JP5844045B2 - 疾病の薬理シャペロン治療に対する応答性を予測する方法 - Google Patents
疾病の薬理シャペロン治療に対する応答性を予測する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、その開示が全体として参照により本明細書に援用されている、2008年2月12日出願の米国仮特許出願第61/028,141号明細書、2008年3月11日出願の米国仮特許出願第61/035,684号明細書、2008年9月2日出願の米国仮特許出願第61/093,631号明細書および2008年11月11日出願の米国仮特許出願第61/113,496号明細書の利益を主張する。
ファブリー病は稀な病であり、多臓器が関与し、広い発病年齢範囲を有しかつ不均一であることから、適正な診断が課題である。医療の専門家の間でも認識が低く、誤診の頻度は高い。最終的にファブリー病の診断を受けた患者において真剣に検討された診断例には、増幅弁逸脱、糸球体腎炎、特発性タンパク尿、全身性紅斑性狼瘡、ウィップル病、急性腹症、潰瘍性大腸炎、急性間欠性ポルフィリン症および潜在性悪性腫瘍が含まれる。こうして、古典型に罹患した男性についてさえ、診断には典型的に約5年〜7年さらにはそれ以上の年月を要する。ファブリー病を長く患えば患うほど、罹患した臓器および組織内に損傷が発生する確率が高くなり、その患者の身体条件の重症度は高くなるかもしれないことから、以上のことは懸念事である。ファブリー病の診断は、最も多くの場合、変異分析と組合せて、患者がひとたび症状を示した時点で血漿または末梢白血球(WBC)中のα−Gal A活性の低下に基づいて確認される。女性においては、キャリアの一部の細胞中のX染色体不活性化が無作為であることに起因して、キャリア女性の酵素的同定の信頼性が低いために、さらに一層診断が困難である。例えば、一部の偏性キャリア(obligate carrier)(古典型に罹患した男性の娘)は、正常から超低活性までの範囲のα−Gal A酵素活性を有する。キャリアは白血球中に正常なα−Gal A酵素活性を有し得ることから、遺伝子試験によるα−Gal A変異の同定によってのみ、精確なキャリア同定および/または診断が提供される。
ファブリー病を治療するための1つの承認された療法は、酵素補充療法であり、これには典型的に、対応する野生型タンパク質(Fabrazyme(登録商標)、Genzyme Corp.)の精製形態の静脈内輸液が関与する。タンパク質補充療法に伴う主要な難題の1つは、輸液されたタンパク質が急速に分解するために、タンパク質の治療上有効な量を達し維持することにある。この問題を克服するための現行のアプローチは、高コストの高用量輸液を多数実施するというものである。
本明細書で使用される用語は、一般に、本発明の文脈内において、かつ各用語が使用される特定の文脈内で、当該技術分野におけるその通常の意味を有する。一部の用語については、本発明の組成物および方法そしてそれらの使用方法を記述する上で医師に付加的な指針を提供するために、以下で、または本明細書の他の場所で論述される。
SPC療法が、例えばファブリー病、ポンペ病またはゴーシェ病患者などそしてファブリー病などのX連鎖リソソーム貯蔵障害の女性キャリアを含めた患者にとって実行可能な治療であるか否かを容易に決定するため、タンパク質の変異形態を発現する細胞系の中のタンパク質活性の単純で非観血的なSPCレスキュー検定が開発された。
一実施形態において、本発明の診断方法には、例えばα−Gal A、GAAまたはGbaなどの変異リソソーム酵素をコードする核酸ベクターで細胞系を形質転換するステップが関与する。細胞系は次に、α−Gal A、GAAまたはGba活性の増強(すなわち増大)を実証するのに充分な時間、例えばDGJ、DNJまたはIFGなどのSPCを用いて、またはこれを用いずに処置される。形質転換された細胞は次に溶解させられ、溶解物は、酵素活性を判定するため検定内で使用される。未処理の細胞からの溶解物内の活性と対比したSPCで処理された細胞からの溶解物中のα−Gal A、GAAまたはGba内の充分な増加は、細胞系と同じ変異を伴うα−Gal A、GAAまたはGbaを発現する患者からSPC療法に応答する(すなわち患者が「応答者」である)確率が高いことを標示する。
一実施形態では、SPC応答性変異を同定するため、例えばミスセンス変異およびインフレーム小欠失および挿入などの全ての公知のリソソーム酵素(例えばα−Gal A、GAAまたはGba)変異を当該技術分野で公知の技術にしたがって、例えば部位特異的変異により、生成することができる。このとき変異酵素構成体を、例えば哺乳動物COS−7、HEK−293またはGripTite293MSR(Invitrogen Corp.,Carlsbad、CA、U.S.A)細胞などの細胞系の中で過渡的に発現させることができる。形質転換された細胞を次に、漸増濃度のSPCと共にインキュベートすることができ、細胞溶解物中で酵素活性を測定できる。
