JP5429642B2 - 薬剤の局所導出を対象とした注射可能なポリマー/脂質ブレンド - Google Patents
薬剤の局所導出を対象とした注射可能なポリマー/脂質ブレンド Download PDFInfo
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- JP5429642B2 JP5429642B2 JP2010511459A JP2010511459A JP5429642B2 JP 5429642 B2 JP5429642 B2 JP 5429642B2 JP 2010511459 A JP2010511459 A JP 2010511459A JP 2010511459 A JP2010511459 A JP 2010511459A JP 5429642 B2 JP5429642 B2 JP 5429642B2
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
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- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
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- A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
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Description
「キトサン」はキチンの誘導体または類似体である任意の化合物または組成物を指す。また、この用語には、キチン、およびカルボキシメチルキトサン、オレオイルキトサンやペギル化(pegylated)キトサン(Carbomer、Inc.、Westborough、Mass.)などのキトサンの様々な誘導体も含まれる。
「組成物」は本明細書で使用する“組成物”については、複数の物質が結合されて、凝集混合物または混合体になったものと理解すべきである。
「制御(された)放出」治療活性剤または薬学活性剤が長期間にわたって周囲の媒体や生体中に放出されることを指す。放出時間(期間)は、およそ数時間〜数ヶ月であればよい。
「薬剤、治療剤、治療」はいずれも生体に意味のある作用をして症状または疾患を治療または予防する任意の分子を指す。
「脂肪酸FA」は制限なしに、脂肪酸塩化物または任意のアシル鎖長をもつ脂肪酸アルデヒドを指す。
「薬学活性剤」は任意の薬剤、治療剤、プロドラッグまたは診断薬を指す。
「疎水性薬剤」は25℃での水への溶解度が50mg/L未満の任意の薬学活性剤を指す。
「抗増殖剤」は増殖作用を抑制する作用をもつ分子を指す。実例を挙げれば、制限する意図はないが、パクリタキセル、カルボプラチン、シスプラチンである。
表1:0.01MPBSにおけるWSC−FA−ePCブレンドの安定性
実験に際して、鎖長がC8〜C16のFAをWSCおよびePCと混合し、薬剤導出を対象とする安定かつ注射可能なブレンドを生成した。熱分析を利用して、ブレンド成分の体温での安定性を求めた。FTIR測定法を用いて、成分間に存在する相互作用を検討し、ブレンドの安定性を最適化した。形態学的に調べて、製剤内の各成分のミクロスケールでの機能性を求めた。また、注射可能な製剤として使用する最適なブレンドを実現するためには、レオロジー特性および安定性を求める必要があった。最後に、生理学的溶液中で、抗癌剤PTXのWSC−FA−ePCからの放出を評価した。WSC−FA−ePCブレンドの組成とその特性との間の関係を確認し、薬学用途に向けてブレンドの効能を最適化した。
キトサン(90%)は、Marinard Biotech Inc.(Riviere−au−Renard、QC、Canada)から購入した。ePC(>99%)は、Northern Lipids Inc.(Vancouver、BC、Canada)から入手した。未標識PTX(>99%)およびC14−PTXは、それぞれ、Hande Tech Development Co.(Houston、TX)およびMoravek (Brea、CA)から購入した。蛍光プローブ3−ホスホエタノールアミン−N−(7−ニトロ−2−1,3−ベンズオキサゾール−4−イル(NBD−DPPE)は、Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.(Alabaster、AL)から購入した。塩化グリシジルトリメチルアンモニウム(GTMAC)、アセトン、エタノール、メタノール、酢酸(AcOH)、脂肪酸塩化物(即ち、塩化カプリロイル(C8)、塩化デカノイル(C10)、塩化ラウロイル(C12)、塩化ミリストイル(C14)および塩化パルミトイル(C16))およびその他の化学医材は全てSigma−Aldrich Chemical Co.(Oakville、ON、Canada)から購入した。全ての化学医材は、試薬級で、さらに変性することなくそのまま使用した。
