JP5453355B2 - 増殖性疾患を治療するための抗プロラクチン剤の使用 - Google Patents
増殖性疾患を治療するための抗プロラクチン剤の使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、その受容体に及ぼすプロラクチンの細胞増殖促進作用を阻害するための方法および組成物に関する。本発明の方法および組成物は、望ましくない細胞増殖を伴う悪性疾患と共に良性疾患の治療において用いてもよい。
プロラクチン(「PRL」)は、構造的に成長ホルモンに関連し、程度は低いもののインターロイキンファミリーのメンバーにも関連する23 kDaの神経内分泌ホルモンである(レイノルズ(Reynolds)ら、1997、Endocrinol. 138:5555〜5560、カニンガム(Cunningham)ら、1990、Science 247:1461〜1465;ウェルズ(Wells)ら、1993、Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 48:253〜275)。これは、プロラクチン受容体を通じて作用し、乳房組織の増殖および最終分化(マニ(Mani)ら、1986、Cancer Res. 46:1669〜1672;マラーキー(Malarkey)ら、1983、J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 56:673〜677、ビスワス&フォンデルアール(Biswas and Vonderhaar)、1987、Cancer Res. 47:3509〜3514)、管上皮の増殖および分化の促進、分葉状単位の増殖および分化、ならびに授乳の開始および維持(ケリー(Kelly)ら、1993、Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 48:123〜164;シウ(Shiu)ら、1987、Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 43:277〜303)にとって必要である。生殖および免疫応答における役割を含む、その他の多様な作用がPRLに帰因している(ウェンボ(Wennbo)ら、1997、Endocrinol. 138:4410〜4415;ニコル(Nicoll)、1974、「生理学ハンドブック(Handbook of Physiology)」、ノビル&ソウヤー(Knobil and Sawyer)編、米国生理学会、ワシントンD.C.;シウ&フリーセン(Shiu and Friesen)、1980、Annu. Rev. Physiol. 42:83〜96)。
本発明は、その受容体に及ぼすプロラクチンの細胞増殖促進作用を阻害するための方法および組成物に関する。
制限するためではなくて、明確にするために、本発明の詳細な説明を以下の小章に分ける:
(i)プロラクチン変異体;
(ii)切断型プロラクチン受容体;および
(iii)本発明の用途。
本発明は、その受容体でPRLの作用に拮抗するプロラクチン(PRL)変異体を提供する。
本発明は、細胞不含切断型プロラクチン受容体(本明細書においてPRL-BPと呼ばれる)を提供し、これはPRLとの結合能を保持し、したがって、PRL結合に関してPRLRの細胞表面型と競合することができ、それによって、PRLの受容体との相互作用能を阻害することができる。
本発明は、PRLR活性を調節する化合物または組成物を同定するために用いることができ、したがって細胞増殖の調節および異常な細胞増殖に関連した疾患の治療に有用となる可能性がある、細胞に基づくアッセイ系を提供する。本発明の細胞に基づくアッセイ系は、細胞のアポトーシスを調べるためにデザインされる。アッセイ系はPRLRアンタゴニストであるG129RがPRLRを発現する細胞においてアポトーシスを誘導することができるという知見に基づいている。
a. プロラクチン受容体を発現する細胞に化合物を接触させる段階;
b. 細胞のアポトーシスのレベルを測定する段階;および
c. (b)において得られたアポトーシスのレベルを化合物の非存在下で得られたレベルと比較する段階を含み、
(b)において得られたレベルが化合物の非存在下で得られたレベルと異なる場合、プロラクチン受容体活性を調節することができる化合物が同定される方法である。アポトーシスのレベルが該アッセイ法において増加していれば、プロラクチン受容体のアンタゴニストが同定される。
a. プロラクチン受容体媒介アポトーシスを誘導する化合物の存在下および非存在下で、プロラクチン受容体を発現する細胞に化合物を接触させる段階;
b. プロラクチン受容体媒介アポトーシスを誘導する化合物の存在下および非存在下で、細胞におけるアポトーシスのレベルを測定する段階;および
