JP5866740B2 - 燃料油の製造方法 - Google Patents
燃料油の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5866740B2 JP5866740B2 JP2013544271A JP2013544271A JP5866740B2 JP 5866740 B2 JP5866740 B2 JP 5866740B2 JP 2013544271 A JP2013544271 A JP 2013544271A JP 2013544271 A JP2013544271 A JP 2013544271A JP 5866740 B2 JP5866740 B2 JP 5866740B2
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- Prior art keywords
- fuel oil
- oil
- group
- fatty acid
- producing fuel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical group [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 27
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- 239000011973 solid acid Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052907 leucite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001723 mesolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QYDYPVFESGNLHU-KHPPLWFESA-N methyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC QYDYPVFESGNLHU-KHPPLWFESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940073769 methyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000021243 milk fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008164 mustard oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052611 pyroxene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011803 sesame oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008159 sesame oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008170 walnut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010698 whale oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
さらに、油脂を構成する脂肪酸基の炭素数が多すぎたり、直鎖状であるために、そのままでは十分なオクタン価が得られない等の課題も存在する。
特許文献5記載の輸送燃料の製造についても、水素化処理は約0.7〜約14MPaという高い水素圧力を必要とする。
[1] 脂肪酸アルキルエステルを含む原料油と、水素ガスとを、水素圧力1MPa以下の条件下で、周期表の第9族または第10族に属する1または複数の金属元素および周期表の第6族に属する1または複数の第6族元素酸化物を多孔質金属酸化物担体上に担持させた触媒と接触させ、n−パラフィンおよびイソパラフィンの一方または双方を主成分とする燃料油を製造する工程を有し、前記触媒に含まれる前記第6族元素の前記金属元素に対する重量比が、金属換算で1.0を超えない燃料油の製造方法。
[2] 前記金属元素がニッケルおよび/またはコバルトであり、前記第6族元素がモリブデンおよび/またはタングステンモリブデンである上記[1]記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[3] 前記金属元素がニッケルであり、前記第6族元素がモリブデンである上記[2]記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[4] 前記多孔質金属酸化物担体がγ−アルミナないしその修飾物である上記[1]から[3]のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[5] 前記原料油と、水素ガスと、前記触媒とを、液空間速度0.5〜20hr−1、
