は、体節のない、左右対称性、蠕虫状の無脊椎動物であり、体洞および完全な消化系を所有するが、呼吸系および循環系を欠く。それらの体壁は、多層のクチクラ、4つの縦方向の索(longitudinal cords)を有する皮下組織および内筋肉組織から構成される(Chitwood, 2003)。体の内容物は、ほぼ消化系と生殖系とで占められている。ほとんどの線虫は自由生活であるが、少数の種は動物または植物の遍在寄生生物である。
より特定の実施形態では、以下の化合物が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
(A)##STR001##構造の化合物
(B)##STR001a##構造の化合物
(C)##STR001b##構造の化合物
(D)##STR001c##構造の化合物
より特定の実施形態では、化合物は、クロムアミドA(1)である。
別段の定義のない限り、本明細書で使用されるすべての技術用語および科学用語は、本発明が属する技術分野の当業者に一般に理解されているものと同じ意味を有する。本明細書に記載されているものと同様または同等の任意の方法および材料を本発明の実施または試験において用いることができるが、好適な方法および材料がここに記載されている。
本明細書に定義される「に由来する」は、特定の供給源、又は、特定の供給源から直接単離されたかもしくは得られた物質又は微生物を同定する特徴を有している供給源から直接に単離されたか、又は得られることを意味する。「供給源」が有機体である場合には、「に由来する」は、有機体自体もしくは前記有機体の培養または生育に使用される培地から単離または入手し得ることを意味する。
「上清」という用語は、培養液中で細胞が増殖時に残っているとき、又は寒天プレートから除去され、遠心分離、濾過、沈殿、又は上記技術分野において周知である他の手段によって得られた別の液体中で回収されたときの、液体状の残存物を指す。
本明細書に定義される「抽出物」は、溶媒(水、界面活性剤、緩衝液)によって細胞から除去され、遠心分離、濾過または他の方法によって細胞と分離された液状の物質を指す。
本明細書に定義される「代謝産物」は、微生物発酵の化合物、物質又は副生成物、又は上清、濾液、又は微生物から得たれた抽出物であって、有害生物除去活性、特に、殺虫活性を有するものをいう。本明細書に定義される「単離された化合物」は、本質的に、他の化合物又は物質を含まず、各種の分析法で定量されたときに、例えば、少なくとも純度約20%、好ましくは、少なくとも純度約40%、より好ましくは純度約60%、さらにより好ましくは約80%純度、最も好ましくは純度約90%、さらに最も好ましくは純度約95%である。この分析法は、クロマトグラフ法や電気泳動法等を含むが、これらに限定されるものではない。
「調節する」という用語は、有害生物の蔓延の量または有害生物の蔓延が拡大する速度を変えることを意味するために使用される。
本明細書に定義される「有害生物の蔓延」という用語は、宿主の個体数における病害もしくは感染を含む有害作用を惹起する量、または生育系における、望ましくない雑草の出現を惹起する量の有害生物が存在することをいう。
本明細書に定義される「アルキル」という用語は、1〜約12個の炭素原子を有する一価の直鎖または分岐鎖の炭化水素基を指し、メチル、エチル、n−プロピル、イソプロピル、n−ブチル、イソブチル、tert−ブチル、n−ヘキシルなどを含む
本明細書に定義される「アルキニル」は、少なくとも1個の炭素−炭素三重結合、および約2〜12の範囲の炭素原子を有する直鎖または分岐鎖ヒドロカルビル基を指し、「置換アルキニル」は、1以上の上記の置換基をさらに有するアルキニル基を指す。
本明細書に定義される「ヘテロアリール」は、環構造部分として、1以上のヘテロ原子(例えば、N、O、Sなど)を含み、3〜14の範囲の炭素原子を有する芳香族環を指し、「置換ヘテロアリール」は、1以上の上記置換基をさらに有するヘテロアリール基を指す。
本明細書に定義される「チオアルキル」は、−S−アルキル−部分(式中、アルキルは上記で定義されたとおりである。)を指し、「置換チオアルキル」は、1以上の上記置換基をさらに有するチオアルキル基を指す。
上記のように、化合物または代謝産物は、クロモバクテリウム属を同定する特徴を有している微生物、より詳細には、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエ株を同定する特徴を有している微生物、さらにより詳細には、NRRL B-30655を同定する特徴を有していてもよいクロモバクテリウム・サブツガエの新種の株、又は、任意の他の微生物から得ることできるものである。または、これらから得ることができるもの、または、これらに由来し得るものである。本方法は、これらの微生物を培養する工程、およびこれらの微生物の培養物から、これらの化合物を単離することにより本発明の化合物及び/又は組成物を得ることを含む。
あるいは、培養後、上記化合物及び/又は代謝産物を、培養液から抽出してもよい。
