JP5403751B2 - 植込み型医療器具用タキサンコーティング - Google Patents
植込み型医療器具用タキサンコーティング Download PDFInfo
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- JP5403751B2 JP5403751B2 JP2009500414A JP2009500414A JP5403751B2 JP 5403751 B2 JP5403751 B2 JP 5403751B2 JP 2009500414 A JP2009500414 A JP 2009500414A JP 2009500414 A JP2009500414 A JP 2009500414A JP 5403751 B2 JP5403751 B2 JP 5403751B2
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- paclitaxel
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- therapeutic agent
- taxane
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
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- A61F2002/91575—Adjacent bands being connected to each other connected peak to trough
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61F2250/0058—Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
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- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
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- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
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Description
別途定義されない限り、本明細書で使用される全ての科学技術用語は、本発明が関わる技術分野の当業者により一般的に理解されるものと同じ意味を有する。不一致が生じる場合、定義を含めて本書が優先することとなる。好ましい方法及び材料が以下に記載されるが、本発明の実施又は検証においては本明細書に記載されるものと同様又は同等の方法及び材料を使用できる。本明細書において言及される全ての刊行物、特許出願及び他の参考文献は、全体として参照により援用される。本明細書に記載される材料、方法、及び例は例示に過ぎず、限定を意図するものではない。
本発明は、パクリタキセルなどのタキサン治療剤(「タキサン類」)を含む組成物に関する。一般にタキサン類及び特にパクリタキセルは、抗微小管剤として、及びより具体的には安定剤として作用することにより細胞周期阻害剤として機能すると考えられるタキサン治療化合物である。本明細書で使用されるとき、用語「パクリタキセル」は、以下の構造(1)として示される化学構造の化合物を指し、これは4つの縮合環を有するコア構造(「コアタキサン構造」、構造(1)中で影付きとされる)からなり、いくつかの置換基を伴う。
タキサン治療剤を含むコーティングを有する様々な医療器具が提供される。医療器具は好ましくは、1つ又は複数の層を有するコーティングを含む。好ましくはコーティングは、第1の実施形態に関して記載されるタキサン治療剤の1つ又は複数の固体形態を含む。
タキサン治療剤の異なる固体形態は好ましくは、共通のコアタキサン構造を共有する1種又は複数のタイプのタキサン分子を含有する。コアタキサン構造は、溶液中のタキサン治療剤の特性ピークの計測を可能にする任意の好適な溶出媒体中のタキサン治療剤の紫外線(UV)スペクトルから同定できる。メタノール及びエタノールは、好適な溶媒の好ましい例である。図2は、エタノール中のパクリタキセルの紫外線(UV)スペクトル100(アジレント(Agilent)インラインUV分光光度計)を示し、これはエタノール中のパクリタキセルの25.67マイクロモル溶液から得られたものである。パクリタキセルは、溶液中のパクリタキセルのコアタキサン構造の存在を示す227nm(102)の特性ピークを提供する。溶液中のタキサン治療剤は約227nmの特性ピークを含む溶出媒体のUVスペクトルから同定でき、UVスペクトルはタキサン分子の元の固体形態に関わらず、溶液中のタキサン治療剤の存在と相関し得る。
