JP5732681B2 - 被験者のグラウンドナッツに対する寛容を増大させる免疫治療法 - Google Patents
被験者のグラウンドナッツに対する寛容を増大させる免疫治療法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、被験者のグラウンドナッツに対する寛容を増大させる新規免疫治療法に関する。特に、本発明は、被験者をグラウンドナッツに対して次第に脱感作させるための皮膚パッチ装置の使用を開示する。
ピーナッツアレルギーは、反応の持続性及び重度の点で、最も一般的かつ深刻な食物に対する即時型過敏反応の1つである。事実、このアレルギーは、全ての年齢群における大半の致命的及びほぼ致命的な食物関連アナフィラキシーに関与していると推測されている。このアレルギーの罹患率はここ十年で倍増し、現在では母集団の0.6%〜1.2%が罹患している(Sicherer et al., 2003)。
本発明は、グラウンドナッツアレルギーに対する新規な免疫治療法を提供する。より具体的には、本発明は、初めて、皮膚上経路を通して効果的なグラウンドナッツアレルギー免疫治療を行なうことができることを示す。
本発明は、皮膚上投与を使用して、被験者のグラウンドナッツ寛容を増大させる免疫治療法に関する。この方法は、アレルゲンが皮膚を通過して血流に入ることが示されていないことを考えると、患者にとって特に安全である。従って、このアプローチにより、重度のアレルギー患者を、免疫療法プロトコールの最中の全身性反応又はアナフィラキシー反応という重要なリスクから回避することができる。更に、本発明者らにより得られた結果により、本発明に記載の皮膚上経路を通じたグラウンドナッツに対する脱感作は、他の投与経路、特に皮内経路を使用して脱感作したのと少なくとも同程度に効果的であることが示されている。
方法
動物及びタンパク質抽出物
Charles River Laboratories(France)から購入した4週齢の雌BALB/cマウスをピーナッツタンパク質に対して感作させた。ピーナッツタンパク質に対するマウス感作モデルとしてのBALB/cマウスの使用は、Adel-Patient et al., 2005に記載されていた。このモデルは、誘発時にアレルギー性ヒトにおいて観察されるようなIgEの微細な特異性及び症状を復元するはずである。全ての実験は、動物介護に関する欧州委員会規則(European Community rules of animal care)に従って行なわれた。
8匹のBALB/cマウスに、胃管栄養法により1、6、12、18、24、30日目に、10μgのコレラ毒素(CT)と混合した1mgのホモジナイズしたPPEを投与した。血清を0、18及び43日目に後眼窩静脈神経叢から回収し、遠心分離にかけ、試料を更なるアッセイにかけるまで−20℃で保存した。ナイーブなマウスを同じ日に採血した(n=8)。感作を、前記で定義したような生物学的パラメーターによりモニタリングした。
脱感作は、以下のように皮膚上(EP)経路を介して、8〜16週間の間に1週間に1回行なった。
マウスを一晩断食させ、30分間の間隔で2回の用量に分割した1匹あたり10mgのPPEを用いて胃管栄養法によりチャレンジさせた。ナイーブなマウスも同じようにチャレンジさせた。血漿中ヒスタミンレベルを決定するために、2回目の胃管栄養法による誘発から30分後に血液を回収し、解析するまで−20℃で保存した。ヒスタミンレベルは、製造業者により記載のように酵素イムノアッセイキット(SPI-BIO, France)を使用することにより決定した。
血液試料を、免疫療法前及び最中に後眼窩神経叢から回収し、血漿を更なる解析まで−30℃で保存した。
血清試料中の特異的IgAを決定した。0.1%BSAを含むPBS緩衝液中に希釈した血清(1/50)を、10μg.ml−1のPPEでコーティングしたプレート上でインキュベートした。特異的IgAを、アルカリホスファターゼで標識したヤギ抗マウスIgA(Southern Biotechnology Associated, USA)を使用して検出し、前記のように検出した。結果を、405nmでの吸光度単位として報告する。
