JP5334800B2 - 血漿タンパク質マトリックスおよびその製造方法 - Google Patents
血漿タンパク質マトリックスおよびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
含む。
1. マトリックスは、血漿タンパク質の粗製画分のような部分精製タンパク質を用いて良好に形成することができる。
2. 血漿タンパク質を自己由来材料から回収することができ、それによって、健康上の危険を伴う貯留血液供給源の必要性を回避することができる。
3. マトリックスは、組成物中で用いられる補助成分を変更することによって制御される優れた機械特性を有する。所望な特性としては、引張強さ、弾性、圧縮性、耐剪断性、成形適性が挙げられる。
4. マトリックスは、組成物中で用いられる補助成分を変更することによって制御される優れた物理特性を有する。所望な特性としては、テキスチャー、細孔径および細孔の均一性、電荷および電荷分布、親水性、付着性、湿潤性が挙げられる。
5. マトリックスは、組成物中で用いられる補助成分を変更することによって制御される優れた生物学的特性を有する。所望な特性としては、生物分解性、免疫原性の欠如、細胞生長、増殖、分化および移動を維持し、促進する能力が挙げられる。
血餅を得るのに適当な条件下で有機キレート剤の実質的な非存在下で、血漿タンパク質とトロンビンをカルシウムイオンと少なくとも1種類の抗繊溶剤の存在下にて混合し;場合によっては少なくとも1種類の補助成分を加え、
血餅を得る前に血漿タンパク質とトロンビンの混合物を固形支持体に注型し;
凝固した混合物を凍結し;
凝固した混合物を凍結乾燥して、残留水分量が3%に過ぎないスポンジを得る
段階を含んでなる。
本発明は、血漿由来のタンパク質の凍結乾燥した生体適合性で生物分解性のマトリックスに関する。本発明の一態様によるマトリックスは、例えば組織工学の方法においてイン・ビボで様々な組織を再生しおよび/または修復し、およびイン・ビトロで細胞を増殖する方法で有用である。
本発明のマトリックスは、ある種の態様では、メチレンブルーのような1種類以上の殺菌剤および/または抗生物質および抗ウイルス薬のような抗微生物薬、化学療法剤、抗拒絶薬、鎮痛薬および鎮痛薬の組合せ、抗炎症薬、およびステロイドのようなホルモンなどの1種類以上の薬剤を含むこともできる。
例1: 全血漿からの血漿タンパク質の単離
新鮮な凍結血漿は、血液銀行(Tel-Hashomer,イスラエル国)から受け取った。血漿(220ml)を4℃インキュベーターで一晩融解した後、4℃にて約1900gで30分間遠心分離した。ペレットを、均質化溶液が見られるまで緩やかに回転しながら2.5ml PBSに再懸濁した。トラネキサム酸(抗繊溶剤;最終濃度10%)とアルギニン(最終濃度2%)を、任意により血漿タンパク質画分に加えた。
材料:
1) クエン酸ナトリウム, 3.8%、または任意の他の薬学上許容可能な血液凝固防止剤、
2) 硫酸アンモニウム(NH4)2SO4, 飽和(500g/1)、
3) 硫酸アンモニウム(NH4)2SO4, 25%、
4) リン酸-EDTA緩衝液: 50mMリン酸, 10mM EDTA, pH 6.6、
5) Tris-NaCl緩衝液: 50mM Tris, 150mM NaCl, pH 7.4、
6) エタノール, 無水4℃、
7) 全血(Israel Blood Bank, Tel Hashomer Hospital、または患者から)。
血液銀行からの1袋の血液は450mlであり、クエン酸ナトリウムを含んでいた。450mlの自己由来血に3.8%クエン酸ナトリウム溶液50mlを加え、溶液を緩やかに混合した。
材料:
トラネキサム酸 (5%最終)
塩化カルシウム 5 mM
トロンビン (1000単位/ml, Omrix)
血漿タンパク質マトリックスの調製方法は、下表1に示すようにタンパク質およびトロンビン濃度について最適化した。頭に「1」の付いた試料は、凝固性タンパク質の濃度の最適化を試験した。頭に「2」の付いた試料は、スポンジ中のトロンビンの濃度の最適化について試験した。総ての実験は、3回ずつ行った。
スポンジは、乾燥および湿潤物理特性の比較によって分析した。5mg/mlタンパク質(試料1-5)で作製したスポンジは、凍結乾燥時に著しく収縮した。10または20mg/mlタンパク質で作製したスポンジは、組織培養液中で24時間後でもその構造を保持したが、他のものは若干変形した。これは、それらの使用を妨げるものではない。