上記抽出物は、クロマトグラフィーにより分画してもよい。クロマトグラフ画分は、その技術分野において公知の方法を使用して、例えば、キャベツシャクトリムシ(トリコプルジア・ニー(Trichoplusia ni))またはシロイチモジヨトウ(スポドプテラ・エキシグア(Spodoptera exigua))に対する毒性活性をアッセイしてもよい。同一または異なるクロマトグラフ法を使用し、この方法を1回以上繰り返してもよい。
組成物は、クロモバクテリウム属株、例えば、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエの新種を同定する特徴を有している株、より詳細には、NRRL B-30655を同定する特徴を有している株(米国特許第7,244,607号明細書参照)の全培養液培養物、液体培養物、または懸濁液、ならびにクロモバクテリウム属の株、例えば、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエ新種を同定する特徴を有している株、より詳細には、NRRL B-30655を同定する特徴を有している株(米国特許第7,244,607号明細書参照)から得た上清、濾液もしくは抽出物、又は、クロモバクテリウム属の株、または特に殺線虫剤活性を有する前述した組み合わせに由来する上清、濾液及び/又は抽出物、または1以上の代謝産物、又は単離された化合物を含んでもよい。
固体組成物は、活性成分(1以上)の溶液中へ固体担体を懸濁し、そして穏やかな条件下(室温でのエバポレーション、または65℃以下での真空エバポレーション等)での懸濁液の乾燥により、調製することができる。
組成物は、ゲルカプセル化活性成分(1以上)を含んでもよい。かかるゲルカプセル化材料は、ゲル形成剤(例えば、ゼラチン、セルロース、またはリグニン)を、生もしくは不活性化したクロモバクテリウムの培養もしくは懸濁液と、またはクロモバクテリウム培養物もしくは懸濁液の無細胞濾液もしくは細胞画分と、またはスプレー乾燥もしくは凍結乾燥した培養物、細胞、もしくは細胞画分、と混合するか、または本発明の方法に使用される有害生物除去用化合物の溶液中で混合すること;ならびに薬剤のゲル形成を誘導することにより調製することができる。
上記の組成物、培養物、培養上清、代謝産物および有害生物除去化合物は、有害生物除去剤として使用してもよい。特に、上記組成物、培養物、培養上清、代謝産物および有害生物除去用化合物は、単独で使用してもよく、または1以上の上記有害生物除去物質と組み合わせて殺虫剤および抗線虫剤として使用してもよい。
クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエの培養物から抽出した化合物の精製には、以下の手順を使用した。
L-ブロス中で、C.サブツガエ(C.substugae)の10Lの培養に由来する培養液(broth)を、細胞懸濁液をアンバーライトXAD-7樹脂(Amberlite XAD-7, Asolkar et al., 2006)とともに、室温にて2時間、225rpmで振とうすることにより、抽出した。樹脂および細胞塊を、チーズクロスで濾過して回収し、脱イオン水で洗浄して塩を除去した。この樹脂、細胞塊、およびチーズクロスを、アセトン/メタノール(50/50)中に2時間浸し、その後、アセトン/メタノールを濾別し、ロータリー・エバポレータを用いて真空下で乾燥させ、粗抽出物を得た。その後、粗抽出物をセファデックスLH20サイズ排除クロマトグラフィー(CH2Cl2/CH3OH;50/50)を使用して分画し、7つの画分を得た(図1)。
クロムアミドA(1)の精製を、HPLC C-18カラム(Phenomenex, Luna 10μ C18(2)100A、250×10)、水:アセトニトリルグラジエント溶媒系(0〜10分、80〜75%水性CH3CN;10〜45分、75〜60%水性CH3CN;45〜55分、60〜50%水性CH3CN;55〜65分、50〜100%水性CH3CN;65〜70分、100% CH3CN;55〜70分、0〜80%水性CH3CN)流速2.5mL/分、およびUV検出210nmを使用して行った。活性化合物であるクロムアミドA(1)の保持時間は、23.19分であった。
活性ピークの質量分析を、陽イオン化および陰イオン化モードの双方を使用して、Thermo Finnigan LCQ Deca XP Plus エレクトロスプレー(ESI)装置にて、LCQ DECA XPplus質量分析計(Thermo Electron Corp., San Jose, CA)のフルスキャンモード(m/z 100〜1500Da)で行った。サーモ高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)装置は、Finnigan Surveyor PDA+検出器、自動試料採取器+MSポンプおよび4.6mm×100mm Luna C18 5μ 100Aカラムを装備していた(Phenomenex)。溶媒系は、水(溶媒A)およびアセトニトリル(溶媒B)とした。移動相は10%溶媒Bで始まり、20分間以上かけて直線的に100%溶媒Bに増加させた。その後、この状態で4分間維持し、最後に3分間以上かけて10%溶媒Bに戻し、これを3分間維持した。流速は0.5mL/分、注入量は10μLとし、オートサンプラー内で室温に維持した。化合物は、LCおよび逆相クロマトグラフィーを利用して、LC−MSにより分析した。