既に確立された方法(Cho, J.、et al.、Biomacrommolecules、2006.7(10):p.2845−2855;Seong,H.S.、H.S. Whang、 and S.W.Ko、Journal of AppliedPolymer Science、2000.76(14):p. 2009−2015)に準拠して、3:1モル/モル比でGTMACおよびキトサンからなるWSC誘導体を合成した。
DSCTMQ100(TA Instruments、New Castle、DE)を使用して、WSC−FA−ePCブレンドの熱遷移を求めた。サンプル5〜7mgを気密パン内に準備し、その遷移温度について、窒素をパージしながら、1分間につき5℃の温度刻みで−40℃〜80℃の間の遷移温度を分析した。TAユニバーサル分析ソフトを使用して、全サンプルについて第2加熱サイクルを分析した。
ユニバーサルATRスペクトルワン分光光度計(Perkin−Elmer、Wellesley、MA)を使用して、WSC−FA−ePCブレンドおよびこれらの各成分のFTIRスペクトルを求めた。Perkin−Elmerのスペクトルソフトを用いて、サンプルから空気の背景スペクトルを差し引いた。スペクトル全ては、2cm−1の解像度で平均16回走査したもので、これを3回繰り返した。
ZeissTM Axiovert 135TV光顕微鏡を使用して、WSC−FAブレンド、WSC−ePCブレンドおよびWSC−FA−ePCブレンドを撮像した。倒立式2光子共焦点レーザー走査蛍光顕微鏡(ZeissTM LSM510 META NLO、Germany)によって、C10、C12、C16のFAを含有するWSC−FA−ePCブレンド中のキトサンおよび脂質領域を同定した。簡単に説明すると、1mol%の蛍光脂質NBD−DPPE(λex=460nm、λem=534nm)をエタノールに溶解し、窒素を使用して乾燥し、フィルムを得た。純粋なePCをFAに溶解し、蛍光脂質フィルムと混合した。蛍光測定により、WSC溶液は、強い自己蛍光信号(λex=400nm、λem=800nm)をもつことがわかった。即ち、脂肪酸/脂質溶液をWSCと混合し、ガラススライド上に流した。溶液上にカバースリップを載せ、光学的反射を防ぎ、暗い環境中で一夜製剤を乾燥した。
WSC−FA−ePCブレンドのレオロジー特性を、2cmのコーンおよび角度4°のプレートを備えた応力制御式レオメーター(AR−2000、TA InstrumentsTM)によって特性化した。レオメーターを校正し、計器仕様に従って回転マッピングを行った。せん断応力を1から500Paまで強くした状態で、連続段階式流動モードを使用して粘度を測定した。機械的にテストを行う前に、ブレンド製剤を24時間保存した。各サンプルの注射液200μLをレオメータープレートに載せ、機械的試験を実施した。
14C−PTX(0.14μCi)と低温PTX(10mg)との混合物を含有するWSC−FA−ePCブレンドほぼ300μLを、0.2%リゾチームを含有する0.01MのPBSの5mLに注入し、37℃でインキュベーションした。特定の時点で、バイアルから2mLの溶液を取り出し、次に2mLの新たなPBS/リゾチーム溶液で置き換えた。Ready SafeTM 液体シンチレーションカクテル(Beckman Coulter Inc.、Fullerton、CA)4mLを各サンプルアリコットに加え、ボルテックス処理し、シンチレーションカウンター(BeckmanTM LS5000TD、Beckman Instruments Inc.、Fullerton、Ca)によって分析した。
樋口モデル:M(t)/M(0)=KHt0.5 (1)
Ritger−Peppasモデル:M(t)/M(0)=KR_Ptn (2)
Peppas−Sahlinモデル:M(t)/M(0)=KP_S,1tm+KP_S,2t2m (3)