反応温度250〜400℃の条件下で接触させる上記[1]から[4]のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[6] 前記原料油に含まれる脂肪酸アルキルエステルの脂肪酸基組成における炭素数8〜14の飽和脂肪酸基の含有量が40重量%以上である上記[1]から[5]のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[7] 前記脂肪酸アルキルエステルの脂肪酸基組成におけるラウリン酸基の含有量が40重量%以上である上記[6]記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[8] 前記原料油が植物または細菌類由来の油脂から製造される上記[1]から[7]のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[9] 前記植物由来の油脂が、2種類以上の植物に由来する油脂の混合物である上記[8]記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[10] 前記植物由来の油脂がココナッツ油もしくはパーム核油または両者の混合物である上記[8]または[9]記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[11] 前記植物由来の油脂が藻類由来の油脂である上記[8]または[9]記載の燃料油の製造方法。
[12] 得られた燃料油が、ASTM D 7566に規定された航空油燃料の要件を満たしている上記[1]から[11]のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
本発明の燃料油の製造方法の実施に用いられる触媒(以下、「触媒」と略称する。)は、周期表の第9族または第10族に属する1または複数の金属元素および周期表の第6族に属する1または複数の第6族元素の酸化物を多孔質金属酸化物担体上に担持させたものである。
・炭化水素油:99.5%以上
・シクロパラフィン15%以下
・パラフィン系炭化水素油:70%〜85%
・オレフィン系炭化水素:5%以下
・芳香族系化合物:0.5%以下
・酸度:0.10mgKOH/g以下
・硫黄化合物:3ppm以下
実施例1:触媒の調製
<1>γ−Al2O3担体の調製
濃度2.67mol/Lの硝酸アルミニウム水溶液3900ccを調製すると共に、濃度14重量%のアンモニア水溶液3900ccを用意した。次に、30Lのホーロー容器に純水20Lを入れ、撹拌しながら70℃に加温し、更に撹拌を継続しながら、上記硝酸アルミニウム水溶液650ccを投入して5分間撹拌し(pH値:2.0)、次いで上記アンモニア水溶液650ccを投入して5分間撹拌する(pH値:7.4)pHスイング操作を6回繰り返し行った。得られた水酸化アルミニウムのスラリー水溶液を濾過してケーキを回収し、次いで、このケーキを純水20Lに再分散させて再び濾過する洗浄操作を3回繰り返し行い、水酸化アルミニウムの洗浄ケーキを得た。次に、洗浄ケーキを風乾して水分調整を行った後、押出成形機で直径1.6mmの棒状に成形し、120℃、3時間の条件で乾燥した後、長さ約1cm程度に粉砕し、マッフル炉にて500℃、3時間の条件で焼成してγ−アルミナ担体を得た。
上記の多孔質無機酸化物担体を使用し、0.5mol/Lの濃度に調製した硝酸ニッケル水溶液97ccに上記多孔質無機酸化物担体の100gを含浸して密閉容器中にて12時間静置した後、エバポレーターにて常温で水分を除去し、電気炉にて空気中200℃、3時間の条件で焼成し、多孔質無機酸化物担体にニッケル(Ni)が担持された各焼成物を得た。次に、これら各焼成物を流通式水素還元装置に充填し、水素気流下に370℃、15時間の条件で水素還元を行い、水素化分解触媒(1)を得た。
上記で得られた水素化分解触媒(1)を100gに対して、7.19gのモリブデン酸アンモニウム[(NH4)6Mo7O24・4H2O]を純水65.92ccに溶かした水溶液を含浸させ密閉容器中にて12時間静置した後、エバポレーターにて常温で水分を除去し、電気炉にて空気中200℃、3時間の条件で焼成し、次に、この焼成物を流通式水素還元装置に充填し、水素気流下に370℃、15時間の条件で水素還元してモリブデン酸(MoO3)が上記水素化分解触媒基準で5重量%の割合で添加された水素化分解触媒(2)を調製した。
得られた水素化分解触媒(2)における金属Ni換算のニッケル担持量(Ni担持量)は22重量%、及びモリブデン酸(MoO3)担持量(MoO3担持量)は5重量%(金属Mo換算担持量:3.33重量%)であり、Mo/Niは0.15である。
上記で得られた水素化分解触媒(1)を100gに、4.72gのタングステン酸アンモニウム[5(NH4)2・12WO3・5H2O]をアミノエタノール水溶液65.92ccに溶かした溶液を含浸させ密閉容器中にて12時間静置した後、エバポレーターにて常温で水分を除去し、電気炉にて空気中200℃、3時間の条件で焼成し、次に、この焼成物を流通式水素還元装置に充填し、水素気流下に370℃、15時間の条件で水素還元してタングステン酸(WO3)が水素化分解触媒(1)基準で5重量%の割合で添加された水素化分解触媒(3)を調製した。得られた水素化分解触媒(3)における金属Ni換算のニッケル担持量(Ni担持量)は15重量%、及びタングステン酸(WO3)担持量(WO3担持量)は5重量%(金属W換算担持量:3.96重量%)であり、W/Niは0.26である。
<1>ココナッツ油からの脂肪酸メチルエステルの製造