スポンジを、血漿タンパク質溶液をトロンビン溶液と混合し、注型し、冷凍し、凍結乾燥することによって作製した。様々なレベルの血漿タンパク質を有する同種または自己由来など異なる供給源由来のヒト血漿タンパク質を、タンパク質濃度20-50mg/mlで用いた。市販フィブリノーゲン(Omrix)も、同様に20mg/mlの濃度で試験した。
実質的に同様な生化学的特長と生体適合性を有するスポンジは、同種または自己由来血液、全血漿または市販フィブリノーゲンなどの様々な供給源から単離した血漿タンパク質溶液から得た。これらの特長としては、細孔径、表面付着性、細胞生長および増殖の維持能、および生体適合性が挙げられる。この結果は、本発明の血漿タンパク質スポンジの製造には、ある範囲の血漿タンパク質の製造方法およびある範囲のタンパク質濃度を用いることができることを示している。
一般に組織工学のためのマトリックスは、なかでも化学的性状、多孔度、付着性、生体適合性および弾性などを包含する幾つかの基準によって特定される(Hunziker, Osteoart. Cart., 10: 432-465, 2002)。上記文献の表IIには、これらの特性の幾つかとこれらの特性の生物学的基礎が示されている。
本発明の好ましい態様では、本発明のマトリックスはある種の添加剤または補助成分を用いて製造することができる。デキストラン硫酸、グリセロールおよびヒアルロネート(ヒアルロン酸)などを包含する添加剤をスポンジに添加して、所定の機械的および生物学的特性を変化させた。機械的および物理パラメーターは、補助成分または添加剤を組込むことによって制御されることが示された。添加剤は、マトリックスが形成されて、マトリックスの生物学的特性を改良した後に除去することができる。
スポンジ溶解の速度により、血漿タンパク質が経た架橋のレベルを測定する。
a. 不活性雰囲気N2(g)
b. 開放空気(標準雰囲気)
で2ヶ月間保管した。
様々な方法で細胞をスポンジに播種することができる。播種に重要なことは細胞接着性、移動能、およびマトリックス内での細胞の増殖である。細胞は、培地、PBS、または任意の生体適合性緩衝液に単独でまたは生物活性剤の存在下にて懸濁させることができる。細胞は、細胞を含む液滴をスポンジ上に置き、細胞をスポンジに吸着させることによって播種することができる。あるいは、細胞の懸濁液が入っている容器にスポンジを入れることによって、液体中の細胞をスポンジに吸収させることができる。
培養した細胞を生長培地(MEM)で調製し、48穴マイクロタイタープレートで102-106個の細胞/標準300μl血漿タンパク質スポンジ(約0.2cm3)の密度でスポンジの最上部に置く。様々な容積の生長培地を加え、細胞を様々な期間生長させる。スポンジは様々な大きさ、形状、および厚みのものとすることができることを理解すべきである。
試薬:
コラゲナーゼ2型; Worthington Biochemical Corp. (カタログ番号: 4147)
ストック溶液: 1700単位/ml培地(MEM)
最少必須培地(MEM) Gibco BRL (カタログ番号: 21090-022)
ウシ胎児血清(FBS); Gibco BRL (カタログ番号: 16000-044)
L-グルタミン溶液; Gibco BRL (カタログ番号: 25030-024)
完全培地: 10%ウシ胎児血清(FCS)、2mM L-グルタミン、および100U/mlペニシリンと100μg/mlストレプトマイシンを補足した最少必須培地(MEM)
本発明のスポンジは、組織修復および再生のための細胞担持足場として用いることができる。一態様では、細胞をイン・ビトロでスポンジ上で培養した後、移植する。好ましい態様では、移植直前にスポンジに細胞を播種し、細胞をイン・ビボで生長および増殖させる。
図4A−Dは、血漿マトリックスが子牛の軟骨細胞増殖を支持することができることを示している。初期状態(図4A)から細胞が集蜜的になる(図4B−4D)までに細胞数は3-5倍に増加した。ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシンに対する1ヶ月コラーゲン移植組織片の組織切片は、コラーゲンスポンジ上の細胞はより小さく且つその球形の形状を保持していることを示した(図4Cおよび4D参照)。コラーゲンスポンジの内部では、細胞は繊維−軟骨に似た組織に再組織化されたが、血漿タンパク質スポンジ(図4A−D)では、細胞は良好に分布して互いに間隔が空いており、厚いヒアリン様細胞外マトリックスに埋設され、成熟した関節軟骨細胞に典型的な丸い細胞形態を保持している。保持されたフィブリンの小島は、細胞がマトリックスを完全に分解し、これを軟骨マトリックスと置換することができることを示している。これらの結果は、イン・ビトロでの組織様形成の成功は特定の細胞−マトリックス材料によって著しく変化することを示唆している。本発明の一態様によるフィブリンスポンジは、コラーゲンスポンジより軟骨組織形成に優れたマトリックスであることが示される。