なお、KH、KR_P、KP_S,1、およびKP_S,2は、放出率に関する実験定数である、M(t)/M(0)は、薬剤放出率の分数であり、tは放出時間である。モデル(2)のnは、薬剤放出の主機序を示す拡散指数である。モデル3の第1項は、Fickian拡散分配を表し、そして第2項は、薬剤放出へのCaseII−輸送の作用を表す。
それぞれの反応速度モデルから求めた放出パラメータの値
サンプル 樋口 Ritger−Peppas
K H K R_P n
C12FA 0.30 0.35 0.37
C14FA 0.21 0.24 0.36
C16FA 0.41 0.37 0.59
サンプル Peppas−Sahlin
K P_S、1 K P_S,2 m
C12FA 3.23×10−1 3.24×10−2 0.31
C14FA 2.20×10−1 2.44×10−2 0.30
C16FA 3.35×10 −1 3.69×10 −2 0.50
細胞生存可能性を評価するため、塩化ラウロイルを含有する注射可能なポリマー/脂質ブレンドを調製した。この組成物は、低分子量WSC、C12ClおよびePCを1:3:1および1:4:1の比で含有していた。ePCを塩化ラウロイル(C12Cl)に溶解し、ボルテックス処理して溶解した。次に、水溶性キトサン(WSC)を加え、ブレンドをさらにボルテックス処理して、1ccシリンジに移した。次に、シリンジ中の組成物をUV殺菌により24時間殺菌処理した。図11に示すように、ブレンド(1:3:1、1:4:1)の存在下で24時間定温放置後、L929細胞の生体外生体適合性を評価した。誤差バーは、標準誤差として示す(n=12)。
(低分子量)WSC、ラウリンアルデヒドおよびePCを1:2:1、1:2:3、2:2:3、1:3:1および1:4:1の比で含有する組成物を調製した。即ち、ePCをラウリンアルデヒドに溶解し、ボルテックス処理し、WSCを添加してから、さらにボルテックス処理して成分をブレンドし、次に1ccシリンジに移した。0.01Mのリン酸緩衝液(pH=7.4)中37℃で2mg/mLのリゾチームを含有するインキュベーションしたブレンド製剤の安定性および濁度を指標として図12および図13に示す。
KV=PTX濃度(ブレンド)/PTX濃度(溶液)
に従って算出した、37℃で7日間0.01Mのリン酸緩衝液(pH=7.4)15mL中でインキュベーションした各種のブレンド製剤におけるパクリタキセルの分配係数(KV)を図14に示す。
5〜45mgのDTXとともに、1:4:1の比で(高分子量)WSC、C12ClまたはC12−CHOおよびePCからなる組成物を調製した。2種類の異なる製剤10mgの3H−DTXの薬剤放出プロファイルを図18に示す。C12−CHOおよびDTXからなる別な製剤の生体外薬剤放出プロファイルは、図19Aおよび19Bに示すように、CHO製剤に担持されたH−DTXの異なる量による濃度作用を説明するものである。
薬剤未担持ブレンド製剤は、水溶性高分子量キトサン、卵ホスファチジルコリンおよびラウリンアルデヒドを1:4:1重量比で製剤化したものである。薬剤担持ブレンド製剤は、ブレンド製剤1gに対して30mgのDTXを製剤化したもので、薬剤/マトリックス比は1:8(w/w)であった。
ブレンド製剤からのDTXの放出プロファイルを確認するために、生体外放出試験を行った。生体内試験と同じ製剤を使用した。0.01Mのリン酸緩衝液(PBS)および2mg/mLのリゾチームを使用して、DTX担持ブレンド製剤(1:8の薬剤:マトリックス比、n=6)0.5μL(0.450g)を37℃でインキュベーションした。特定の時点で、2mLを取り出し、HPCLによってDTXについて分析した。薬剤未担持ブレンド製剤についてもPBS/リゾチームを用いてインキュベーションし、対照として使用した。
6〜8週齢の健康なCD−1雌マウスの腹腔に、30μLの薬剤未担持ブレンド製剤(対照グループ、n=1)あるいは30μLのDTX−担持ブレンド製剤(1:8の薬剤:マトリックス比、治療グループ、n=3)を投与した。治療グループのマウスのDTX投与量は、8mg/kgであった。
図20に示すように、DTX−担持製剤を注射した治療マウスのALTレベルは、4週間にわたり、許容範囲(10〜35単位/L)で、12.8〜30.8U/Lであった。治療マウスの平均ALTレベルは、20.6±7.7U/L(n=11)であった。薬剤を担持しなかった製剤を注射した対照マウスの平均ALTレベルは、7週間にわたり、17.1±5.2U/L(n=11)であった。
