JP6144383B2 - 薬物送達系の構成成分の一時的コンジュゲーションのための調整可能な生分解性リンカー分子、及びそれを用いて調製される薬物送達系 - Google Patents
薬物送達系の構成成分の一時的コンジュゲーションのための調整可能な生分解性リンカー分子、及びそれを用いて調製される薬物送達系 Download PDFInfo
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Images
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Description
HOQ-(CnH2n)-S(R1)(R2)-(CmH2m)-CH2-A
{式中、
n及びmは、0〜20、好ましくは1〜10の整数であり、好ましい実施形態において、nは、1〜5、より好ましくは1〜3の整数であり、且つmは、1〜7、より好ましくは1〜5の整数であり、
R1及びR2は互いに独立して、孤立電子対、=Oなどの酸素部分、=N-Rx[式中、Rxは均一又は不均一な原子団、好ましくは独立して、直鎖若しくは分枝C1〜C6アルキル、直鎖若しくは分枝C1〜C6アルケニル(アルキル又はアルケニル基は任意選択で、1個又は複数のハロゲン基、ヒドロキシル基、アミノ若しくは置換アミノ基、カルボン酸基、ニトロ基又はシアノ基で置換されていてもよい)、又は芳香族基、好ましくはフェニル基(任意選択で、アルキル及びアルケニル基について列挙された置換基、又はハロゲン基、ヒドロキシル基、アミノ基若しくは置換アミノ基(置換基は、1個又は2個のC1〜C3アルキル基である)、カルボン酸基、ニトロ基又はシアノ基のうち1個又は複数で置換されていてもよい)である]などの窒素部分から選択され、
Aはコンジュゲーション部分であり、
Qは、直接結合、C=O、C=NH又はC=NRp基(式中、RpはC1〜C3アルキルである)であり、HO-Q基は、HR9N-Q基(式中、R9は、水素原子又はC1〜C3アルキル基のいずれかであることができる)で置換されていてもよい}。
(i)持続性血液循環-長期間にわたる血液/組織レベル(例えば、タキソールで6時間、PTXLx(本発明)で60時間以下)をもたらすデポー、及び
(ii)漏出性脈管構造を有する組織、例えば、腫瘍及び炎症性組織へのより高い蓄積
をもたらす。毛細血管浸透性の上昇した部位での受動的蓄積によりミセルプラットフォームの適用性が増す。
放射標識された3H-無水酢酸及び14C-無水酢酸はそれぞれ、Amersham(Roosendaal、オランダ)及びPerkin Elmer(Boston、米国)の製品である。Ultima Gold液体シンチレーションカクテル及びSolvable組織可溶化剤は、Perkin Elmer Bioscience BV(Groningen、オランダ)から購入した。デキサメタゾン(98%超)、重水(D2O)及びトリフルオロ酢酸(TFA)は、Sigma Aldrich(Zwijndrecht、オランダ)から受け取ったままの状態で使用した。デキサメタゾン-リン酸塩(DMS-P)は、Bufa、Uitgeest(オランダ)で購入した。過酸化水素及び過硫酸カリウム(KPS)はいずれも、Merck (KGaA、Darmstadt(ドイツ))から入手した。パクリタキセル(PTX、MP Biomedicals Inc、Illkirch(フランス))、タキソール(Mayne Pharma、Brussels(ベルギー))、N,N,N',N'-テトラメチルエチレンジアミン(TEMED、Fluka Chemie AG、Buchs(スイス))、アセトニトリル(ACN、Biosolve Ltd.、Valkenswaard(オランダ))は全て、受け取ったままの状態で使用した。Biorad Laboratories(Hercules、米国)からのドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(SDS)の20%の溶液は、pH5の緩衝液(酢酸アンモニウム、120mM)で1:1に希釈した。緩衝液は全て、使用前に0.2μmフィルター(Schleicher & Schuell MicroScience GmbH、Dassel(ドイツ))に通して濾過した。
前記表中に例示した薬物リンカーL1、L2及びL3は、以下の経路に従って合成した。
ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート(HEMA、1.3g、10mmol)及びトリエチルアミン(1.1g、11mmol)のクロロホルム10mL中溶液を、0℃において、撹拌されているホスゲン(トルエン中20%溶液、15.6ml、30mmol)のクロロホルム15mL溶液に滴加した。混合物を0℃において1時間撹拌し、続いて50mbarの圧力下に置いて、過剰のホスゲンを除去した。30分後に、混合物を、ロータリーエバポレーターを用いてさらに減圧濃縮した。生成物をTHF 25mLに溶解させ、濾過して、固形Et3N・HClを除去した。THFを減圧蒸発させ、残渣をクーゲルロール蒸留(90℃、0.6mmHg)によって精製して、HEMA-クロロホルメートを無色油(1.3g、67%)として得た。
