JP5426166B2 - 膜電極接合体の電流密度の均一性を高める触媒層 - Google Patents
膜電極接合体の電流密度の均一性を高める触媒層 Download PDFInfo
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M4/8636—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells with a gradient in another property than porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
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Description
既述のとおり、MEAの活性区域全体にわたって電流密度及び温度をより均一に分布させるための方法の1つは、例えば、触媒の活性をECSA又は表面強化係数(SEF)の最大値、例えば、分散触媒の単位平面領域当たりの最大表面強化面積を50cm2/cm2に制限することによって、より活性の低い触媒の均一分布を用いることである。図13は、カソードとアノードで異なる触媒活性を有するナノ構造MEAの動電位分極曲線のグラフを示す。この実施例では、充填量、単位触媒面積当たりの活性、及び、単位触媒質量当たりの面積は異なる。ナノ構造MEAには、アノードとカソードで異なる2つの触媒が搭載されているため、逆にした場合、それぞれ同じ条件の下で測定することができる。
耐久性に直接影響を及ぼすことになる温度及び水をより均一に分布させるためには、図1で示したように、より活性の低い触媒の均一分布を用いるのが有用である。しかし、図13に示されているように、こうすることによって、より活性の高い触媒によって得られると思われる性能と比べて、0.75ボルト超の運動制御領域における性能が低くなる。従って、ここでの課題は、相対的に不均一な反応性を排除することであるが、更に、あらゆる電圧の性能を最適化することでもある。
〔1〕
触媒被覆ポリマー電解質膜に関する方法であって、
幅と長さを有しその幅にわたって可変の触媒活性プロファイルを有する触媒層を、基材の上に形成する工程と、
ポリマー電解質膜(PEM)に隣接させて前記触媒層を配置して、中間組立体を形成する工程と、
前記触媒層を前記PEMに結合するのに十分な圧力を前記中間組立体に加える工程と、
前記基材を取り除いて、複数幅の触媒被覆膜を作製する工程と、
前記触媒層の長さ方向に沿って前記複数幅の触媒被覆膜を切断して、単一幅の触媒被覆膜を形成する工程と
を含む方法。
〔2〕
前記可変触媒活性プロファイルを有する前記触媒層を形成する工程に、触媒充填量が可変の前記触媒層を形成することが含まれる、項目1に記載の方法。
〔3〕
前記可変触媒活性プロファイルを有する前記触媒層を形成する工程に、触媒被膜の表面積が可変の前記触媒層を形成することが含まれる、項目1に記載の方法。
〔4〕
前記可変触媒活性プロファイルを有する前記触媒層を形成する工程に、触媒担持成分の表面積が可変の前記触媒層を形成することが含まれる、項目1に記載の方法。
〔5〕
前記触媒層を形成する工程に、ナノ構造化薄膜触媒層を形成することが含まれる、項目1に記載の方法。
〔6〕
前記ナノ構造化薄膜触媒層を形成する工程に、ナノ構造化担持成分の層の上に触媒材料をコーティングすることが含まれる、項目5に記載の方法。
〔7〕
前記基材の上に前記触媒層を形成する工程に、マイクロテクスチャ基材の上に前記触媒層を形成することが含まれる、項目1に記載の方法。
〔8〕
前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜を切断して、より小さい触媒被覆膜を形成する工程がさらに含まれる、項目1に記載の方法。
〔9〕
前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜の各々が、前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜の第2の端部でのより低い触媒活性と比較して、前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜の第1の端部でのより高い触媒活性を伴う、項目1に記載の方法。
〔10〕
入口及び出口を有する流場を備えた燃料電池に前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜を1つ以上組み込む工程がさらに含まれており、前記第1の端部が前記流場の出口と近接しており、前記第2の端部が前記流場の入口と近接しており、前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜の第2の端部でのより低い触媒充填量と比較して、前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜の第1の端部での触媒活性がより高いことにより、燃料電池の稼働中に、前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜に沿って実質的に均一な電流密度をもたらす、項目9に記載の方法。