c. (b)において得られたアポトーシスのレベルを比較する段階。
本発明は、それによってPRL変異体(PRLアンタゴニストとして作用する)またはPRLRの切断型(PRL結合に関して内因性受容体と競合する)をPRLの作用を阻害するために、特にPRL媒介細胞増殖を阻害するために用いることのできる方法および組成物を提供する。本発明の方法は、プロラクチン変異体またはPRLRの切断型を、増殖しつつある細胞がプロラクチン受容体を発現する増殖性疾患を有する被験者に投与することを含む。
hPRLに関して現在利用できる結晶構造データはないため、ガルニエ(Garnier)ら(1987、J. Mol. Biol. 120:97〜120)が開発したコンピューターアルゴリズムプログラムを用いて、hPRLとhGHとの二次構造を解析して比較した。その結果、全体的なαヘリックス領域が非常に類似していることが示され、このことは、これらのホルモンが類似の全体的立体構造を共有することを示唆している。第三のαヘリックスにおけるアミノ酸配列をGHとPRLとで比較したところ、hPRLの129位グリシンがhGHの120位のグリシンに対応すること、そしてこれがGH/PRLファミリーにおいて絶対的に保存されていることが明らかである(チェン(Chen)ら、1994、J. Biol. Chem. 269:15892〜15897)。したがって、hPRL受容体特異的アンタゴニストを作製するために、hPRLにおけるグリシンのアルギニンへの置換変異体を調製した。
7.1 ヒトプロラクチン遺伝子のクローニング
ヒトPRLは逆転写酵素(RT)を用いてその後ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)を行うことによって首尾よくクローニングされた。簡単に説明すると、ヒト下垂体ポリA RNA(クロンテック社(ClonTech, Ins.)、パロアルト、カリフォルニア州)を鋳型として用いた。hPRL cDNAの停止コドン(TAA)から2塩基先で始まるhPRLアンチセンスプライマー(5' GCTTAGCAGTTGTTGTTGTG 3')をデザインし、およびATGからセンスプライマー(5' ATGAACATCAAAGGAT 3')をデザインした。RT/PCRはパーキン・エルマーシータスインク(Perkin-Elmer Cetus, Inc.)(ノーウォーク、コネチカット州)のキットを用いて実施した。得られたhPRLのヌクレオチド配列を、改変したT7 DNAポリメラーゼ(シーケナーゼ、ユナイテッドステイツバイオケミカル(United States Biochemical))を用いてジデオキシチェーンターミネーション法によって決定したところ、ゲンバンクに報告された配列と1つの塩基が異なることを除いては同一であり、その結果コドン21位でのサイレント突然変異(CTG→CTC)が生じていることが判明した。pUCIG-Met発現ベクターの調製を含むクローニングプロセスの概略図を図1に要約する。
hPRL cDNAおよびM13 F1複製起点を含む親プラスミド(図1)を大腸菌(CJ236)に形質転換した。ウリジンを含む一本鎖プラスミドDNAを、形質転換したCJ236細菌からヘルパーバクテリオファージM13k07を用いて単離した。G129R変異を指向する配列を含むオリゴヌクレオチド6 pmolを、アニーリング緩衝液(200 mMトリス塩酸、20 mM MgCl2、100 mM NaCl)において、70℃で5分間加熱した後徐々に冷却することによって一本鎖DNA 0.2 pmolとアニーリングした。G129R変異をコードするオリゴヌクレオチド(5' CGGCTCCTAGAGaggATG-GAGCT 3')を用いて、T4 DNAポリメラーゼによって触媒される一本鎖DNAを鋳型として用いてDNAの相補鎖の合成をプライミングした。合成後、二本鎖DNAを用いて大腸菌(DH5a)を形質転換した。個々のクローンを単離して、DNAヌクレオチドシークエンシングによってhPRL-G129Rに関してスクリーニングした。以降、G129R hPRL変異体をhPRLAと呼び、「A」はそのアンタゴニスト活性を指す。
hPRLおよびhPRLAコード核酸をそれぞれ、cDNAの転写がマウスメタロチオネインエンハンサー/プロモーター配列およびbGHポリA付加シグナルによって制御される哺乳類細胞発現ベクターに挿入した(チェン(Chen)ら、1991、J. Biol. Chem. 266:2252〜2258;チェン(Chen)ら、1991、Endocrinol. 129:1402〜1408;チェン(Chen)ら、1991、Mol. Endocrinol. 5:1845〜1852;チェン(Chen)ら、1994、J. Biol. Chem. 269:15892〜15897)。hPRLおよびhPRLAを産生する安定なマウスL細胞株を確立するために、マウスL細胞[チミジンキナーゼ(TK)陰性およびアデニンホスホリボシルトランスフェラーゼ(APRT)陰性]をインビトロ発現系として選択した。hPRL(陽性対照として用いられる)およびhPRLA(約5〜10 mg/L/24時間/細胞100万個)を発現する安定な細胞株を調製した。
