JP5349540B2 - 不均一系触媒を製造する方法 - Google Patents
不均一系触媒を製造する方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5349540B2 JP5349540B2 JP2011132754A JP2011132754A JP5349540B2 JP 5349540 B2 JP5349540 B2 JP 5349540B2 JP 2011132754 A JP2011132754 A JP 2011132754A JP 2011132754 A JP2011132754 A JP 2011132754A JP 5349540 B2 JP5349540 B2 JP 5349540B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- ion exchange
- exchange resin
- metal
- resin
- catalyst
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Substances CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)=C STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000769 gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptane - octane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002432 hydroperoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940035429 isobutyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010808 liquid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNBDRPTVWVGKBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentanoic acid methyl ester Natural products CCCCC(=O)OC HNBDRPTVWVGKBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N norethisterone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@@H]2[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@](CC4)(O)C#C)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- DBSDMAPJGHBWAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-1,4-dien-3-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC(C=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 DBSDMAPJGHBWAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-one Chemical compound CCCC(C)=O XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HIFJUMGIHIZEPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid;sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O HIFJUMGIHIZEPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WYKYCHHWIJXDAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-ethylhexaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C(=O)OOC(C)(C)C WYKYCHHWIJXDAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000925 very toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/72—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
- B01J31/08—Ion-exchange resins
- B01J31/10—Ion-exchange resins sulfonated
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
- B01J31/28—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24 of the platinum group metals, iron group metals or copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J37/0209—Impregnation involving a reaction between the support and a fluid
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- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B41/00—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen
- C07B41/06—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen of carbonyl groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
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- C07C45/67—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
- C07C45/68—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
- C07C45/72—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by reaction of compounds containing >C = O groups with the same or other compounds containing >C = O groups
- C07C45/73—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by reaction of compounds containing >C = O groups with the same or other compounds containing >C = O groups combined with hydrogenation
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- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
- B01J2231/341—1,2-additions, e.g. aldol or Knoevenagel condensations
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Description
本発明の第2の形態においては、乾燥イオン交換樹脂をケトン、並びにパラジウム、白金、イリジウム、ロジウム、ルテニウム、銅、金および/または銀の金属の溶液と混合し、イオン交換樹脂を膨潤させ、金属が乾燥物基準で触媒の0.1〜15重量%を構成するように金属を樹脂中に分布させ、および還元剤を使用することなく120℃未満の温度で金属をゼロ価に変換することを含む不均一系触媒を製造する方法が提供される。