第3の実施形態は、植込み型医療器具(「医療器具」)を1つ又は複数の固体形態のタキサン治療剤により被膜する方法を提供する。医療器具コーティングは、第1の実施形態に関して記載されるタキサン治療剤の1つ又は複数の固体形態を含むことができ、タキサン治療剤噴霧コーティング溶液を任意の好適な方法で被膜することにより形成される。例えば、タキサン治療剤は好ましくは溶媒と混和されて溶液を形成し、この溶液を表面上に噴霧することにより医療器具の表面を塗布できる。
噴霧コーティング方法は好ましくは、タキサン治療剤を医療器具の表面上に1つ又は複数の異なる固体形態で堆積させるために使用される。噴霧コーティングは任意の好適なコーティング技術により行うことができるが、典型的には、タキサン治療剤を好適な溶媒中に溶解し、得られた溶液を医療器具の表面上に噴霧するステップを含む。溶液中の溶媒を変えることにより、結果として医療器具上に堆積されるタキサン治療剤の固体形態を変化させることができる。二水和タキサン治療剤のコーティングを堆積させるためには、第1の実施形態からの再結晶化した二水和タキサン治療剤を、好適な有機アルコール溶媒、例えばメタノール中に溶解してもよい。二水和タキサン固体形態と非晶質タキサン固体形態との混合物を含むコーティング層を堆積させるためには、タキサンは好ましくは水とプロトン性溶媒、例えばメタノールとの混合物を含む噴霧溶媒中に溶解される。重要なことに、水のメタノールに対する比及び/又はタキサンを含む噴霧溶媒中のタキサン濃度を変えると、典型的には、結果として噴霧堆積されるコーティング層の組成が変化する。一般に、噴霧溶液中のメタノールの量を増加させると、結果として非晶質タキサンの割合がより高いコーティング層となる。
第3の実施形態の第1の態様においては、タキサン治療剤を含む医療器具コーティングがスプレーガンを使用して医療器具の表面上に塗布される。スプレーガンコーティングは、噴霧溶液中にメタノール又は水を使用せず、エタノール中のパクリタキセルの噴霧溶液により行なわれ得る。医療器具の表面はむき出しであるか、修飾された(modified)表面か、又は医療器具に予め塗布された下地コーティングである。好ましくは、表面に塗布されるコーティングは本質的にタキサン治療剤からなり、且つ実質的にポリマー又は他の材料を含まない。上記の第1の実施形態に関して記載されるタキサン治療剤は溶媒中に溶解できるとともに、従来式のスプレーガン、例えばバジャー(Badger)により製造されるスプレーガン(モデル番号200)、又は780シリーズスプレーディスペンスバルブ(EFD、ロードアイランド州イーストプロビデンス(East Providence,RI))を使用して、ドラフト下で医療器具上に噴霧できる。
第3の実施形態の第2の態様において、タキサン治療剤は好適な溶媒又は溶媒の組み合わせの中に溶解され、次に静電噴霧堆積(ESD)法を使用して医療器具上に噴霧される。ESD法は一般に、荷電粒子が接地された標的に向けて引き付けられるという原理に基づき機能する。ある典型的なESD法は、次のとおり説明され得る。噴霧コーティングされるべき溶液が典型的には数千ボルトまで帯電され(典型的には負)、医療器具表面は接地電位に保たれる。噴霧溶液の電荷は一般に、溶液が表面に着地する前に数インチの空隙を飛び越えるのに十分なほど大きい。噴霧溶液が表面に向かって移動しているとき、スプレーは風を円錐パターンに送り出し、より一様なコーティングの形成を促進する。円錐形の噴霧形状に加え、電子は医療器具表面が取り付けられる非伝導性の基質に向かうより、表面の伝導性のある部分に向かってさらに引き付けられるため、コーティングは主に表面上にのみ残る。
第3の実施形態の第3の、及び最も好ましい態様において、タキサン治療剤は、超音波噴霧堆積(USD)法を使用して医療器具表面上に噴霧コーティングされる。超音波ノズルは、電気的エネルギーを機械的エネルギーに変換する圧電変換器により生成される高周波音波を用いる。変換器は高周波の電気入力を受信し、それを同じ周波数の振動に変換する。この振動運動が増幅されることにより、霧化表面での振幅が増加する。
る。