前回の血液試料採取後に、マウスを椎骨脱臼により殺滅し、脾臓を滅菌条件下で収集した。細胞培養を、PPE(2.5〜250μg.ml−1)、PBS(陰性対照)又はコンカナバリンA(1μg.ml−1、陽性対照)の存在下で行なった。IL−4、IL−5、IL−10、IFNγ及びTGFβを、製造業者の指示に従って、CytoSetTMキット(BioSource International Europe, Belgium)を使用してアッセイした。
DTH応答を誘起するために、マウスを、前回の経口での免疫化の後に、100μgのピーナッツタンパク質のPBS溶液を後ろ足蹠に注射することによりチャレンジさせた。PBSを他の足蹠に注射した。両方の足蹠の正味の腫脹を、誘発から24時間後にマイクロキャリパー(microcalliper)を使用して測定し、互いに比較した。
グラフパッド(Graph Pad)ソフトウェア(San Diego, USA)を統計学的解析に使用した。データは、処置マウスを対照と比較する場合には分散分析(ANOVA)及びダネット検定を使用し、又は全ての群を互いに比較する場合にはANOVA及びチューキー検定を使用して解析した。
予所見
マウス及びヒトにおける免疫系の解明、並びにTh1及びTh2応答などの機序のその類似性及び差異の研究は、依然として進行中である。皮膚上免疫療法の概念実証として開発されたモデルを評価するために、ヒト及びマウスにおける主なアレルギー性バイオマーカー及びその解釈に関するいくつかの要素、特にTh1/Th2の平衡に関する要素が提供される。
1.1 感作中の特異的IgE、IgG1、IgG2a
経管栄養によりPPEを投与した後にBALB/cマウスにおいて誘導されたPPE特異的抗体を解析した。マウスにおけるピーナッツ感作は、図1に示されるように特異的IgE及びIgG1の産生により特徴づけられた。IgG2aもまた産生されたが、特異的IgG1よりも低い程度であった。ナイーブマウスでは特異的抗体は全く検出されなかった。
CTとPPEで感作したマウス由来の脾臓細胞は、多量のアレルゲン特異的IL−4及びIL−5、並びに少量のIL−10、IFNγ及びTGFβを分泌した(図2)。対照マウスではサイトカインは全く見出されなかった。これらの結果により、PPE特異的Th2応答が、経管栄養によりピーナッツタンパク質の投与を受けたBALB/cマウスにおいて誘導されたことが実証された。
ヒスタミンレベルの上昇は肥満細胞の脱顆粒を反映し、アナフィラキシー反応の主なメディエーターの1つであるので、経口チャレンジ後の血漿中のヒスタミンをアッセイした。感作マウス由来の血漿試料のみにしかヒスタミンは検出できなかった(図3)。
ピーナッツタンパク質に対するマウスの感作を示す以前の結果を完了させるために、DTH応答を調べた。足蹠チャレンジを感作終了時に行ない、感作マウスのみに腫脹が実証された(図4)。PBSで処置した足蹠にはDTH応答は全く見られなかった。
2.1 免疫療法用の製剤
免疫療法に使用される製剤のタンパク質含量は、SDS−PAGEにより特徴づけられた(図5)。
IgE及びIgG1:ピーナッツによる感作は、特異的IgE及びIgG1の産生により特に特徴づけられた。免疫療法中、特異的抗体の発生がモニタリングされた。図6に示されるように、特異的IgEの産生は、脱感作の8週間から16週間の間に安定化した。特異的IgEの減少は、長期間の過程であり、これは数カ月後にしか観察できない。更に、免疫療法中に、特異的IgG1の改変は全く観察されなかった(データは示さず)。
ヒスタミンは、アナフィラキシー反応の主要なメディエーターの1つである。肥満細胞の脱顆粒マーカーとして経口誘発から30分後に回収された血漿試料中のヒスタミンをアッセイした。脱感作から16週間後に、ヒスタミン放出を、各群のマウスについて定量した(処置又は非処置)(図9)。PPEで皮膚上処置したマウスは、ヒスタミンの放出が有意により少ないことが示された。この結果により、マウスのアレルギー状態の改善が確認された。
特異的IgAのタイトレーションを、脱感作から8週間後に血清試料で行なった(図10)。特異的IgAは、脱感作から8週間後にPPEで皮膚上経路により処置したマウスにおいて有意に増加していた。非処置マウスでは改変は全く観察されなかった。特異的IgAは、対照マウスでは検出できなかった。
皮膚上経路は、ピーナッツ感作マウスに対する、強力かつオリジナルな脱感作法を示す。
Claims (15)