本発明の第4の形態においては、アルキン、アルケン、アルデヒド、ケトン、アルコール、ニトリル、アミンおよび/またはニトログループのアルドール縮合、脱水、ダイマー化、還元、酸化、アルキル化、エーテル化、エステル化、アルキル化並びに水素化から選択される反応のための、本発明の方法によって製造される不均一系触媒の使用が提供される。
GCはガスクロマトグラフである。
keVはキロ電子ボルトである。
kPaはキロパスカルである。
kVはキロボルトである。
LHSVは液体時間空間速度である。
mAはミリオングストロームであり;μAはマイクロオングストロームである。
MIBKはメチルイソブチルケトンである。
MPaはメガパスカルである。
psiはポンド/平方インチである。
RPMは回転/分である。
Wはワットである。
Cは摂氏であり;mlはミリリットルであり;μlはマイクロリットルであり;minは分であり;hは時間であり;secおよびsは秒であり;gはグラムであり;mはメートルであり;cmはセンチメートルであり;nmはナノメートルであり;mmはミリメートルであり;μmはマイクロメートルまたはミクロンであり;ccは立方センチメートルであり;ならびにnml/minは、圧力=1atm、温度=25℃および体積=22.4リットルで定義される気体標準条件でのミリリットル/分である。
走査型電子顕微鏡測定(SEM):SEM像形成のための伝導性塗膜を提供するために、サンプルが金/パラジウム合金でスパッタコーティングされるか、あるいはサンプル上に炭素コーティングが蒸着させられた。スパッタコーティングしたサンプルは主として像形成のために使用され、炭素コートされたサンプルは主として元素分析のために使用された。鉄でコーティングされた石灰石の乾燥状態での像が、JEOL840SEMおよびJEOL6700FESEM(電界放射型走査型電子顕微鏡)(両方ともマサチューセッツ州ピーボディーのJEOL USAから得られた)の両方を用いて、10〜20keVの加速電圧で撮影された。JEOL840からの像はPGT Imix−PCソフトウェア(ニュージャージー州プリンストンのプリンストンガンマテックインスツルメンツインク)を用いて撮られ、JEOL6700からの像はJEOLのPC−SEMソフトウェアを用いて撮られた。エネルギー分散x−線分光分析(EDSまたはEDX)スペクトルおよび元素マップはPGT検出器を用いて、PGT Imix−PCソフトウェアを用いて得られた。塗膜厚みの測定のために意図される像について100倍〜300倍の倍率が使用された。空間キャリブレーションおよび塗膜厚み測定はメリーランド州シルバースプリングのメディアサイバーネティックスからのImege−Pro Plus商標像分析ソフトウェアを用いてもたらされた。選択された石灰石およびチャコール粒子は外科用メスで半分に切断され、EDSによる鉄の浸透を観察するために、得られた切断面は電子ビームに対してできるだけ垂直に向けられた。
キャリアガス:高圧室窒素からのN2
インジェクター:0.2μl体積
インレット:フロント、モード:スプリット、温度:250℃、圧力:5.4psi(37kPa)
スプリット比:50.0対1、スプリットフロー73.0ml/分;合計フロー76.6ml/分
ガスセーバー:20.0ml/分、2.00分
カラム:
カラム1:Macherei Nagel 726600、Optima Wax.30m×250μm×0.25μm
定圧、インレット:フロント、アウトレット:フロント
窒素フロー:圧力5.4psi(37kPa)、フロー0.7ml/分、平均速度20cm/秒
カラム2:Varian CP9151 VF1701MS キャピラリー30.0m×250μm×0.25μm
定圧、インレット:フロント、アウトレット:バック
窒素フロー:圧力5.4psi(37kPa)、フロー0.7ml/分、平均速度20cm/秒
オーブン:
設定点:40℃
保持時間:5分
勾配1:5.0℃/分、115℃まで
勾配2:15.0℃/分、240℃まで
最終時間:6.67分、240℃
合計操作時間:35分
検出器:
フロントFID:ヒーター:250℃
フロー:H2:30ml/分、空気:350ml/分、メイクアップN2:30ml/分
シグナル1:データレート20Hz、ピーク幅0.01分、スタート0、エンド35分
バックFID:ヒーター:250℃
フロー:H2:30ml/分、空気:350ml/分、メイクアップN2:30ml/分
シグナル2:データレート20Hz、ピーク幅0.01分、スタート0、エンド35分
実施例1:触媒の製造
市販の乾燥イオン交換樹脂(すなわち、Amberlyst商標36DRY樹脂)および比較的低い沸点を有する溶媒(すなわち、アセトン)中のPd塩溶液が使用された。
初期湿潤方法手順:樹脂に添加される金属の量および樹脂を膨潤させるのに必要な液体の量が計算された。金属塩の溶液が製造された。乾燥樹脂が金属含有溶液と混合された。樹脂の膨潤が達成され、過剰な液体は観察されなかった。この材料は次いで溶媒を蒸発させるであろう温度で乾燥させられた(溶媒は回収されることができた)。樹脂の色が暗黒色に変化したことが観察された。XPSによる測定で、金属がゼロ価に還元され一部分はPd(II)として残留していたことが確認された。この触媒を乾燥させて、何らかの反応条件のための触媒としての用途に使用する準備ができた。XRDによる測定で、Pd結晶の存在が決定され、そしてXPSはPd(0)およびPd(II)に対応する金属の価数を決定した。
1gの強酸カチオン性スチレン系樹脂が110℃で一晩乾燥させられた。アセトンおよび酢酸Pdの溶液が製造された。透明な色の溶液が含まれていた。Pdの使用は、乾燥基準で樹脂の1重量%となるように計算され、および使用される全液体は選択された溶媒について樹脂の全膨潤容量よりも5%少ない様に計算された。この液体は樹脂と30分間室温で混合され、サンプル中に過剰な液体が存在しなかったことが観察された。この材料は次いで110℃で2時間乾燥させられ、樹脂の色は暗黒色であった。この触媒はXRDによって決定されたナノメートルPdクラスターを有しており、(シェラーの式による)40nmの推定結晶サイズおよびICPにより測定される1.02%Pdを有していた。
8gの乾燥Pd添加樹脂がカラムに充填され、アセトンが使用されてその触媒のスラリーを製造した。水素が300cc/分で提供され、アセトンは0.25ml/分で提供され、温度は100℃であった。このカラムは2MPaで操作された。3時間後に得られた生成物は集められ、GC装置で分析された。アセトン変換率および選択性が報告された。Amberlyst商標CH28触媒および実験室で製造した触媒JET13088が実施例2に従って製造された。条件:アセトンLHSV=2h−1、温度=120℃、圧力=2MPa、および水素流速=350nml/分。
Claims (10)
- 乾燥イオン交換樹脂をケトンおよび金属の溶液と混合し;
前記イオン交換樹脂を膨潤させ;
前記金属を前記樹脂中に分布させ;並びに
還元剤を使用することなく120℃未満の温度で前記金属をゼロ価に変換する;
ことを含む不均一系触媒を製造する方法。 - 乾燥イオン交換樹脂が乾燥イオン交換樹脂および部分乾燥イオン交換樹脂の少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 還元剤を使用することなく金属をゼロ価に変換させながら、イオン交換樹脂からケトンを除去することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 乾燥イオン交換樹脂をケトンおよび金属の溶液と混合する前記工程より前に、湿潤イオン交換樹脂を乾燥させることをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 触媒が、その中に分布させられた、触媒の乾燥重量を基準にして0.1〜15パーセントの金属イオンを含み、金属イオンがパラジウム、白金、イリジウム、ロジウム、ルテニウム、銅、金および銀の1種以上から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ケトンがアセトンを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 乾燥イオン交換樹脂を、パラジウム、白金、イリジウム、ロジウム、ルテニウム、銅、金および銀の少なくとも1種の金属並びにケトンの溶液と混合し;
前記イオン交換樹脂を膨潤させ;
前記金属が乾燥基準で触媒の0.1〜15重量%を構成するように前記金属を前記樹脂中に分布させ;並びに
還元剤を使用することなく120℃未満の温度で前記金属をゼロ価に変換する;
ことを含む不均一系触媒を製造する方法。 - 前記イオン交換樹脂が強酸カチオン樹脂である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記イオン交換樹脂がアンダースルホン化樹脂およびポリスルホン化樹脂からなる群から選択される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記イオン交換樹脂がポリスルホン化樹脂である、請求項1記載の方法。