〔11〕
前記基材上に形成された前記触媒層、前記中間組立体、及び前記単一幅の触媒被覆膜の少なくとも1つをロール品として形成する、項目1に記載の方法。
〔12〕
単一幅の触媒被覆膜の対向する面に隣接させて第1及び第2の拡散電流コレクタを配置して、膜電極接合体を形成する工程がさらに含まれる、項目1に記載の方法。
〔13〕
前記可変の触媒活性プロファイルが、前記触媒層の幅にわたって変動する勾配を有する、項目1に記載の方法。
〔14〕
前記可変の触媒活性プロファイルが、前記複数幅の触媒被覆膜の切断線に沿って実質的にゼロの勾配を有する、項目1に記載の方法。
〔15〕
前記可変の触媒活性プロファイルが、前記切断線の片側に正の勾配及び前記切断線の反対側に負の勾配を有する、項目14に記載の方法。
〔16〕
前記可変の触媒活性プロファイルが、前記切断線沿いに第1の触媒活性及び前記触媒層の長さ方向沿いの端部において第2の触媒活性を伴う、項目15に記載の方法。
〔17〕
前記第1の触媒活性が前記第2の触媒活性と比較して小さい、項目16に記載の方法。
〔18〕
前記第1の触媒活性が前記第2の触媒活性と比較して大きい、項目16に記載の方法。
〔19〕
前記触媒層に白金が含まれている、項目1に記載の方法。
〔20〕
膜電極接合体用の触媒層を作製する方法であって、
ベース触媒層の幅に沿って可変の触媒充填量プロファイルを有する、複数幅のベース触媒層を形成する工程と、
前記ベース触媒層の長さ方向に沿って前記ベース触媒層を切断して、複数の触媒層を形成する工程と
を含む方法。
〔21〕
前記ベース触媒層を形成する工程に、前記触媒層の長さに沿って走る対称線と実質的に対称的である前記可変の触媒充填量プロファイルを有する前記ベース層を形成することが含まれ、
前記ベース触媒層を切断する工程に、前記対称線に沿って前記ベース層を切断することが含まれる、項目20に記載の方法。
〔22〕
前記可変の触媒充填量が変動する勾配を有する、項目20に記載の方法。
〔23〕
前記可変の触媒充填量プロファイルが非線形である、項目20に記載の方法。
〔24〕
前記ベース触媒層を形成する工程に、基材上に前記ベース触媒層を形成することが含まれる、項目20に記載の方法。
〔25〕
前記ベース触媒層をポリマー電解質膜に移動させる工程、及び
前記基材を前記ベース触媒層から取り除く工程がさらに含まれる、項目20に記載の方法。
〔26〕
前記ベース触媒層を形成する工程に、拡散電流コレクタの上に前記ベース触媒層を形成することが含まれ、
前記ベース触媒層を切断する工程に、前記ベース触媒層及び前記拡散電流コレクタを切断することが含まれる、項目20に記載の方法。
〔27〕
幅と長軸を有する触媒層を含む物品であって、前記触媒層がその幅にわたって変動する勾配を有する触媒活性プロファイルを有する、物品。
〔28〕
前記触媒活性プロファイルが前記長軸に対し実質的に対称的である、項目27に記載の物品。
〔29〕
基材をさらに含み、前記基材上に前記触媒層が形成されている、項目27に記載の物品。
〔30〕
前記基材にマイクロテクスチャ表面が備わっている、項目29に記載の物品。
〔31〕
前記触媒層がナノ構造化薄膜触媒層を含む、項目27に記載の物品。
〔32〕
前記触媒層が分散被膜を含む、項目27に記載の物品。
〔33〕
微孔性導電層をさらに含み、前記微孔性導電層の上に前記触媒層が形成されている、項目27に記載の物品。
〔34〕
前記触媒活性プロファイルが、前記触媒層の長軸の位置で実質的にゼロの勾配を有する、項目27に記載の物品。
〔35〕
前記触媒活性プロファイルが、前記長軸の片側に可変の正の勾配及び前記長軸の反対側に可変の負の勾配を有する、項目27に記載の物品。
〔36〕
前記触媒活性プロファイルが、前記長軸沿いに第1の触媒活性及び前記触媒層の長さに沿って走る端部に第2の触媒活性を有する、項目27に記載の物品。
〔37〕
実質的に均一な触媒活性プロファイルを有するナノ構造化薄膜触媒層を含む膜電極接合体であって、前記膜電極接合体の入口ポートから前記膜電極接合体の出口ポートまでの前記膜電極接合体にわたって、触媒質量活性が約0.2アンペア/mg−Pt未満であること、触媒充填量が約0.2mg/cm 2 未満であること、単位触媒質量当たり表面積が約50m 2 /g未満であることの少なくとも1つを備えている、膜電極接合体。
〔38〕
前記膜電極接合体の入口ポートから前記膜電極接合体の出口ポートまでの前記膜電極接合体にわたって、触媒質量活性が約0.2アンペア/mg−Pt未満であり、触媒充填量が約0.2mg/cm 2 超であり、単位触媒質量当たり表面積が約50m 2 /g超である、項目37に記載の膜電極接合体。
〔39〕
前記膜電極接合体の入口ポートから前記膜電極接合体の出口ポートまでの前記膜電極接合体にわたって、触媒質量活性が約0.2アンペア/mg−Pt超であり、触媒充填量が約0.2mg/cm 2 未満であり、単位触媒質量当たり表面積が約50m 2 /g超である、項目37に記載の膜電極接合体。
〔40〕