図21は、DTX血漿レベルを示す図である。最長4週間を上限として、検出されたDTX血漿レベルは、0.033±0.01μg/mLであった。これまで報告されているマウスDTX浄化値によれば、これらの定常状態血漿濃度は、ほぼ5%/日(1.3mg/kg/日)の生体内放出に対応し、上記の生体外結果と一致するものである。2日目および7週間目に解剖したマウスには、検出量のドセタキセルは認められなかった(n=3)。
Claims (14)
- (a)キトサン誘導体、
(b)アシル鎖長がC10〜C16の脂肪族アルデヒド、および
(c)リン脂質、
を含むことを特徴とする注射可能な組成物。
- 上記キトサン誘導体が、水溶性キトサンである請求項1に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- キトサン系医材とGTMACとを共役化することにより上記水溶性キトサンを製造した請求項2に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- 上記脂肪族アルデヒドのアシル鎖長がC10〜C14である請求項1に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- 上記リン脂質を、ホスファチジルコリン類、ホスファチジルエタノールアミン、ePCおよびホスファチジルグリセロールからなる群から選択した請求項1に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- 上記キトサン誘導体が水溶性キトサンであり、上記脂肪族アルデヒドがC12のアシル鎖長をもち、そして上記リン脂質を、ホスファチジルコリン酸、ホスファチジルエタノールアミン、ePCおよびホスファチジルグリセロールからなる群から選択した請求項1に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- 上記脂肪族アルデヒドがラウリンアルデヒドである請求項1に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- 少なくとも1種の薬学活性剤をさらに有する請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- 上記少なくとも1種の薬学活性剤を、カルマスティン、メトトレキサート、カルボプラチン、シスプラチン、オキサリプラチン、5−フルオロウラシル、5−フルオトウリジン、シタラビン、ロイプロリドアセテート、シクロホスファミド、ビノレルビン、ピロカルピン、パクリタキセル、ミトマイシン、カンプロテシン、ドキソルビシン、ダウノルビシンおよびドセタキセルからなる群から選択した請求項8に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- 上記少なくとも1種の薬学活性剤を、オリゴヌクレオチド、ペプチドおよびたんぱく質からなる群から選択した請求項8に記載の注射可能な組成物。
- 少なくとも1種の薬学活性剤を担持し、導出し、かつ制御放出するための注射可能な薬剤導出プラットホームであって、
(a)水溶性キトサン、
(b)アシル鎖長がC10〜C16の脂肪族アルデヒド、および
(c)ホスファチジルコリン類、ホスファチジルエタノールアミン、ePCおよびホスファチジルグリセロールからなる群から選択したリン脂質、
のブレンドを含むことを特徴とする注射可能な薬剤導出プラットホーム。
- (a)キトサン系医材から水溶性キトサンを製造し、そして
(b)上記水溶性キトサンと、脂肪族アルデヒドおよびリン脂質との複合体を生成して、注射可能な医材を生成する工程を含む請求項2に記載の注射可能な組成物を製造する方法。
- (a)キトサン誘導体、
(b)脂肪酸塩化物、および
(c)リン脂質、
を含むことを特徴とする注射可能な組成物。
- 少なくとも1種の薬学活性剤を担持し、導出し、かつ制御放出するための注射可能な薬剤導出プラットホームであって、
(a)水溶性キトサン、
(b)脂肪酸塩化物、および
(c)ホスファチジルコリン類、ホスファチジルエタノールアミン、ePCおよびホスファチジルグリセロールからなる群から選択したリン脂質、
のブレンドを含むことを特徴とする注射可能な薬剤導出プラットホーム。
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