本発明のマトリックス上での軟骨細胞の増殖は、2つの方法CyQUANT(商標)(Molecular Probes)またはXTT試薬(Biological Industries, Co.)の一つによって定量した。血漿タンパク質マトリックスをコラゲナーゼまたは他の酵素に溶解し、細胞を遠心分離によって集め、製造業者のプロトコールに準じて分析を行った。
ヤギの膝関節損傷における移植スポンジの使用を評価する目的で、比較研究を行った。
6頭のヤギを試験用に選択し、処理群のうちの一つに無作為に割り当てた。
1: 新たに調製した血漿タンパク質スポンジ
2: 60℃でインキュベーションした(注型後60℃で24時間インキュベーションした)スポンジ
3: 古いスポンジ(4-6ヶ月, 室温保管)
4: コラーゲン(Ortec)
が含まれる。
アモキシシリン2mlを処置の直前および処置後4日間1日1回IM投与した。
予備投薬: 25kg体重当たり0.2mlキシラジン2%をIM投与した。
誘導: ヤギが失神したならば、I.V.ベンフロンを挿入した。
動物の両膝の毛を剃り、消毒薬で洗浄した。
凍結乾燥したマトリックスを、欠損部分に移植して付着させた。場合によっては、フィブリン基剤の生物学的膠を用いることができる。膝蓋を配置し直し、シノビア(sinovia)と皮膚をVicryll縫合を用いて閉じた。皮膚を、ヨウ素軟膏でクリーニングした。
0.05mg/kgのブプレノルフィンを、処置の直前および同日の終わりにSC(皮下)投与した。
追跡調査期間(6または10週間)の終了時に、ヤギを屠殺し、組織を取り出して組織評価を行い、膝を可動性および外観について評価した。組織切片を、損傷部分および2-3mmの縁から調製した。組織を脱石灰し、標準的手順でスライドを作製した。
表3は、組織学分析の実験の説明および結果を表している。
自己由来軟骨細胞移植は、膝の孤立した軟骨欠損部にヒアリン様軟骨を復元するのに臨床的に有効であることが分かった。本発明の治療法は、
1. 健康な軟骨の関節鏡検査による診断および生検。
2. 細胞の培養。
3. 脛骨から採取して損傷部上に縫合する骨膜弁下の損傷部への培養軟骨細胞の注入。
軟骨欠損を有する患者は、関節鏡検査または半関節切開の数日前に診療所に呼ばれて診察を受ける。血液(約100-250ml)を採取して、血漿タンパク質を単離する。血漿タンパク質マトリックスまたは数個のマトリックスを作製して、標識し、外科手術の当日まで無菌保管する。
本発明の方法を実施するのに有用な成分を含んでなるキットにより、外科手術の設定において本発明の方法を好都合に実施することができる。好ましい態様では、本発明のキットは、滅菌溶液(食塩水、酵素)、関節表面の欠損部に移植すべき自己由来軟骨細胞の支持に適する滅菌した無細胞マトリックス材料を含む外科手術環境で容易に使用するのに適した無菌成分と、使用説明書を提供する。マトリックスは、生体適合性で、非免疫原性であり且つ細胞生長および増殖を保持する能力を有する任意の材料でよいが、マトリックスは好ましくは同種血漿から、更に好ましくは自己由来血漿から作製される。
マトリックス上で組織の発生を促進することができる一つの因子は、増殖因子または他の生物学的薬剤の局部環境への送達である。これらのマトリックスからの増殖因子の組込みと放出は、放射能標識したまたはタグを付けた増殖因子、例えば、蛍光標識した、アルカリホスファターゼ標識した、または西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ標識した増殖因子を用いてイン・ビトロまたはイン・ビボで評価される。放出される薬剤の画分および速度は、放射能、蛍光、酵素活性またはタグの他の属性を追跡することによって測定される。同様に、マトリックスからの酵素の放出は、イン・ビトロまたはイン・ビボ分析法で微小環境への酵素活性を分析することによって測定される。
Claims (32)
- フィブリノーゲン、トロンビンおよび第XIII因子を含み、総タンパク質含量の少なくとも50重量%はフィブリンである血漿タンパク質と、
少なくとも1種類の抗繊溶剤と、
少なくともヒアルロン酸及びグリセロール、並びにヒアルロン酸及びPEGの何れかの組み合わせを含む補助成分と
