JP5773315B2 - 膵癌のバイオマーカーとしてのcxcl4l1 - Google Patents
膵癌のバイオマーカーとしてのcxcl4l1 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5773315B2 JP5773315B2 JP2011537960A JP2011537960A JP5773315B2 JP 5773315 B2 JP5773315 B2 JP 5773315B2 JP 2011537960 A JP2011537960 A JP 2011537960A JP 2011537960 A JP2011537960 A JP 2011537960A JP 5773315 B2 JP5773315 B2 JP 5773315B2
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Description
本発明は、患者における膵癌のバイオマーカーとしてのCXCL4L1の使用に関する。本発明はさらに膵癌の処置および/または膵転移の予防のための方法に関する。
膵癌は膵臓の悪性腫瘍である。毎年、アメリカ合衆国で約35000人がこの疾患で診断され、ほぼ同数のヒトがこの疾患のために死亡する。ヨーロッパでは、60000人以上が毎年この癌のため診断される。それ故、膵癌は、すべての癌の中で最も高い致死率のうちの1つを有し(Jemal et al., 2007)、それ故、この致死の病体に対する効果的な処置を緊急に必要とする主要なヒトの健康問題となっている。
本発明は、患者の膵癌および/または膵転移を検出する方法に関し、該方法は、該患者から得られた生物学的サンプル中のCXCL4L1遺伝子の発現レベルを決定する事を含む。
本発明者は、CXCL4L1が、初期の正確な膵癌の検出およびCXCL4L1遺伝子の発現レベルと腫瘍のグレードの重症度との間の関連づけのために使用されうるという所見を有する。
用語「CXCL4L1」は本明細書において使用される時、PF4v1、PF4var1、PF4ALTおよびSCYB4V1を含むがそれらに限定されないすべての同義語を含むことを意図する。この用語はそれ故、天然に生じるCXCL4L1、ならびにその変異体および改変型を含む。用語「成熟CXCL4L1タンパク質」は、より長いプロペプチドのプロセシングにより得ることのできる70アミノ酸の成熟CXCL4L1タンパク質を意味する(アクセッションナンバー NP_002611でGenPeptデータベースに提供される)。CXCL4L1をコードする代表的な天然のヌクレオチド配列はGenBankデータベースにアクセッションナンバーNM_002620で提供される。用語「CXCL4L1」はCXCL4タンパク質の霊長類の天然の変異体も含むことにさらに注意されなければならない。例として、霊長類のCXCL4L1タンパク質は、GenBankアクセッションナンバーXM_001102971.1(アカゲザル)およびXP_001156146.1(チンパンジー)で提供される。
本発明は、患者から得られた生物学的サンプル中のCXCL4L1遺伝子の発現レベルを決定する事を含む、該患者の膵癌および/または膵転移を検出する方法に関する。
(i)該患者から得られた生物学的サンプル中のCXCL4L1の濃度を測定し、
(ii)ステップ(i)で測定されたCXCL4L1の濃度を、膵癌に罹患していない対象からの生物学的サンプル中のCXCL4L1の濃度由来の参照値と比較し、ここで、該患者から得られた生物学的サンプル中のCXCL4L1の、該参照値と比較して増加したレベルは、患者が膵癌に罹患していることを示す
のステップを含む。
本発明の別の面は、膵癌の処置および/または膵転移の予防のための方法および組成物に関する。従って、本発明は、放射性同位体、化学療法剤または他の細胞障害性薬物(つまりTNFα)を膵腫瘍に運搬するための腫瘍標的化剤として使用できるCXCL4L1特異的結合分子に関する。
材料および方法
ヒト膵癌細胞系BxPC3およびウシ大動脈内皮細胞(BAEC)は10%ウシ胎仔血清、抗生物質(ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン)およびL−グルタミンが追加されたDMEM1g/Lグルコース(Invitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France)中培養された。ヒト臍帯静脈上皮細胞(HUVEC, Lonza, Levallois-Perret, France)は、2%FBSを含むEGM−2 SingleQuots(Lonza)を追加されたEBM−2(Lonza)中維持された。培養は37℃、5%C02中インキュベーションされた。腫瘍細胞はDr.C.Susini(INSERM U531, Toulouse, France)からの快い贈り物であった。受精鶏卵(Gallus gallus)(EARL Morizeau, Dangers, France)は、かつて記載された通り(Hagedorn et al., 2005)取り扱われた。胎性期10日(E10)において、最終量40μlの無血清培地に希釈された400万のBxPC3細胞は無傷のCAM表面に薄膜として沈着された。
メスのRAG−γ/cマウスはBordeaux 1 Universityの飼養施設(「Animalerie Mutualisee Bordeaux I」)に収容され、処置された。すべての動物の処置は施設のガイドラインに従って実施された。20週令の年老いたマウス(n=26)は、ケタミン(150mg/kg)およびキシラジン(15mg/kg)の腹腔内投与で麻酔され、皮下投与により100μlの無血清培地中の3.106 BxPC3細胞で異種移植された。
細胞または瞬間凍結組織から、全RNAはRNeasy mini kit(Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France)を用いて抽出された。RNAの質および量はアガロースゲル電気泳動および吸光度測定により評価された。第一鎖cDNAは、Quantitect Reverse Transcription kit(Qiagen)を用いて全RNAの1μgから調製された。