デキサメタゾン及びパクリタキセルを、モデル薬物化合物として用いた。これらの疎水性薬物分子を前記リンカーで誘導体化し、それによって生分解性プロドラッグを形成した。
使用するブロックコポリマーは、RijckenらによってBiomacromolecules、2005年、6(4):2343-2351頁及びBiomaterials、2007年28(36):5581〜5593頁に記載されたようにして調製した。ポリマーは、親水性モノメトキシ-PEG(Mn 5000g/mol)ブロックと、N-2-ヒドロキシプロピルメタクリルアミド(HPMAm)のモノラクテート(36%)及びジラクテート(64%)又はN-2-ヒドロキシエチルメタクリルアミド(HEMAm)のモノラクテート(20%)及びジラクテート(80%)のいずれかからなる温度感受性ブロックとを含有する。続いて、前記Biomaterialsの文献に既に記載されているようにして、ラクテート側鎖の一部分(10〜15%)を無水メタクリル酸との反応によってメタクリル化した。ブロックコポリマーの分子量及び臨界ミセル温度はそれぞれ、いずれの場合も、約25kDa及び8〜12℃であった。前記Biomaterialsの文献に既に記載されているようにして3H-又は14C-無水酢酸を用いて、3H-及び14C-標識メタクリル化ブロックコポリマーを得た。
一般的には、典型的な実験において、ブロックコポリマーは、部分メタクリル化オリゴラクテート単位を有するPEG-b-ポリ(N-ヒドロキシアルキルメタクリルアミド-オリゴラクテート)(温度感受性ポリマー)をベースとした。より具体的には、2-ヒドロキシプロピル-メタクリルアミド(HPMAm)及び2-ヒドロキシエチルメタクリルアミド(HEMAm)の2種類のポリマー主鎖を使用した。温度感受性ブロックコポリマーの水溶液を、前記プロドラッグのうちの1つの水混和性有機溶媒(好ましくは、低沸点のもの、例えば、エタノール又はテトラヒドロフラン)中濃縮溶液の少量と、ミセル形成をさせない温度で混合した(典型的には10:1の体積比で)。次いで、開始剤溶液(ラジカルを生じ得るKPS-TEMED、又は他のラジカル開始剤を使用できる)を添加し、その直後に、臨界ミセル形成温度(CMT)より高温となるまで急速加熱した。これにより、プロドラッグが疎水性相互作用によって疎水性コア中に非共有結合的に局在している単分散高分子ミセルが形成された。ミセル形成後、窒素雰囲気を作った。その結果、開始剤ラジカルにより、メタクリル化ポリマーと重合性プロドラッグ化合物との重合が誘発された。このいわゆる架橋プロセスにより、絡み合った網目構造が形成され、プロドラッグが架橋ミセルコア内に共有結合によって固定された(CCL PM)。
DMS-プロドラッグ負荷HPMAmコア-架橋(CCL)高分子ミセル(PM)(最終濃度DMS 2mg/mL)を、1%トゥイーンを含有するリン酸緩衝液(pH 7.4、150mM)又は1%トゥイーンを含有しているホウ酸塩緩衝液(pH 8.4、150mM及びpH 9.4、150mM)中で少なくとも10倍希釈し、37℃においてインキュベートした。DMSの放出を、BEH C18カラム(直径1.7μm、長さ50mm)から構成される、Waters AcquityシステムでのUPLC検出によって、カラム温度50℃において直接分析によって監視した。溶離剤はアセトニトリル/H2O(23:77、v/v)とし、流速は1mL/minとした。試料容量は、7.5μLとした。UV検出は246nmで行った。デキサメタゾン較正曲線は、0.2〜60μg/mLにおいて直線であった。
腫瘍モデル
皮下B16F10-黒色腫腫瘍(前記参照)を担持するマウスに、腫瘍が100〜200mm3の場合に、尾部にi.v.注射を行った。投与量及び製剤は、コア架橋HPMAmミセルに共有結合によって取り込まれたDMSL2 10mg/kg及び遊離DMS-P 10mg/kg又は生理食塩水とした(各群n=5〜6)。DMSL2負荷ミセルは、前述のようにしてpH5の緩衝液中で調製した。投与の直前に、ミセル溶液を、NaOH及びNaClによってそれぞれpH7.4及びイオン強度300 mOsmolarにした。腫瘍サイズは、キャリパーを用いて毎日測定し、体重も毎日計測した。注射は、ヒトのエンドポイント2000mm3まで、3日毎に繰り返した。対照群では、マウスは、処置開始の6日後に既にこのエンドポイントに到達した。DMSL2負荷ミセルの場合には、処置は実に20日まで、即ち、少なくとも6回の注射まで続けた。
膝関節にコラーゲン抗体誘発関節炎を有するマウスに、DMS 10mg/kgを、遊離薬物又はDMSL3 (CD102)として単回i.v.注射した。プラセボとして生理食塩水をi.v.注射し、健常な非罹患関節を対照とした。結果は、静脈内注射時に、DMSL3 PMのみが、関節炎の症状(ここでは、関節腫脹)の有意な(ほぼ完全な)抑制をもたらしたことをはっきり示している。これは、遊離デキサメタゾンと比較して優れた薬物動態挙動(長期間にわたる放出速度及び炎症組織への増強された蓄積)を示している。結果を図5に示す。