NMR-NMRスペクトルを、Bruker 600MHz勾配磁場分光計で測定した。レファレンスは、内部標準をテトラメチルシラン(TMS、0.00ppm)に設定した。アミノ酸分析は、Hitachi 8800アミノ酸アナライザーで行った。
ビオラセイン(2)およびデオキシビオラセイン(3)構造は、これらの化合物データを文献に公開されたデータと比較することによって帰属された。クロムアミドA、ビオラセインおよびデオキシビオラセインの各構造を、図7に示す。
液相加水分解(6N HCL、1%フェノール、110℃、24時間、真空中)を用いて、クロムアミドA(0.05mg)を加水分解した。冷却後、反応混合物を乾燥させて、加水分解産物をNorleu希釈緩衝液に溶解して、容量を1.0mLとした。50μlの試料を分析用イオン交換カラムに載せた。
画分1中の目的化合物の毒性を、1齢のキャベツシャクトリムシ幼虫を使用したインビトロアッセイで確認した。
200μLの市販のキャベツシャクトリムシの餌を、96ウェルマイクロプレートの各ウェル内に入れた。餌が固まった後に、50μL抽出物(画分1中で見られた4つのピークにそれぞれ相当する;H1-H4)を含む100μLの溶液、350μLのEtOHおよび600μLの滅菌脱イオン水を、ピペットを用いて各ウェル内に添加した。その後、手持ち式の送風機を使用してプレートを乾燥させた。各ウェル中の抽出物の量は10マイクログラムであった。各処理について8個のウェルを用い、純エタノールと水との混合物を陰性対照として使用した。
下記の表1に示す結果は、ピークH1における化合物の良好な活性(致死率60%超)を示す。この特定のピークはクロムアミドA(1)に対応する(図l)。
先の実施例に記載された96ウェルプレートアッセイ系を使用して、1齢のキャベツシャクトリムシ幼虫を50%殺すのに必要な純粋なビオラセイン濃度を決定した。26℃で4日間インキュベーションした後に記録した致死率を、下記の表2に示す。データに基づいて、ビオラセインは、インビトロのダイエットオーバーレイアッセイでは、キャベツシャクトリムシ幼虫の推定LC50値が7×10-6マイクログラム/ウェルという強力な殺虫剤である。
幼若(J2)ネコブセンチュウ(メロイドギネ・インコグニタ(Meloidogyne incognita VW6))運動性(および後続の回復)に対する、フィルター滅菌C.substugaeの効果を評価するため、24−ウェルのプラスチック製の細胞培養プレートで以下の試験を行った。
2つのミニドレンチ試験におけるネコブセンチュウ、メロイドギネ(Meloidogyne sp.)種に対するMBI-203の固有活性について試験した。
具体的には、MBI-203は、45mlのポット内で行われた温室アッセイで試験した。砂壌土を詰めたポット内にキュウリ種子:品種名トシャカ(Toshka)を直接播種した。10日後に、ポットを5mlの懸濁液でそれぞれ処理した。その後、ポットにメロイドギネ・インコグニタの卵を3,000個植え付けた。各処理および割合について、4個のポットを使用した。試験的施用及び植え付けから14日後に、検査物を採取した。根瘤の形成は、Zeckの根こぶ指数(Zeck’s gall index、Zeck, 1971)に従って評価した。特定の条件を下記表3に示す。 植物毒性は、対照と比較して生じたキュウリ播種増殖の減少として測定した。
[ミニドレンチ試験番号1]
処理活性は非常に高く、濃度50ml/L(MBI-203)を適用時にほぼ100%の減少が観察された。MBI-203の軽度の植物毒性が観察された。ホスチアゼートは通常通りで行った(100%制御、20ppm)。
MBI-203は、最高濃度50 ml/Lおよび25ml/Lにて植物毒性を示し、これらの割合では評価は行えなかった。
12.5ml/L濃度の線虫制御は95%超であり、これは3ml/Lでは33%に低下した。1.5ml/Lの割合では、活性は記録されなかった。
ホスチアゼートは通常通りで行った(100%制御、20ppm)。
96ウェルプレート内での人工飼料の処理および処理済み試料の新生幼虫への給餌により、相乗試験を実施した。100μLの処理液を各プレートの複数のウェル内にピペットを用いて入れた。MBI-203(7.6%の乾燥細胞重量に濃縮した全細胞培養液)を単独で、市販の殺虫剤を単独で、および2つの組み合わせを、所定のLC50濃度か、またはその画分を使用して試験した。餌を送風機で乾燥させて過剰な湿気を除去した。新生シロイチモジヨトウ、またはキャベツシャクトリムシをマルチウェルプレートの各ウェル内に移した。寄生虫を入れたプレートを粘着性のプレートシーラーで覆い、各ウェルのシールに小さな孔を1つ開けて通気させた。プレートは、インキュベーター内で、26℃、16時間明/8時間暗の周期で3日間保存した。寄生後3日目および4日目に、致死率を数値化した。