随意的に、タキサン治療剤の噴霧コーティングに先立ち、コーティング堆積前に医療器具の表面を調製してコーティング材料の接着を促進することができる。表面調製の有用な方法としては、限定はされないが、清浄にすること;エッチング加工、ドリル加工、切削、又は研磨などの物理的改良;及び溶媒処理、下地コーティングの塗布、界面活性剤の塗布、プラズマ処理、イオン照射、共有結合、並びに電解研磨、ストライクめっき、電気めっき及び電気化学的堆積等の電気化学的方法などの化学的修飾を挙げることができる。かかる表面調製は、表面を活性化させるとともに、コーティングの表面上への堆積又は接着を促進する働きをし得る。表面調製はまた、タキサン治療剤の放出速度を選択的に変えることもできる。任意の追加的なコーティング層も同様に処理されることで、別の層の堆積又は接着を促進したり、タキサン治療剤の放出をさらに制御したり、又はさもなければ層の表面の生体適合性を向上させたりできる。例えば、追加的なコーティング層を、その上にタキサン治療剤を堆積する前にプラズマ処理することにより、タキサン治療剤の接着性が向上し、タキサン治療剤の堆積し得る量が増加し、及びタキサン治療剤をより均一な層として堆積させることが可能となり得る。
本発明の医療器具は、コーティングの前及び/又は後を含む体内への植込み前に滅菌され得る。好ましくは、被膜された医療器具は、望ましくないタキサン治療剤コーティングの分解又は変質をもたらさない従来式の化学的蒸気滅菌処理を使用して滅菌される。例えば、従来式のエチレンオキシド(ETO)滅菌処理が用いられてもよく、これは被膜された医療器具をETOガスに対し約120Fの温度で約1〜3時間の間曝露させることを伴う。エチレンオキシドガスは多くの一般的な包装材料を通じて容易に拡散し、且つ微生物を加熱滅菌技術に必要とされるよりかなり低い温度でも殺菌する効果を有するため、ETO滅菌は、加熱滅菌に耐えることのできない多くの物体、特に熱可塑性材料製のものなどに有効な滅菌を可能とし得る。処理は一般に、物体をチャンバ内に置いてエチレンオキシド蒸気にさらすことを伴う。適切に使用される場合には、エチレンオキシドは微生物に対し致死的であるばかりでなく、非腐食性でもあり、また曝気により容易に取り除かれる。
治療剤の局所投与は、長期間、例えば少なくとも血管形成手技に対する通常の体の反応時間に適合する期間にわたり行われる場合には、より効果的となり得る。同時に、初回の高用量の治療剤を初回の期間にわたり提供することが望ましくあり得る。例えば、再狭窄などの病態を処置又は抑制するうえでは、治療剤は数日、又はさらには数ヶ月にわたり局所投与することが最も効果的であり得る。コーティングは、医療器具が植え込まれるとタキサン治療剤の遅延放出を提供するよう構成されてもよく、それによりコーティングが被膜されたタキサン治療剤の望ましい期間にわたる放出を提供するよう構成されることが可能となる。例えば、本質的に1つ又は複数の固体形態のタキサン治療剤からなるコーティングは、90パーセント未満の被膜タキサン治療剤を水性環境中(血液又はブタ血清など)に少なくとも約6ヶ月、2ヶ月、1ヶ月、1週間、又は1日の期間にわたり放出するよう構成され得る。特に、コーティングは、50%超の緩徐に溶解する二水和パクリタキセルの層の上に、50%超の急速に溶解する非晶質パクリタキセルの外層を有し得る。
及び
により各固体形態の割合の関数として定式化でき、式中fは溶解率であり、k1及びk2はそれぞれ非晶質及び二水和パクリタキセルの速度定数であり、aはコーティング層中の非晶質タキサン治療剤の割合であり、(1−a)はコーティング層中の二水和タキサン治療剤の量であり、及びeは算術上の自然対数の底である。図9は、1次速度定数k1及びk2を(それぞれ)有する非晶質パクリタキセルと二水和パクリタキセルとの様々な混合物のブタ血清中における予測溶解速度のプロットを、時間の関数として示す。第1のトレース904は、10%の非晶質パクリタキセル(aPTX)及び90%の二水和パクリタキセル(dPTX)を含むコーティングの予測溶解プロファイルに対応する。図9のトレースに対応する組成は、下表5に提供される。溶解したパクリタキセルの約1週間(10,000分間)にわたる時間に伴う百分率が、各トレースについて示される。