ハイブリッドココナッツ油を、触媒(硫酸、p−トルエンスルホン酸等の任意の公知の酸触媒、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム等の任意の公知の塩基触媒のいずれでもよい。)の存在下、メタノールと反応させ、エステル交換反応により脂肪酸メチルエステルを合成した。得られた脂肪酸メチルエステルは、ラウリン酸メチル(12:0)45〜52重量%、ミリスチン酸メチル(14:0)15〜22重量%、カプリル酸メチル(8:0)6〜10重量%、カプリン酸メチル(10:0)4〜12重量%、ステアリン酸メチル(18:0)1〜5重量%、オレイン酸メチル(18:1)2〜10重量%、リノール酸メチル(18:2)1〜3重量%を主な成分として含んでいた(なお、括弧内の数字は、炭素数:二重結合数を示す。)。
上記のようにして合成したココナッツ油由来脂肪酸メチルエステルを原料油として、下記の条件下で水素化分解を行った。
・反応温度:350°C
・LHSV:1.0h−1
・反応圧力:0.8MPa
H2/脂肪酸メチルエステルの流量比=1250NL/L
・触媒量:2.0mL
・触媒粒径:355〜600μm
なお、使用した触媒は上記実施例1の<3>で調製した水素化分解触媒(2)であり、前処理として370℃、GHSV=5000h−1で7時間水素還元処理を行った。
<1>微細藻類由来の油脂からの脂肪酸メチルエステルの製造
受託番号FERM P−22090として寄託された微細藻類を培養し、採取した油脂(以下「微細藻類油脂」という。)を、触媒(硫酸、p−トルエンスルホン酸等の任意の公知の酸触媒、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム等の任意の公知の塩基触媒のいずれでもよい。)の存在下、メタノールと反応させ、エステル交換反応により脂肪酸メチルエステルを合成した。得られた脂肪酸エステルの脂肪酸基組成(GC/MS法により分析した。)は、下記の表2に示すとおりであり、脂肪酸基組成におけるラウリン酸基(C11H23COOH)の占める割合が40重量%以上であることがわかる。
上記のようにして合成した微細藻類油脂由来脂肪酸メチルエステルを原料油として、上記実施例2の<2>と同様の条件下で水素化分解を行った。転化率、パラフィンおよびオレフィン含有率、液炭化水素収率、航空燃料留分収率および航空燃料留分平均炭素数を表3に示す。また、燃料油における炭素数分布の測定結果を表4に示す。
Claims (12)
- 脂肪酸アルキルエステルを含む原料油と、
水素ガスとを、
水素圧力1MPa以下の条件下で、周期表の第9族または第10族に属する1または複数の金属元素および周期表の第6族に属する1または複数の第6族元素酸化物を多孔質金属酸化物担体上に担持させた触媒と接触させ、n−パラフィンおよびイソパラフィンの一方または双方を主成分とする燃料油を製造する工程を有し、
前記触媒に含まれる前記第6族元素の前記金属元素に対する重量比が、金属換算で1.0を超えないことを特徴とする燃料油の製造方法。 - 前記金属元素がニッケルおよび/またはコバルトであり、前記第6族元素がモリブデンおよび/またはタングステンであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 前記金属元素がニッケルであり、前記第6族元素がモリブデンであることを特徴とする請求項2記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 前記多孔質金属酸化物担体がγ−アルミナまたはその修飾物であることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 前記原料油と、水素ガスと、前記触媒とを、
液空間速度0.5〜20hr−1、反応温度250〜400℃の条件下で接触させることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。 - 前記原料油に含まれる脂肪酸アルキルエステルの脂肪酸基組成における炭素数8〜14の飽和脂肪酸基の含有量が40重量%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 前記脂肪酸アルキルエステルの脂肪酸基組成におけるラウリン酸基の含有量が40重量%以上であることを特徴とする請求項6記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 前記原料油が植物または細菌類由来の油脂から製造されることを特徴とする請求項1から7のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 前記植物由来の油脂が、2種類以上の植物に由来する油脂の混合物であることを特徴とする請求項8記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 前記植物由来の油脂がココナッツ油もしくはパーム核油または両者の混合物であることを特徴とする請求項8または9記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 前記植物由来の油脂が藻類由来の油脂であることを特徴とする請求項8または9記載の燃料油の製造方法。
- 得られた燃料油が、ASTM D 7566に規定された航空油燃料の要件を満たしていることを特徴とする請求項1から11のいずれか1項記載の燃料油の製造方法。
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