別の実施形態では、以上で記述した方法を用いて、「治療基準表」または「治療療法表」を生成することができ、ここで治療基準表はタンパク質変異のリストを含み、さらにこの表は例えばDGJ、DNJまたはIFGなどのSPCに対する各変異の応答性を標示している。治療基準表は次に、例えばDGJ、DNJまたはIFGなどの特定のSPCが、それぞれ特定のα−Gal A、GAAまたはGba変異を有する患者を治療するのに有効なSPCであると思われるか否かを判定するために使用可能である。
本出願を主としてファブリー病、ポンペ病およびゴーシェ病そしてそれぞれDGJ、DNJおよびIFGというSPCに関連して論述してきたが、それがあらゆるSPCおよび疾病に対しても適用可能であることを理解すべきである。一つの非限定的実施形態では、任意の候補SPCおよび任意のリソソーム酵素について、またはタンパク質の誤った折り畳みが関与するあらゆる障害について治療基準表を生成することができる。これらの疾病としては、その他のリソソーム貯蔵障害、例えばなかでも嚢胞性線維症(CFTR)(呼吸器または汗腺上皮細胞)、家族性高コレステロール血症(LDL受容体;LPL含脂肪細胞または血管内皮細胞)、癌(p53;PTEN−腫瘍細胞)、アルツハイマー病(α−セクレターゼ)、パーキンソン病(グルコセレブロシダーゼ)、肥満症(MC4R)およびアミロイドーシス(トランスサイレチン)が含まれる。
SPC療法に対する適格性を判定するための基準は、患者が発現する変異GLA、GAAまたはGbaのタイプによって左右される。一実施形態において、ファブリー病、ポンペ病またはゴーシェ病を有する患者は、DGJ、DNJまたはIFGなどのSPCの存在下で患者と同じ変異を発現する宿主細胞内のそれぞれα−Gal A、GAAまたはGba活性が、野生型α−Gal A、GAAまたはGbaを発現する宿主細胞の活性の少なくとも1.5倍〜20倍(2%〜100%)である場合に、SPC療法に適格であるとして分類され得ると思われる。
本発明は同様に、療法的治療の決定を行うための市販の診断用テストキットも提供する。このキットは、任意には使用説明書および分析指針を含む1つの便利なパッケージ内に各検定を準備し実行するための上述のそしてより詳細には以下の実施例中に論述されている全ての材料を提供するものである。
a.各々変異α−Gal Aを発現する宿主細胞のパネルあるいは、宿主細胞、変異α−Gal Aをコードするベクターおよび宿主細胞が変異α−Gal Aを発現するように宿主細胞をトランスフェクトする手段;
b.特異的薬理シャペロン;
c.(適切な標準を含む)酵素検定用の発色性または蛍光発生基質;および
d.GaINAc。
この実施例1は、特異的薬理シャペロンに対するファブリー病患者の応答性を判定するための試験管内診断検定を提供する。
ファブリー病は、α−ガラクトシダーゼA(α−Gal A)をコードする遺伝子内の変異によって引き起こされるリソソーム貯蔵障害である。600超のファブリー変異が報告されており、約60%がミスセンスである。イミノ糖DGJは、現在、ファブリー病の治療のための薬理シャペロンとして第二相臨床試験において研究中である。以前に、DGJが多くのファブリー病患者由来のリンパ球様細胞系におけるα−Gal Aレベルの選択的かつ用量依存性増加を媒介するということが示された。付加的なDGJ応答性変異を同定するために、GripTite293MSR、(Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad、CA、USA)細胞が、全ての公知のα−Gal Aミスセンス変異そして部位特異的変異誘発によって生成された複数のインフレーム小欠失および挿入を含む発現ベクターで、過渡的にトランスフェクトされた。変異α−Gal A構成体が、HEK−293細胞内で過渡的に発現された。細胞は、漸増濃度のDGJと共にインキュベートされ、細胞溶解物内のα−Gal A活性が測定された。35超のミスセンス変異について検定の検証が実施され、HEK−293細胞内で得られた結果は、ファブリー病患者由来のリンパ球様細胞および初代T細胞培養の両方から得たもの(米国特許出願第11/749,512号明細書参照)、ならびに第二相臨床試験においてDGJの経口投与後のファブリー病患者の白血球細胞内で見られたα−Gal A酵素応答と類似していた。
変異誘発:全ての変異は、標準的分子生物学プロトコルにしたがって部位特異的変異誘発により生成された。点変異を生成するためには、インフレームでヒトα−Gal A cDNAを含む発現ベクターpcDNA3.1(Invitrogen)に対して部位特異的変異誘発が用いられた。所望の変異を含む特異的プライマ対が設計された(図6)。変異誘発は、サーモサイクラー内でPfuUltraハイファイDNAポリメラーゼ(Stratagene)を用いてポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を通して実施された。各々の反応混合物は、以下のものを合計体積50μl含んでいた:dH2O41.6μl、10倍PfuUltraHF反応緩衝液5.0μl、順方向−5’−プライマ(50μM)0.5μl、逆方向−3’−プライマ0.5μl、(各25mMずつのdA、dT、dC、dGを含む)dNTPミックス1.0μl)、pcDNA3中のヒトGLA0.9μl(DNA2ng/μl)、PfuUltraHD DNAポリメラーゼ0.5μl。