8.実施例:G129Rプロラクチン変異体の阻害活性
8.1 材料および方法
放射性受容体結合アッセイ法 ハーディング(Harding)ら(1996、J. Biol. Chem. 271:6708〜6712)が記述したように、ラクトペルオキシダーゼ法を用いて、80〜105 μCi/μgの比活性を有するNa125Iによって、精製hPRLを標識した。簡単に説明すると、1.0 mCiのNa125IをhPRL 1 mgに加えた。次に、ラクトペルオキシダーゼ(10 μgを0.4 mol/L酢酸緩衝液10 μlに溶解する、pH 5.6)およびH2O2(1.76 mmol/Lを5μl)を加えた。30分後、移入用緩衝液(0.47 mol/L蔗糖、0.06 mol/L KI、0.02%アジ化ナトリウム、pH 7.6)100 μlを加えることによって反応を終了させた。次に、放射性標識hPRLをセファデックスG-100クロマトグラフィーによって分離した。ヒト乳癌細胞を6ウェルプレートに播種した。無血清DMEM中で2〜3時間プレインキュベートして、血清を枯渇させた後、細胞単層を、様々な濃度のhPRLまたはhPRLAの存在下で、125I-hPRL(50,000 cpm)を含む無血清馴化培地に37℃で2〜3時間暴露した。室温で3時間インキュベートした後、細胞を燐酸緩衝生理食塩液(PBS)で2回洗浄して、その後1%SDS/0.1N NaOH 1 ml中で溶解した。次に、溶解物中のCPMを決定した。非特異的結合は、非特異的置換を制御するために、非標識hPRL5μg/mlを通常のマウスL細胞馴化培地に加えることによって測定した。
放射性受容体結合アッセイ法の結果 ヒト癌細胞のパネルに沿ってT-47DおよびHTB123細胞を用いて実施したアッセイ法の結果を図2に示す。それらは、ヒト白血病細胞、リンパ腫細胞および網膜芽細胞腫細胞と比較したところ、調べた細胞の中でも2つの細胞株(T-47DおよびHTB123)のhGH受容体特異的結合が最小であったことを示している。
hPRL-BP cDNAを逆転写酵素(RT)の後にポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)を用いてクローニングした。推定の膜貫通ドメインから66塩基に位置するNcoI制限酵素切断部位でhPRL-BPアンチセンスプライマーをデザインし、終止コドン(TGA)を組み入れた(5' GCACTtcaGTATCCATGGTCTGGT 3')。翻訳開始コドンATGを含むセンスプライマーをデザインした(5' AGAAGGCAGCCAACatgAAG 3')。RT/PCRは、パーキンエルマー・シータスインク(ノーウォーク、コネチカット州)のキットを用いて実施した。ヌクレオチド配列hPRL-BPは、改変したT7 DNAポリメラーゼ(シーケナーゼ、ユナイテッドステイツバイオケミカル)を用いてジデオキシチェーンターミネーション法によって決定した。
以下の章は、プロラクチン変異体を抗エストロゲン剤と共に加えると、細胞増殖に相乗的な阻害作用を誘導することを示す細胞増殖アッセイ法に由来するデータを記述する。
RT-PCR RT-PCR技術を用いてhPRL cDNAをクローニングした。ヒト下垂体mRNAはクロンテックラボラトリーズインク(Clontech Laboratory, Inc.)(パロアルト、カリフォルニア州94303)から購入した。RT-PCRキットはパーキンエルマーインク(ノーウォーク、コネチカット州)から購入した。hPRL cDNAの停止コドン(小文字)から2塩基のhPRLアンチセンスプライマー(RT反応のための)をデザインし(5' GCttaGCAGTTGTTGTTGTG 3')、および翻訳開始コドンATGからセンスプライマーをデザインした(5' atgAACATCAAAGGAT 3')。RT-PCR反応は製造元の推奨に従って実施した。次に、PCR産物を、インビトロゲンコーポレーション(カールスバッド、カリフォルニア州)の発現ベクターpcDNA3.1にクローニングした。hPRL cDNAの発現はヒト早初期サイトメガロウイルス(CMV)エンハンサー/プロモーター、ならびにウシGH遺伝子からのポリアデニル化シグナルおよび転写終結配列によって制御した。このベクターは、ネオマイシン抵抗性哺乳類細胞の選択を可能にするネオマイシン遺伝子も含む(図1B)。