コーティング組成物は好ましくは、使用目的に望ましいレベルの耐久性を伴うタキサン治療剤を含む。二水和タキサン治療剤からなるコーティングは、耐久性が低く、且つ圧縮時にステントコーティングから解離する傾向が強いことが実証された。対照的に、タキサン治療剤の非晶質固体形態は、耐久性がより高く、且つステントの圧縮時に被膜ステントから解離する傾向が実質的に小さいことが実証された。ブタ血清及び血液などの水性媒体中では、非晶質タキサン治療剤の固体形態は二水和タキサン治療剤より可溶性が高い。従って、コーティングの放出速度及び耐久性は、所望の量のタキサン治療剤の二水和固体形態又は非晶質固体形態を1つ又は複数のコーティング層中に組み込むことにより変えることができる。好ましいコーティングは、コーティングに所望の耐久性を供するうえで好適な量の非晶質タキサン治療剤の固体形態を含む1つ又は複数の耐久性のある層を含む。例えば、外層が少なくとも約5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、60、70、80%、又はそれ以上の非晶質タキサン治療剤を含むことにより、コーティングに耐久性を供することができる。徐放性コーティングの耐久性については、より緩徐に溶出する二水和タキサン治療剤をさらに多く添加することによって溶出時間を延ばすという目標と均衡がとられ得る。
コーティングは、任意の好適な形状又は構成を有する任意の植込み型医療器具の1つ又は複数の表面に塗布され得る。
処置方法は好ましくは、上記の組成及び/又は構成のいずれかを有する被膜された医療器具を患者に挿入するステップを含む。例えば、医療器具が上記のコーティング方法により被膜されたステントである場合、処置方法は、ステントを患者の血管系に植え込み、被膜されたステントの薬物溶出プロファイルにより示されるときに制御されている様式でステントから治療剤を放出させるステップを伴う。
非晶質、無水及び二水和パクリタキセル固体形態のバルク試料が、下記の方法により調製された。
実施例1で調製された3つの固体試料(非晶質、二水和及び無水パクリタキセル)をエタノール中に溶解して噴霧溶液を形成した。3つの試料の各々の紫外線スペクトルをとり(アジレント(Agilent)インラインUV分光光度計)、図2に示されるスペクトル100と相等しい3つのスペクトルを得た。スペクトルは全て、パクリタキセル中のタキサンコア構造の指標である227nmでのピークを含んだが、これは実施例1のパクリタキセル固体形態を溶液中のパクリタキセルのUVスペクトルに基づいては互いに区別できないことを示す。
実施例1で調製された試料の各々のFTIR赤外スペクトルを、次の手順に従い得た。パクリタキセル結晶をKBrと共に乳鉢と乳棒とを使用して室温(約23℃)で粉砕することにより、KBrのペレットを作製した。得られた固体を真空下に置き、残存するメタノール溶媒(0.025mmHg)を除去した。そのうえで、パクリタキセル分析物のスペクトルを記録した。パクリタキセルの各固体形態の代表的なスペクトルは、上記に考察されるとおり、図3A〜3Cに提供される。赤外スペクトルはまた、コーティング又はコーティングからの固体タキサン試料の少量の試料から減衰全反射赤外分光法(ATR−IR)を使用しても得ることができる。ある好適なATR−IR装置は、パーキンエルマー(PerkinElmer)水平ATRモデルL1200361である。
EFD780S−SSスプレーバルブシステム(EFD,Inc.、ロードアイランド州イーストプロビデンス(East Providence,RI))(これ以降、「スプレーガン」)からエタノール中のパクリタキセルの溶液を噴霧することにより、非晶質パクリタキセル、二水和パクリタキセル及びこれらの混合物を含むパクリタキセルコーティングを堆積させた。EFD780S−SSスプレーバルブシステムによる噴霧コーティングにおいて、噴霧処理中に霧化圧力を下げ(より大きい噴霧粒度)、流体圧力(流速)及び/又は湿度を上げると、水の溶媒和による二水和固体形態の形成を非晶質又は無水形態より多くなるよう増加させるのに有利である。温度を上げることもまた、溶媒和された二水和固体形態の形成に有利であると考えられる。タンク圧力を上げると、結果としてスプレーガンノズルからの流速を高くすることができ、二水和固体形態をより多く堆積させるのに有利である。霧化圧力を上げると、結果としてスプレーガンから噴霧されるミストをより微細にすることができ、非晶質タキサン治療剤コーティングをより多く、二水和固体形態をより少なく堆積させるのに有利である。
パクリタキセルの二水和固体形態及び非晶質固体形態の双方を含むパクリタキセルタキサン治療剤コーティングからなるコーティングを伴うステントが、パクリタキセル、メタノール及び水を含む溶液を噴霧コーティングすることにより調製された。メタノール及び水中のパクリタキセル溶液が調製された。具体的には、7.43mgのパクリタキセルを、予め作製したメタノール68%水32%の溶液5mL中に溶解させることにより、68%のメタノール中1.74mMのパクリタキセル溶液を調製した。溶液は、グローブボックス中で超音波スプレーガン(ソノテック(Sono−tek)モデル06−04372)から噴霧した。噴霧前、グローブボックスは20psiの窒素で15分間パージした。