使用されたサーモサイクラーパラメータは以下の通りであった:i)30秒間94℃、ii)30秒間94℃、30秒間50〜60℃、6分間68℃、iii)ii)を16回反復する。その後、0.5μlのDpnI(New England Biolabs)を各反応に加え、2時間37℃でインキュベートした。各々の変異誘発反応について7.5μlの体積を用いて、DH5α細胞(New England Biolabs)を形質転換した。その後、75μg/mlのアンピシリンでLB寒天平板上に細胞を平板固定し、一晩37℃でインキュベートした。細菌コロニーを採取し、一晩、振とうしながら37℃でアンピシリンと共に液体LB中で成長させ、QuickLyse Miniprep Kit(Qiagen)を用いてプラスミドDNAを抽出した。全長ヒトGLA遺伝子を配列決定することにより、変異体を確認した。一部の変異体について、ヒトGLAc DNAがベクタープラスミドpCXN内に含まれていた。NEB融合タンパク質ポリメラーゼを用いてこのベクター内で変異誘発を実施した。配列決定を通して変異を確認した後、プラスミドをEcoRIで消化させ、発現ベクターpcDNA3.1内にサブクローニングした。Xho Iでの消化により正しい配向を確認した。
列挙されたファブリー変異は全て部位特異的変異誘発によって生成された(図1)。イタリック体テキストで識別された変異は試験されておらず、一方プレーンテキストで識別された変異は、過渡的トランスフェクション検定においてDGJ治療に対する応答性を有していたα−Gal A変異体であり、ボールド体テキストおよび下線付きテキストで識別された変異は、過渡的トランスフェクション検定においてDGJ処置に対する応答性を有していなかった。DGJ処置後のα−Gal Aレベルの増加の規模およびEC50値は、DGJ処置に応答した全ての試験対象変異について列挙されている。(図2)。
記述されたこれらの結果は、ファブリー病患者由来のリンパ球様細胞またはT細胞から得た結果、ならびに第二相臨床試験でDGJを経口投与した後にファブリー病患者の白血球中に観察されたα−Gal A酵素応答に匹敵するものである。
ゴーシェ病(GD)は、リソソームグルコセレブロシダーゼ(GCase)の欠損によって引き起こされる。GCase活性の欠損は、グルコシルセラミド(GlcCer)の蓄積および貧血症、血小板減少症、肝脾腫大症、骨壊死、梗塞症および骨粗鬆症そして一部のケースでは神経痛などの症候の発生を導く。特異的薬理シャペロン酒石酸イソファゴミン(IFG)は、ER内で変異(N370S/N370S)GCaseと結合し、リソソームへのその輸送を増大させる。
変異α−Gal Aレベルの増大が原位置α−Gal A活性の増大という形で表われるか否かを決定するために、hR301Qα−Gal A Tg/KOマウス内で組織GL−3レベルに対するDGJ投与の効果を生体内調査した。
ポンペ病は、リソソームグリコーゲン代謝を損なう酸性アルファグルコシダーゼ(GAA)活性の欠損によって引き起こされる。酵素の欠損は、リソソームグリコーゲン蓄積を導き、進行性骨格筋脱力、心機能低下、呼吸器不全および疾病後期におけるCNS機能障害を結果としてもたらす。GAA遺伝子内の遺伝的変異は、より低い発現を結果としてもたらすかまたは、安定性がおよび/または生物活性が改変された酵素の変異形態を生成し、最終的に疾病を導く。薬理シャペロンは、遺伝病の治療のための見込みある新しい治療アプローチである。
Claims (17)
- α−GalAの変異形態を発現し、かつ特異的薬理シャペロンでの治療に応答することが特定された患者におけるファブリー病の治療に使用するための、α−GalAに特異的な薬理シャペロンを含む医薬組成物であって、該患者は、以下を含む方法により、α−GalAに特異的な薬理シャペロンでの治療に応答すると特定された患者である:
a. 第1の宿主細胞および第2の宿主細胞を、1ウェルあたり7,500〜10,000細胞密度で96ウェルプレートに播種すること;
b. 第1の宿主細胞をα−GalAに特異的な薬理シャペロンと接触させること;および
c. 前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触していない第2の宿主細胞内のα−GalA活性を、前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触した第1の宿主細胞内のα−GalA活性と比較すること、
ここで、前記α−GalA特異的薬理シャペロンが1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンまたはその薬学的に許容される塩であり;第1の宿主細胞および第2の宿主細胞が、ヒト・マクロファージスカベンジャー受容体を発現し、標準的な組織培養プレートに強く接着し、かつα−GalAの変異形態を発現するHEK−293であり;そして