前記膜電極接合体の入口ポートから前記膜電極接合体の出口ポートまでの前記膜電極接合体にわたって、触媒質量活性が約0.2アンペア/mg−Pt超であり、触媒充填量が約0.2mg/cm 2 超であり、単位触媒質量当たり表面積が約50m 2 /g未満である、項目37に記載の接合体。
〔41〕
複数幅のベース触媒層をロール品として形成する工程と、
前記ベース触媒層の長さに沿って前記ベース触媒層を切断し、単一幅の触媒層を複数形成する工程と
を含む方法。
〔42〕
電気化学電池の膜電極接合体の中に前記単一幅の触媒層を1つ以上組み込む工程をさらに含む方法であって、前記1つ以上の単一幅の触媒層が、前記電気化学電池の稼動中に、前記膜電極接合体の入口ポートから前記膜電極接合体の出口ポートまでの前記膜電極接合体にわたって均一な電流密度を促進する触媒活性プロファイルを有する、項目41に記載の方法。
〔43〕
前記複数幅のベース触媒層が不均一な触媒活性プロファイルを有する、項目41に記載の方法。
〔44〕
前記複数幅のベース触媒層が均一な触媒活性プロファイルを有する、項目41に記載の方法。
Claims (2)
- 触媒被覆ポリマー電解質膜に関する方法であって、
幅と長さを有しその幅にわたって可変の触媒活性プロファイルを有する触媒層を、基材の上に形成する工程と、
ポリマー電解質膜(PEM)に隣接させて前記触媒層を配置して、中間組立体を形成する工程と、
前記触媒層を前記PEMに結合するのに十分な圧力を前記中間組立体に加える工程と、
前記基材を取り除いて、複数幅の触媒被覆膜を作製する工程と、
前記触媒層の長さ方向に沿って前記複数幅の触媒被覆膜を切断して、少なくとも2つの単一幅の触媒被覆膜を形成する工程と
を含み、単一幅の触媒被覆膜のそれぞれが前記触媒層の幅にわたって可変の触媒活性プロファイルを有し、且つ前記少なくとも2つの単一幅の触媒被覆膜の前記可変の触媒活性プロファイルが前記複数幅の触媒被覆膜の少なくとも一つの切断線の位置で実質的にゼロの勾配を有する、方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法によって作製された単一幅の触媒被覆膜を含む物品であって、前記触媒層がその幅にわたって変動する勾配を有する触媒活性プロファイルを有する、物品。
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US20060257715A1 (en) * | 2005-05-16 | 2006-11-16 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Direct oxidation fuel cell and manufacturing method therefor |
US7790304B2 (en) * | 2005-09-13 | 2010-09-07 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Catalyst layers to enhance uniformity of current density in membrane electrode assemblies |
US8415012B2 (en) * | 2006-02-02 | 2013-04-09 | Florida State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Carbon nanotube and nanofiber film-based membrane electrode assemblies |
KR100709198B1 (ko) * | 2006-04-28 | 2007-04-18 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 직접 산화형 연료 전지용 스택 및 이를 포함하는 직접산화형 연료 전지 시스템 |
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CN101263619A (zh) | 2008-09-10 |
US8481185B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 |
JP2014013760A (ja) | 2014-01-23 |
DE112006002453T5 (de) | 2008-07-24 |
US20080020261A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
WO2007032903A3 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
US7790304B2 (en) | 2010-09-07 |
CN101263619B (zh) | 2014-11-26 |
WO2007032903A2 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
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