- グラウンドナッツにアレルギーの被験者におけるグラウンドナッツに対する寛容を増大させることにおける使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物であって、前記組成物は、アジュバント無しに、乾燥形態の、ARAh1、ARAh2及びARAh3又はそのアイソフォームから選択される1つ又は複数のタンパク質を含み、前記組成物は、バッキングを含む皮膚パッチ装置により皮膚上経路を介して前記被験者に反復して投与され、前記のバッキングの周辺は、皮膚と共に密閉されたチャンバーを作るように適合されており、前記パッチは、皮膚の前処置無しに皮膚に直接適用され、そして前記パッチは、皮膚へのパッチ装置の適用後に前記被験者の皮膚上の炎症反応を誘導し制御するのに十分な、パッチ表面の20〜200μg/cm 2 の用量の前記組成物を含み、前記投与を繰り返すと、被験者のグラウンドナッツに対する寛容が次第に増加する、組成物。
- 前記組成物は、グラウンドナッツ抽出物又は精製されたグラウンドナッツタンパク質を含む、請求項1記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- 前記の1つ又は複数のタンパク質は、粒子形態であり、接着剤を用いずに、静電気力及び/又はファンデルワールス力によりバッキングに付着している、請求項1記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- 前記の1つ又は複数のタンパク質は、粒子形態であり、バッキング上の接着剤コーティングによりバッキングに付着している、請求項1記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- 前記の1つ又は複数のタンパク質は、噴霧乾燥工程によりバッキングに負荷されている、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- バッキングの周辺は、接着特性を有する、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- 1カ月から数年間の期間におよび、少なくとも1週間に1回、パッチ装置の適用が、反復される、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- 各適用についての皮膚とのパッチの接触時間が、1〜24時間である、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- パッチが、身体の毛のない部分に適用される、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- パッチの適用が、特異的IgGレベルの増加を引き起こす、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- 特異的IgG4レベルの増加を引き起こす、請求項10記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- パッチの適用が、投与されるタンパク質に対するTh1応答の上昇を引き起こす、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- パッチの適用が、優性Th2プロファイルから、より平衡のとれたTh1/Th2プロファイルへと免疫変動を引き起こす、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項記載の使用のためのグラウンドナッツアレルゲン組成物。
- バッキングを含む皮膚パッチ装置であって、前記バッキングの周辺は、皮膚と共に密閉されたチャンバーを作るように適合されており、前記バッキングは、その皮膚に面する側上のチャンバー内に、皮膚の前処置無しに皮膚へのパッチ装置の直接適用後に前記被験者において炎症反応を誘導し、制御するのに十分な、パッチ表面の20〜200μg/cm 2 の用量の、アジュバント無しに、乾燥形態の、ARAh1、ARAh2及びARAh3又はそのアイソフォームから選択される1つ又は複数のタンパク質を有しており、前記の1つ又は複数のタンパク質は皮膚へのパッチ装置の適用後にバッキングから移動し、その後、皮膚上経路を介して被験者の皮膚に送達される、皮膚パッチ装置。
- 各パッチは、同じ量のグラウンドナッツアレルゲンを含む、請求項14記載の複数の皮膚パッチ装置を含むキット。
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