前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触していない第2の宿主細胞により発現されたα−GalAの活性と比較した、前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触した第1の宿主細胞内のα−GalAの活性が1.3倍〜40倍の増加であること;もしくは
前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触した第1の宿主細胞でのα−GalA活性が、ヒト・マクロファージスカベンジャー受容体を発現し、標準的な組織培養プレートに強く接着し、かつα−GalAの野生型形態を発現するHEK−293細胞のα−GalA活性の少なくとも約2%〜100%であることが、
その患者が前記特異的薬理シャペロンでの治療に応答することを表わす、医薬組成物。 - α−GalAの変異形態を発現する患者が、α−GalAに特異的な薬理シャペロンでの治療に応答するか否かを判定する方法であって、
a. 第1の宿主細胞および第2の宿主細胞を、1ウェルあたり7,500〜10,000細胞密度で96ウェルプレートに播種すること;
b. 第1の宿主細胞をα−GalAに特異的な薬理シャペロンと接触させること;および
c. 前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触していない第2の宿主細胞内のα−GalA活性を、前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触した第1の宿主細胞内のα−GalA活性と比較すること、を含み、
ここで、前記α−GalA特異的薬理シャペロンが1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンまたはその薬学的に許容される塩であり;第1の宿主細胞および第2の宿主細胞が、ヒト・マクロファージスカベンジャー受容体を発現し、標準的な組織培養プレートに強く接着し、かつα−GalAの変異形態を発現するHEK−293であり;そして
前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触していない第2の宿主細胞により発現されたα−GalAの活性と比較した、前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触した第1の宿主細胞内のα−GalAの活性が1.3倍〜40倍の増加であること;もしくは
前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触した第1の宿主細胞でのα−GalA活性が、ヒト・マクロファージスカベンジャー受容体を発現し、標準的な組織培養プレートに強く接着し、かつα−GalAの野生型形態を発現するHEK−293細胞のα−GalA活性の少なくとも約2%〜100%であることが、
その患者が前記特異的薬理シャペロンでの治療に応答することを表わす、方法。 - α−GalAの変異形態がα−GalAをコードする遺伝子内のミスセンス変異によって引き起こされる、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 患者が、α−ガラクトシダーゼA変異A121T、A156V、A20P、A288D、A288P、A292P、A348P、A73V、C52R、C94Y、D234E、D244H、D244N、D264Y、E338K、E341D、E358K、E398K、E48K、E59K、E66Q、F113L、G144V、G183D、G260A、G271S、G325D、G328A、G35R、G373D、G373S、H225R、I219N、I242N、I270T、I289F、I303N、I317T、I354K、I91T、L14P、L166V、L243F、L300F、L310F、L32P、L45R、M267I、M284T、M296I、M296V、M72V、M76R、N224S、N263S、N298K、N298S、N320I、N320Y、N34K、P205R、P259L、P265L、P265R、P293A、P293S、P409S、P40L、P40S、Q279E、Q279H、Q279R、Q280H、Q280K、Q312H、Q321E、Q321R、Q327E、R301P、R342Q、R363C、R363H、R49G、R49L、R49S、S201Y、S276N、S297C、S345P、T194I、V269M、V316E、W340R、W47LおよびW95Sからなる群から選択される変異体α−ガラクトシダーゼAを発現すると特定された患者である、請求項1または3に記載の医薬組成物。