hPRLのクローニングおよび変異誘発 RT-PCR技術を用いてhPRL cDNAをヒト下垂体mRNAからクローニングした。対応するPCR産物のサイズは長さが663塩基対であり、これをpcDNA3.1発現ベクターにクローニングした。hPRLのヌクレオチド配列は、自動シークエンサー(PEアプライドバイオシステムズ(PE Applied Biosystems)、フォスターシティ、カリフォルニア州)を用いてジデオキシチェーンターミネーション法によって決定した。hPRL cDNA配列は、1つの塩基の違いを除いてゲンバンクに報告された配列と同一であり、その結果コドン21位でのサイレント変異が起こる(CTG→CTC)ことが判明した。HPRL-G129R cDNAもまた、PCRによって産生して、シークエンシングした。
11.1 材料および方法
細胞株 ヒト乳癌細胞株MDA-MB-134、T-47D、BT-474、およびMCF-7はATCCから得た。これらの乳癌細胞株はそのPRLRレベルに基づいて選択した。細胞株MDA-MB-134は最高のPRLRレベルを有し、これにPRLRレベルが減少する順にT-47D、BT-474、MCF-7が続く(オーマンディ(Ormandy)、J. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82:3692〜3699)。
アポトーシス(プログラムされた細胞死)は、細胞の死を時間的および秩序的に調節する中心的な生理的メカニズムの1つである(ステラー(Stellar, H.)、1995、Science 267:1445)。アポトーシスの生化学的特徴は、ヌクレオソーム内部のDNA切断であり(ワイルー(Wyllu)、1980、Nature 284:555;ロイ(Roy)ら、1992、Exp. Cell Res. 200:416〜424;ワイルー(Wyllu)、1980、Int. Rev. Cytol. 68:251〜306)、これはTUNELアッセイ法または従来のゲル電気泳動によって検出することができる(チェン(Chen)、1996、J. Biol. Chem. 61:9〜17)。癌は、少なくとも幾つかの生理学的刺激に反応してアポトーシスを受ける能力が減少した悪性疾患である(ホフマン(Hoffman)ら、1994、Oncogene 9:1807)。癌細胞をアポトーシスを引き起こすように誘導することができる薬物は、癌療法において有効となることが証明されると考えられる。
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US6995244B2 (en) | 2002-12-13 | 2006-02-07 | The Ohio State University | Antagonists for human prolactin |
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US8754031B2 (en) * | 2004-03-08 | 2014-06-17 | Oncolix, Inc. | Use of prolactin receptor antagonists in combination with an agent that inactivates the HER2/neu signaling pathway |
US7507716B2 (en) * | 2005-07-06 | 2009-03-24 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Method for treating pain with prolactin antagonists |
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WO2008114077A1 (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2008-09-25 | Institut National De La Sante Et De La Recherche Medicale (Inserm) | Constitutively active mutants of the prolactin receptor |
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US8648046B2 (en) | 2009-02-26 | 2014-02-11 | Oncolix, Inc. | Compositions and methods for visualizing and eliminating cancer stem cells |
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