を含む、細胞を増殖させるための足場として用いるための凍結乾燥した生体適合性多孔性マトリックスであって、実質的に均一な細孔を有し、有機キレート剤を実質的に含まず、且つ残留水分が3%を下回る、マトリックス。 - 前記血漿タンパク質を、タンパク質1mg当たり少なくともトロンビン0.5単位と混合する、請求項1に記載のマトリックス。
- 前記血漿タンパク質の少なくとも1つが自己由来であるか、総ての該血漿タンパク質が自己由来である、請求項1又は2に記載のマトリックス。
- 前記抗繊溶剤がトラネキサム酸である、請求項1から3の何れか1項に記載のマトリックス。
- 多糖類、アニオン性多糖類、グリコサミノグリカン及び合成ポリマーからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種類の追加の補助成分をさらに含んでなる、請求項1から4の何れか1項に記載のマトリックス。
- 前記追加の補助成分が、ペクチン、アルギン酸塩、ガラクタン、ガラクトマンナン、グルコマンナン、ポリウロン酸、ヘパリン、コンドロイチン硫酸、デルマタン硫酸、ヘパラン硫酸、ケラタン硫酸、ヘキスロニルヘキソサミノグリカン硫酸、イノシトールヘキサスルフェート、及びスクロースオクタスルフェートからなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載のマトリックス。
- 前記細胞が、幹細胞、前駆細胞、軟骨細胞、骨細胞、肝細胞、間葉、上皮、尿路上皮、ニューロン、膵臓、腎、及び眼細胞型からなる群から選択される、請求項1から6の何れか1項に記載のマトリックス。
- 前記細胞の密度が少なくとも104個の細胞/cm3に達する、請求項7に記載のマトリックス。
- 増殖因子、サイトカイン、酵素、抗微生物薬、及び抗炎症薬からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種類の生物活性剤をさらに含んでなる、請求項1から8の何れか1項に記載のマトリックス。
- 50-300ミクロンの大きさの細孔を有する、請求項1から9の何れか1項に記載のマトリックス。
- 細胞を増殖させるための足場として用いるための多孔性マトリックスの製造方法であって、
有機キレート剤の実質的非存在下にて、血液凝固に適する条件下で、カルシウムイオンと少なくとも1種類の抗繊溶剤の存在下、血漿タンパク質をトロンビンと混合し;
少なくともヒアルロン酸及びグリセロール、並びにヒアルロン酸及びPEGの何れかの組合せを含む補助成分を添加し;
該血漿タンパク質とトロンビンとを含む混合物を、血液凝固の前に固形支持体中で成型し;
該凝固した混合物を凍結させ;
該凝固した混合物を凍結乾燥して、残留水分が3%以下のスポンジを得る
段階を含んでなる、上記方法。 - 前記スポンジを所望な形状の断片に切断し、
該断片に細胞を播種し、
該細胞を細胞密度が少なくとも104個の細胞/cm3に達するまで該断片上で増殖させる
段階を更に含んでなる、請求項11に記載の方法。 - 前記スポンジを、任意に洗浄して、溶解性の補助成分を除去し、
該洗浄したスポンジを、再度凍結乾燥して、残留水分が3%以下のスポンジを得、
該スポンジを所望な形状の断片に切断する
段階を更に含んでなる、請求項11又は12に記載の方法。 - 前記断片に細胞を播種し、
該細胞を細胞密度が少なくとも104個の細胞/cm3に達するまで該断片上で増殖させる
段階を更に含んでなる、請求項11又は12に記載の方法。 - 前記血漿タンパク質が少なくともフィブリノーゲンと第XIII因子を含んでなる、請求項11から14の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記血漿タンパク質の少なくとも1種類が自己由来であるか、総ての前記血漿タンパク質が自己由来である、請求項11から15の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記血漿タンパク質を、タンパク質1mg当たり少なくとも0.5単位のトロンビンと混合する、請求項11から16の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記抗繊溶剤がトラネキサム酸である、請求項11から17の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 