- 変異体α−ガラクトシダーゼAが、α−ガラクトシダーゼA変異G144V、H225R、S276G、R301PおよびN320Iからなる群から選択される、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 特異的薬理シャペロンが1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシン塩酸塩である、請求項1および3〜5のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 第1の宿主細胞を1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンと20nM〜1mMの濃度で接触させる、請求項1および3〜6のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- タンパク質活性が、前記宿主細胞溶解液中の基質の加水分解を定量する蛍光分光アッセイを用いて測定される、請求項1および3〜7のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 患者が女性である、請求項1および3〜8のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- α−GalAの変異形態がα−GalAをコードする遺伝子内のミスセンス変異によって引き起こされる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 患者が、α−ガラクトシダーゼA変異A121T、A156V、A20P、A288D、A288P、A292P、A348P、A73V、C52R、C94Y、D234E、D244H、D244N、D264Y、E338K、E341D、E358K、E398K、E48K、E59K、E66Q、F113L、G144V、G183D、G260A、G271S、G325D、G328A、G35R、G373D、G373S、H225R、I219N、I242N、I270T、I289F、I303N、I317T、I354K、I91T、L14P、L166V、L243F、L300F、L310F、L32P、L45R、M267I、M284T、M296I、M296V、M72V、M76R、N224S、N263S、N298K、N298S、N320I、N320Y、N34K、P205R、P259L、P265L、P265R、P293A、P293S、P409S、P40L、P40S、Q279E、Q279H、Q279R、Q280H、Q280K、Q312H、Q321E、Q321R、Q327E、R301P、R342Q、R363C、R363H、R49G、R49L、R49S、S201Y、S276N、S297C、S345P、T194I、V269M、V316E、W340R、W47LおよびW95Sからなる群から選択される変異体α−ガラクトシダーゼAを発現すると特定された患者である、請求項2または10に記載の方法。
- 変異体α−ガラクトシダーゼAが、α−ガラクトシダーゼA変異G144V、H225R、S276G、R301PおよびN320Iからなる群から選択される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 特異的薬理シャペロンが1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシン塩酸塩である、請求項2および10〜12のいずれか一項に方法。
- 第1の宿主細胞を1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンと20nM〜1mMの濃度で接触させる、請求項2および10〜13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- タンパク質活性が、前記宿主細胞の溶解液中の基質の加水分解を定量する蛍光分光アッセイを用いて測定される、請求項2および10〜14いずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 患者が女性である、請求項2および10〜15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 特異的薬理シャペロンが変異体α−GalAの活性を増大させるのに有効な化合物であるか否かを示す治療療法表を作成する方法であって、
請求項2に記載の方法を実施すること;および
前記方法の実施の結果を治療療法表に記録すること、を含み、
前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触していない第2の宿主細胞により発現されたα−GalAの活性と比較した、前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触した第1の宿主細胞内のα−GalAの活性が1.3倍〜40倍の増加となること;もしくは
前記特異的薬理シャペロンと接触した第1の宿主細胞でのα−GalA活性が、前記タンパク質の野生型形態を発現する宿主細胞のα−GalA活性の少なくとも約2%〜100%となること、を引き起こす前記治療療法表に記録された特異的薬理シャペロンが、該変異体タンパク質を発現する患者の治療として使用され得る特異的薬理シャペロンである、方法。
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