リアルタイムPCRは、SYBRグリーン色素(ABgene, Courtaboeuf, France)を使用しMx3000P thermocycler(Stratagene, La Jolla, CA)で実施された。ヒト特異的プライマーが設計され、Universal Human Reference RNA(Stratagene)を用いて増幅効率が評価された。90〜110%の増幅効率をもつプライマーペアのみが使用された。PCRの特異性は、増幅産物の解離曲線分析およびアガロースゲル電気泳動により検証された。すべてのサンプルは3回の独立した実験の最小値で試験された。
DIG CXCL4およびCXCL4L1ヒトリボプローブは製造業者の説明書に従って合成された(Roche RNA Labeling Kit(SP6/T7)-Roche)。つまり、pCR2.1 TOPO CXCL4_UTRおよびpCR2.1 TOPO CXCL4L1_UTRベクターはXhoI(センスプローブ用)またはBamHI(アンチセンスプローブ用)酵素切断により直鎖化された。転写後、DNAテンプレートは切断され(DNaseI Invitrogen)、その後、リボプローブを塩化リチウムにより沈殿させた。
パラフィン包埋組織は、7μm厚のミクロトーム切片に切断され、組織学的分析、転移の局在および最も代表的な腫瘍領域の選択のためにヘマトキシリン−エオシンで染色された。使用された一次抗体は、ヤギ抗ヒトCXCL4(PF4-AF-795, R&DSystem-Minneapolis)およびCXCL4L1に対するマウスモノクローナル抗体(MabV1, clone 9E11-2D5-2G1)である。この抗体の産生および特徴は他で報告されるであろう(Dubrac et al manuscript in preparation)。対応する二次抗体は、抗ヤギまたは抗マウスHRP結合抗体(Dakocytomation)である。イメージングはNikon DXM Eclipse E600 microscopeを用いて実施された。
細胞の生存率はWST−1アッセイによって評価された(Roche, Neuilly sur Seine Cedex, France)。アポトーシスの相対的存在量は、製造者の説明書に従って、カスパーゼ3/7活性によって測定される(Apo-one homogeneous assay kit, Promega, Charbonnieres, France)。両方の場合において、細胞は96穴プレートに濃度1×104(HUVEC)または3×103(BxPC3)細胞/ウェルで蒔かれ、一晩接着を可能にした。完全培地は、ゲムシタビン(Laboratoire Lilly, Suresnes, France)および/またはCXCL4L1有りまたは無しの無血清培地で24時間(HUVEC)もしくは48時間(BxPC3)置換された。すべてのアッセイは三つ組みのウェルで実施され、おのおのの実験は3回繰り返された。
細胞遊走および浸潤アッセイは、24穴培養プレートに設置された孔径8μmのTranswell membrane filter(BD Biosciences、Le Pont-de-Claix, France)を用いて実施された。Transwell membraneの上部の表面は、100μg/mlのgrowth factor−reduced Matrigel matrix(BD Biosciences)で被覆され、またはされなかった。その後、無血清培地中の1×105細胞はおのおののTranswellチャンバーに添加され、37℃で、遊走試験のために6時間、浸潤試験のために24時間、化学遊走物質として下部のチャンバーの無血清培地0、5%FBSにより、上部チャンバーの下側に遊走できるようにした。細胞はメタノール30%、酢酸10%で10分間固定され、クマシンブルー0、1%、メタノール30%、酢酸40%で3分間着色された。膜の上部の表面の細胞は、綿棒で拭う事により除去された。
BLASTでタンパク質のRefseqデータベースに対してCXCL4(PF4)とマッチするペプチドがサーチされ、ペプチド目録が引き出された。ハイライトされた配列は、首尾よくヒトに対して戻った相互BLASTの配列を示す。他の配列は対象となるためリストアップされた。ClustalWプログラムは、すべての種においてCXCL4(PF4)およびCXCL4L1(PF4V1)を示すことが見いだされた12配列に対し実施された。
ヒト腺癌サンプルはProf Martin Schilling(Klinik fur Allgemeine Chirurgie, Viszeral-, Gefaeβ-und Kinderchirurgie, Homburg, Germany)によって提供された。新鮮な腫瘍組織は外科手術中に得られ、直接的に液体窒素中瞬間凍結された。患者は診療所のガイドラインに従って組織分析の前に同意した。
CXCL4L1およびCXCL4の系統発生解析
複数のヒト組織のmRNAにおける定量的PCRはCXCL4L1およびCXCL4に関して異なる発現プロファイルを示唆する(図2)。CXCL4L1が単に、胎児肝、結腸およびある程度脾臓に発現する一方、CXCL4は脾臓に高度に発現している。正常なヒト膵臓は、有意にCXCL4L1およびCXCL4を発現しない。
トランスクリプトームのプロファイリングはPDAC−CAMモデルにおいてCXCL4L1は同定するがCXCL4を同定しない:ヒトAffymetrixまたはトリAffymetrixマイクロアレーを用いたデュアルトランスクリプトーム分析は、トリ絨毛尿膜へのBxPC3細胞の移植の腫瘍1日目(T1)および腫瘍6日目(T6)の間(胚発生のE11およびE16に対応する)に実施された。我々は、CXCL4ではなくCXCL4L1がT1と比較してT6に高度にアップレギュレーションされた(14.6倍増加)ことを明確に証明した。CXCL4L1はまたヒトAffymetrixアレイにおいてのみ検出され、トリチップが使用された時、トリのオルソログは存在しなかった。この事は、in vivoで腫瘍発生の間、CXCL4L1が腫瘍細胞において誘導される事を示唆した。