インビボでの薬物動態研究において、PTXL2 PM製剤(パクリタキセル約10mg/kg)の静脈内投与後のパクリタキセル血中濃度を、タキソール及び対照としてのPBSを用いた皮下B16F10腫瘍担持マウスに対する治療有効性研究において決定した。この観点で、以下の表を参照されたい。
PTXL1、PTXL2及びPTXL3ミセルを、PTXとしてマウスに12.5mg/kgの用量でiv投与した(試料採取時間当たり動物3匹)。対照として、タキソール及びアブラキサンもまた、現在の市販パクリタキセル製剤としての対照として投与した。血液試料及び種々の器官(肝臓、脾臓)を、注射後の様々の時点で採取した。
同様に、PTXl1ミセルはまた、皮下及び腹膜内に投与して、パクリタキセルがこの場合もまた時間内において制御放出されている血中レベルを生じる。これは、他の異なる投与経路であっても、放出メカニズムが実際に包括的であることを示している。
図7に示されたパターンは、PTXL2ミセルのi.v.注射時に観察された。
Claims (15)
- 式HOQ-(CnH2n)-S(R1)(R2)-(CmH2m)-CH2-A
[式中、
n及びmは、0〜20の整数であり、
R1及びR2は互いに独立して、孤立電子対、=Oの酸素部分、=N-Rx(式中、Rxは直鎖若しくは分枝C1〜C6アルキル、直鎖若しくは分枝C1〜C6アルケニル(アルキル又はアルケニル基は任意選択で、1個又は複数のハロゲン基、ヒドロキシル基、アミノ若しくは置換アミノ基、カルボン酸基、ニトロ基又はシアノ基で置換されていてもよい)、又は芳香族基(任意選択で、アルキル及びアルケニル基について列挙された置換基、又はハロゲン基、ヒドロキシル基、アミノ基若しくは置換アミノ基(置換基は、1個又は2個のC1〜C3アルキル基である)、カルボン酸基、ニトロ基又はシアノ基のうち1個又は複数で置換されていてもよい)である)の窒素部分から選択され、
Aは重合性部分-PL-RvC=CRuRw[式中、PLは、連結基であり、Ru、Rv及びRwは独立して、水素原子又はC1〜C3アルキル基を表す]であり、
Qは、直接結合又はC=O、C=NH若しくはC=NRp基(式中、Rp基は、C1〜C3アルキル基である)である]
を有する、薬物送達系におけるリンカーの使用であって、
前記リンカーは、薬物送達系の構成単位の反応性部分と結合される、使用。 - 薬物送達系の構成単位の反応性部分が、アルコール、アミン又はCOOH基である、請求項1に記載の薬物送達系におけるリンカーの使用。
- リンカーが、その-OH、-COOH又は-NH基を介して構成単位と結合される、請求項1又は2に記載の薬物送達系におけるリンカーの使用。
- リンカーが生分解性リンカーである、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- リンカーが活性成分と結合される、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 薬物送達系が、薬物分子、ペプチド、タンパク質、造影剤、遺伝子構築物又はそれらの組み合わせである活性成分を放出する、請求項5に記載の使用。
- リンカーが、その-OH、-COOH又は-NH基を介して活性成分と結合される、請求項6に記載の使用。
- 活性成分が、化学療法薬である、請求項5から7のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 活性成分が、グルココルチコステロイドである、請求項5から8のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 薬物送達系が、生理活性分子としてデキサメタゾン又はパクリタキセルを放出する、請求項5から9のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 構成単位が、脂質、コレステロール又はポリマーである、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 活性成分を放出し得るポリマーマトリックスを含む制御放出系であって、ポリマーマトリックスが、請求項1で規定されたリンカーに共有結合した構成単位を含む、制御放出系。
- リンカーとのコンジュゲーションを可能にする反応性部分を有する構成単位を用意する工程と、リンカーの-OH含有部分又は-NH含有部分と構成単位の前記反応性部分とのコンジュゲーションを開始させ、それによって修飾構成単位を形成する工程と、前記修飾構成単位をポリマーマトリックスに取り込み、コンジュゲートさせる工程とを含む、請求項12の制御放出系の調製方法。
- 構成単位の反応性部分が、アルコール、アミン又はCOOH基である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- リンカーの-OH含有部分又は-NH含有部分が、カルボン酸部分である、請求項13又は14に記載の方法。
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