様々な参考文献が本明細書の全体を通して引用されており、その各々は、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
Asolkar, R. N., Jensen, P. R., Kauffman, C. A., Fenical, W. 2006. Daryamides A-C, Weakly Cytotoxic Polyketides from a Marine-Derived Actinomycete of the Genus Streptomyces strain CNQ-085 J. Nat. Prod. 69:1756-1759. Arena, J. P., K. K. Liu, et al. (1995). “The mechanism of action of avermectins in Caenorhabditis elegans - correlation between activation of glutamate- sensitive chloride current, membrane binding and biological activity.” Journal of Parasitology 81: 286-294.
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Claims (16)
- 前記単離された化合物が、クロモバクテリウム属から単離されたものである、請求項1に記載の単離化合物。
- 前記クロモバクテリウム属が、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエ(Chromobacterium subtsugae)である、請求項2に記載の単離化合物。
- 前記クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエが、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエ・sp.・nov. (Chromobacterium subtsugae sp. nov.)(NRRL B−30655)である、請求項3に記載の単離化合物。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の単離化合物を有効成分として含む組成物。
- 担体、希釈液、界面活性剤、及びアジュバントからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つをさらに含む、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記クロモバクテリウム属が、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエである、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエが、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエ・sp.・nov. (Chromobacterium subtsugae sp. nov.)(NRRL B−30655)である、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記単離化合物が、クロモバクテリウム属から単離されたものである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記クロモバクテリウム属が、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエである、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエが、クロモバクテリウム・サブツガエ・sp.・nov. (Chromobacterium subtsugae sp. nov.)(NRRL B−30655)である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記単離された化合物が、前記基質に施用される、請求項10〜13のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記基質が土壌である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記単離化合物が、前記植物又は種子に施用される、請求項10〜13のいずれかに記載の方法。
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