多糖類、アニオン性多糖類、グリコサミノグリカン及び合成ポリマーからなる群から選択される、少なくとも1種類の追加の補助成分を添加する工程を更に含む、請求項11から18の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記追加の補助成分が、ペクチン、アルギン酸塩、ガラクタン、ガラクトマンナン、グルコマンナン、ポリウロン酸、ヘパリン、コンドロイチン硫酸、デルマタン硫酸、ヘパラン硫酸、ケラタン硫酸、ヘキスロニルヘキソサミノグリカン硫酸、イノシトールヘキサスルフェート、及びスクロースオクタスルフェートから群から選択される、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 増殖因子、サイトカイン、酵素、抗微生物薬、及び抗炎症薬から選択される少なくとも1種類の生物活性剤を添加する工程を更に含む、請求項11から20の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、軟骨細胞、肝細胞、骨細胞、間葉、上皮、尿路上皮、ニューロン、膵臓、腎、または眼細胞型から選択される、請求項11から21の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1から10の何れか1項に記載のマトリックスを含んでなる移植片。
- 請求項11から23の何れか1項に記載の方法により製造した、マトリックスを含んでなる移植片。
- 損傷部位への移植により損傷した骨格組織を治療するための、請求項23又は24に記載の移植片。
- 前記骨格組織が軟骨である、請求項25に記載の移植片。
- 請求項1から10の何れか1項に記載のマトリックスを含んでなる、移植片のための多孔性コーティング。
- 請求項11から22の何れか1項に記載の方法によって製造したマトリックスを含んでなる、移植片のための多孔性コーティング。
- 請求項1から10の何れか1項に記載のマトリックスと使用説明書を含んでなる、キット。
- 損傷した組織を治療するための、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載のマトリックス。
- 前記組織が骨格組織である、請求項30に記載のマトリックス。
- 前記骨格組織が軟骨である、請求項31に記載のマトリックス。
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WO2002018546A2 (en) * | 2000-09-01 | 2002-03-07 | Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property Foundation | Plasma-derived-fibrin-based matrices and tissue |
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2001
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2003007873A3 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
CA2454341A1 (en) | 2003-01-30 |
EP1423082B1 (en) | 2010-11-24 |
DE60238416D1 (de) | 2011-01-05 |
IL159920A (en) | 2011-04-28 |
EP1423082A4 (en) | 2006-02-08 |
US7009039B2 (en) | 2006-03-07 |
EP1423082A2 (en) | 2004-06-02 |
JP5695131B2 (ja) | 2015-04-01 |
US20040209359A1 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
JP2013166079A (ja) | 2013-08-29 |
WO2003007873A2 (en) | 2003-01-30 |
CA2454341C (en) | 2012-10-30 |
AU2002319888B2 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
ATE489119T1 (de) | 2010-12-15 |
ES2357224T3 (es) | 2011-04-20 |
IL144446A0 (en) | 2002-05-23 |
JP2010057942A (ja) | 2010-03-18 |
JP2004534615A (ja) | 2004-11-18 |
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