グローブボックス中の大気は、グローブボックス内の酸素計が一定して200ppmを標示するまで調整された。グローブボックスの加熱は31℃(88°F)に、エアシュラウドは2.0psiに、及び超音波出力は1.0Wに設定された。パクリタキセル溶液をシリンジに装填し、超音波コーティング装置のシリンジポンプ上に設置し、ベアメタルステント(6×20 ZILVER、クック社(Cook Inc.)、インディアナ州ブルーミントン(Bloomington,IN))を噴霧ノズルと並んでいるマンドレル上に取り付けた。溶液をステント上に、60kHzノズルを使用して、流速0.03mL/分、被膜速度0.064センチメートル(0.025インチ)/秒、ノズル出力1.0W、処理ガス圧力2.0psi、及びノズルからステントまでの距離約12mmで、ステントを軸方向回転速度60rpmで回転させながら噴霧した。ステントの非ルーメン側表面のみを被膜した。
二水和固体形態及び非晶質形態の双方のパクリタキセルタキサン治療剤からなるコーティングを伴うステントが、様々な量のパクリタキセル、メタノール及び水を含む溶液を噴霧コーティングすることにより調製された。88%のメタノール及び12%の水(体積)中の2.34mMのパクリタキセル溶液が、総量約10mL(20.04mgのパクリタキセル)として作製された。12本の6×20 ZILVER(クック社(Cook Inc.)、インディアナ州ブルーミントン(Bloomington,IN))ステントを、実施例5の超音波コーティング手順及び下表8のパラメータを使用して噴霧コーティングした。表8はまた、各ステント上に被膜されたパクリタキセルの量も示す。
二水和固体形態及び非晶質形態の双方のパクリタキセルタキサン治療剤からなるコーティングを伴うステントを、様々な量のパクリタキセル、メタノール及び水を含む溶液を噴霧コーティングすることにより調製した。初めに、エタノール100%中の4.68mMのパクリタキセル溶液の第1のコーティング溶液を、5mLのエタノール中の19.96mgのパクリタキセルで調製した。次に、メタノール93%及び水7%(v)中の4.68mMのパクリタキセルの第2の溶液を、総量約5mL(19.99mgのパクリタキセル)として作製した。5本の6×20 ZILVER(クック社(Cook Inc.)、インディアナ州ブルーミントン(Bloomington,IN))ステントを第1の噴霧溶液で噴霧コーティングし、別の5本の6×20 ZILVER(クック社(Cook Inc.)、インディアナ州ブルーミントン(Bloomington,IN))ステントを第2の噴霧溶液で噴霧コーティングした。全てのコーティングは、実施例5の超音波コーティング手順及び下表9のパラメータを使用して、非ルーメン側表面上のみに行われた。表9はまた、各ステント上に被膜されたパクリタキセルの量も示す。第1の溶液(エタノール)から形成されたコーティングは、93%の非晶質パクリタキセル、7%の二水和パクリタキセルを含有した。第2の溶液(メタノール/水)から形成されたコーティングは、約82%の二水和物及び18%の非晶質パクリタキセルを含有した。
Claims (8)
- 少なくとも1つの表面を有する植込み型医療器具と前記少なくとも1つの表面上のコーティングとを含む被膜された植込み型医療器具であって、前記コーティングが二水和パクリタキセルを含む第1の層、および非晶質固体形態のパクリタキセルを含む第2の層を有し、該第1の層は医療器具の非ルーメン側表面と該第2の層の間に配置される、被膜された医療器具。
- 前記第1の層の少なくとも20wt%で二水和パクリタキセルを含む、請求項1記載の被膜された医療器具。
- 前記第2の層の少なくとも20wt%で非晶質固体形態のパクリタキセルを含む、請求項1または2記載の被膜された医療器具。
- 前記コーティングが前記非ルーメン側表面上に総量で前記非ルーメン側表面の総面積1mm2当たり0.05〜1.00マイクログラムの二水和パクリタキセルおよび非晶質固体形態のパクリタキセルを含有する、請求項1から3のいずれか1項記載の被膜された医療器具。
- 前記コーティングがポリマーを含まない、請求項1から4のいずれか1項記載の被膜された医療器具。
- 前記層のそれぞれが1以上の固体形態のタキサン治療剤からなる、請求項1から5のいずれか1項記載の被膜された医療器具。
- 前記2つの層が互いに異なる固体形態のタキサン治療剤からなる、請求項6記載の被膜された医療器具。
- 前記第1の層が二水和パクリタキセルからなる、請求項1から7のいずれか1項記載の被膜された医療器具。
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