CXCL4L1およびCXCL4の組み換えタンパク質はGST融合タンパク質として相当量精製された。プロテアーゼの切り取りによるGSTの除去は、生物学的活性に対する有意な効果を有さず、切り取りを不必要にする。
CXCL4L1はヒト、サルおよびチンパンジーにのみ発現し、進化の最晩期にCXCL4から分岐する。腸、肝臓および脾臓を含む複数のヒト組織は、CXCL4L1およびCXCL4を発現するが、正常膵臓組織は、このケモカインの弱い発現を示すか全く発現しないことを示す。しかしながらCXCL4ではなくCXCL4L1が膵癌において有意に過発現し、新規のバイオマーカーに相当する。この事は下記の観察に基づく:
(1)qPCRまたはin situ ハイブリダイゼーションとの組み合わせによるトランスクリプトーム分析は、ヒト膵臓腺癌細胞がトリ絨毛尿膜に移植される時、有意なレベルのCXCL4L1 mRNAを発現するが、CXCL4のmRNAは発現しない事を示唆する。
(2)抗ヒトCXCL4L1/CXCL4または特異的なモノクローナル抗CXCL4L1抗体(Mabv1)を用いた免疫局在性は、トリCAMに移植される時、腫瘍細胞において強い免疫反応性を証明する。
(3)マウスに移植後の原発膵腫瘍は、CXCL4L1 mRNAを発現し、原発腫瘍および転移性腫瘍細胞も陽性の免疫反応性を示す。
(4)ヒト患者由来の膵臓腺癌サンプルはCXCL4L1 mRNAのみを発現し、CXCL4 mRNAは発現せず、強い陽性の免疫反応性を示す。
(5)膵臓腺癌細胞ではなく内皮細胞が外来性CXCL4L1に応答することは、膵腫瘍発生においてCXCL4L1の活性のパラクリンモードを示唆する。さらに、我々の結果は、培養液中の膵臓腺癌細胞がCXCL4L1もCXCL4も発現しないので、CXCL4L1発現のアップレギュレーションは特異的な腫瘍−宿主相互作用によるということを示唆する。
Claims (8)
- 患者から得られた生物学的サンプル中のCXCL4L1遺伝子の発現レベルを決定することを含む、該患者における膵癌および/または膵転移の検出を補助する方法。
- 患者から得られた生物学的サンプル中のCXCL4L1遺伝子の発現レベルを決定することを含む、膵癌を有する該患者における膵癌の病期の分類を補助する方法。
- CXCL4L1遺伝子の発現レベルがCXCL4L1 mRNAの量を測定することにより決定され、生物学的サンプルが組織サンプルである、請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 組織サンプルが膵腫瘍サンプルである請求項3記載の方法。
- CXCL4L1遺伝子の発現レベルが患者から得られた生物学的サンプル中のCXCL4L1タンパク質の濃度を測定する事により決定される、請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 膵癌が膵臓腺癌である請求項1〜5のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- CXCL4L1の遺伝子又はタンパク質からなる、患者における膵癌を検出するためのバイオマーカー。
- 膵癌の処置および/または膵転移の予防のための、細胞障害性薬剤または成長阻害剤のような抗癌剤に結合した抗CXCL4L1抗体。
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PCT/EP2009/065805 WO2010060920A1 (en) | 2008-11-27 | 2009-11-25 | Cxcl4l1 as a biomarker of pancreatic cancer |
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US9164105B2 (en) | 2011-01-13 | 2015-10-20 | Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Yonsei University | Pancreatic cancer biomarker using the characteristics of pancreatic cancer stem cells, and use thereof |
WO2012101125A1 (en) * | 2011-01-24 | 2012-08-02 | INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) | Specific antibodies against human cxcl4 and uses thereof |
US20150260721A1 (en) * | 2012-10-12 | 2015-09-17 | Hi-Stem Ggmbh | Novel biomarkers for sub-typing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |
WO2014177662A1 (en) * | 2013-04-30 | 2014-11-06 | INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) | In vitro method for determining if a subject suffering from cancer is responsive to a treatment comprising administering an effective amount of cxcl4l1 or an inhibitor of cxcl4l1 |
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US20110318370A1 (en) | 2011-12-29 |
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