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US36028710P | 2010-06-30 | 2010-06-30 | |
US61/360287 | 2010-06-30 |
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EP (1) | EP2402080B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5349540B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101323632B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102327780B (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2743368A1 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2478874T3 (ja) |
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EP2755760A1 (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2014-07-23 | Solvay Sa | Catalyst for h202 synthesis and method for preparing such catalyst |
RU2493911C1 (ru) * | 2012-08-21 | 2013-09-27 | Открытое акционерное общество "Нижнекамскнефтехим" | Ионитный формованный катализатор и способ его получения |
CN104936928A (zh) * | 2013-02-01 | 2015-09-23 | 罗门哈斯公司 | 用阳离子交换树脂负载型钯催化剂执行碳-碳偶合反应的方法 |
US9623379B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2017-04-18 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Spliced fiber-reinforced outer shell for cylindrical filtration element |
US9429283B2 (en) * | 2013-04-15 | 2016-08-30 | Tempo Industries, Llc | Adjustable length articulated LED light fixtures |
CN107778141B (zh) * | 2016-08-30 | 2021-08-06 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种1,4-丁二醇的纯化方法 |
KR20190046918A (ko) | 2016-09-20 | 2019-05-07 | 롬 앤드 하스 캄파니 | 페놀의 수소화 방법 |
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GB1146437A (en) * | 1965-11-25 | 1969-03-26 | Laporte Chemical | Hydrogenation reactions and catalyst |
US3668271A (en) * | 1967-10-02 | 1972-06-06 | Mobil Oil Corp | Hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons using ion exchange resin containing zero-valent metal as catalyst |
DE1952481A1 (de) * | 1969-10-17 | 1971-04-29 | Showa Denko Kk | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Methylisobuthylketon |
JPH04357105A (ja) * | 1990-12-27 | 1992-12-10 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | 過酸化水素の製造方法 |
US6977314B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2005-12-20 | Rohm And Haas Company | Metal-doped sulfonated ion exchange resin catalysts |
ATE544730T1 (de) * | 2002-03-14 | 2012-02-15 | Repsol Quimica Sa | Herstellungsverfahren für wasserstoffperoxid |
US7718158B2 (en) * | 2005-10-13 | 2010-05-18 | Lyondell Chemical Technology, L.P. | Polymer-encapsulated ion-exchange resin |
US7528269B2 (en) * | 2005-12-20 | 2009-05-05 | Lyondell Chemical Technology, L.P. | Process for oxidizing organic compounds |
JP5124946B2 (ja) | 2006-01-12 | 2013-01-23 | 栗田工業株式会社 | 超純水製造装置における超純水中の過酸化水素の除去方法 |
US7582586B2 (en) | 2006-08-24 | 2009-09-01 | Toyota Motor Corporation | Supported catalysts with controlled metal cluster size |
KR100834963B1 (ko) * | 2006-10-18 | 2008-06-19 | 금호피앤비화학 주식회사 | 금속이 도핑된 술폰화 양이온교환 수지 촉매 및 이를 이용한 메틸이소부틸케톤의 제조방법 |
EP1994983A1 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2008-11-26 | Almquest AB | Catalyst containing covalently bonded formate groups and Pd(0) and process for its obtention |
JP5430983B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-18 | 2014-03-05 | オルガノ株式会社 | 白金族金属担持触媒、過酸化水素の分解処理水の製造方法、溶存酸素の除去処理水の製造方法及び電子部品の洗浄方法 |
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- 2011-06-21 ES ES11170641.2T patent/ES2478874T3/es active Active
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KR20120002461A (ko) | 2012-01-05 |
KR101323632B1 (ko) | 2013-11-14 |
JP2012011378A (ja) | 2012-01-19 |
CA2743368A1 (en) | 2011-12-30 |
ES2478874T3 (es) | 2014-07-23 |
CN102327780A (zh) | 2012-01-25 |
CN102327780B (zh) | 2016-06-29 |
EP2402080A2 (en) | 2012-01-04 |
US20120004468A1 (en) | 2012-01-05 |
US8552223B2 (en) | 2013-10-08 |
EP2402080A3 (en) | 2012-06-06 |
MX2011006940A (es) | 2012-01-02 |
EP2402080B1 (en) | 2014-04-23 |
ZA201104809B (en) | 2012-03-28 |
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