JP5253465B2 - リチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法およびリチウム2次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法およびリチウム2次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5253465B2 JP5253465B2 JP2010178532A JP2010178532A JP5253465B2 JP 5253465 B2 JP5253465 B2 JP 5253465B2 JP 2010178532 A JP2010178532 A JP 2010178532A JP 2010178532 A JP2010178532 A JP 2010178532A JP 5253465 B2 JP5253465 B2 JP 5253465B2
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 128
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 128
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 125
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000012686 silicon precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 ammonium halide salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- QLUMLEDLZDMGDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;1h-naphthalen-1-ide Chemical compound [Na+].[C-]1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 QLUMLEDLZDMGDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003902 SiCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000026 X-ray photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XJWSAJYUBXQQDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C XJWSAJYUBXQQDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002391 graphite-based active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- SZEMGTQCPRNXEG-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(octadecyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C SZEMGTQCPRNXEG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 125000000923 (C1-C30) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007771 core particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011871 silicon-based negative electrode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
SiCl4 0.1mol(無水物、純度99.999%)およびオクタデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロマイド(octadecyl trimethylammoniumbromide、OTAB)1.5gを無水テトラヒドロフラン(anhydrous tetrahydrofuran、THF)150mlに溶解して溶液を製造した。次に、前記溶液を予め製造したナトリウムナフタリド(sodium naphthalide)3gを含むテトラヒドロフラン溶液25mlと混合して反応槽に入れた。前記反応槽の圧力を約150mTorrに調節し、温度を380℃まで昇温した後、一日間放置した。次に、常温で冷却した後、前記反応槽を空気中で開放し、前記の内容物をろ過した後、過量のヘキサンおよび水で数回洗浄してナフタレンとNaCl副産物を除去した。最終生成物をアルゴンストリーム下のチューブ炉(tube furnace)で600℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を分解させた。前記すべての実験は20ppm未満の酸素含量を有するグローブボックスで行った。
前記実施例1によって製造されたリチウム2次電池用負極活物質、スーパーPカーボンブラックおよびポリ(ビニリデンフルオライド)バインダーを80:10:10重量比でN−メチルピロリドン溶媒中で混合して負極活物質スラリーを製造した。前記製造された負極活物質スラリーを50μm厚さの銅箔にコーティングし、150℃で20分乾燥した後、ロールプレスして負極を製造した。前記負極活物質のローディング量は約9mg/cm2であり、0.2C(900mA/g)は8.1mA/cm2に符合した。
ドデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロマイド(dodecyl trimethylammoniumbromide、DTAB)を使用したことを除いては前記実施例1と同一な方法でリチウム2次電池用負極活物質を製造した。前記製造したリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の粒子直径は、10nm±2nmであった。
前記実施例3によって製造されたリチウム2次電池用負極活物質を利用したことを除いては前記実施例2と同一に実施してコインタイプの半電池(2016 R−type half cell)を製造した。
前記実施例3で製造したリチウム2次電池用負極活物質を900℃で3時間アニーリングしてリチウム2次電池用負極活物質を製造した。前記製造したリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の粒子直径は、20nm±2nmであった。
前記実施例5によって製造されたリチウム2次電池用負極活物質を利用したことを除いては前記実施例2と同一に実施してコインタイプの半電池(2016 R−type half cell)を製造した。
市販されているシリコンパウダー(Nanotech社製)を購入し、これをリチウム2次電池用負極活物質として製造した。前記シリコンパウダーで製造したリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の粒子直径は、35nm±2nmであった。
前記比較例1のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質を利用したことを除いては前記実施例2と同一に実施してコインタイプの半電池(2016 R−type half cell)を製造した。
試験例1:X線回折(X−ray diffraction、XRD)分析
前記実施例1、3および5におけるリチウム2次電池用負極活物質のX線回折分析を実施した。それに対する結果をそれぞれ図1、図2および図3に示した。
図1から図3に示したものによれば、ダイヤモンドキュービック相(diamond cubic phase)が確認されるので、前記実施例1、3および5におけるリチウム2次電池用負極活物質は結晶質シリコンコアを含むことを確認することができる。
実施例1乃至6のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の分散度を以下の方法で測定した。
前記実施例2、実施例4、実施例6および比較例2で製造した半電池を0V〜1.5Vで、0.2C(900mA/g)で1回充放電を実施して、初期放電容量、初期充電容量およびクーロン効率を測定した。
前記実施例2、実施例4、実施例6および比較例2で製造した半電池を0V〜1.5Vで、0.2C(900mA/g)で充放電を実施して充電容量の変化を測定した。その結果を図11に示す。
Claims (15)
- シリコン前駆体、有機基を有するハロゲン化アンモニウム塩を含む界面活性剤及びシリコン前駆体と反応可能な開始剤を含む混合物を準備する段階;
前記混合物を熱処理して、内部にシリコンが含まれた逆ミセル構造を形成する段階;
前記熱処理して得られた結果物を常温で冷却し洗浄して、前記逆ミセル構造の内部にシリコンを含む粒子形態のコアを形成し、シリコン前駆体と開始剤の反応副産物を除去する段階;および
前記洗浄して得られた結果物を600℃〜1000℃の温度で焼成して、前記コア表面に界面活性剤から由来した炭素を含むコーティング層を形成する段階;
を含むリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記ハロゲン化アンモニウム塩は、下記の化学式1で表される、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法:
- 前記混合物は、シリコン前駆体の50〜70重量%、界面活性剤の5〜20重量%、開始剤の10〜45重量%、および溶媒の残部を含む、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記シリコン前駆体は、ハロゲン化シリコンを含む、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記開始剤は、ナトリウムナフタリドを含む、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- ヘキサン、イソプロピルアルコールまたはこれらの混合溶媒の溶媒をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理は、300℃〜500℃の温度で行う、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記洗浄は、ヘキサン、水またはこれらの混合物を利用して行う、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記焼成以降に、前記焼成によって得られた結果物の表面を炭素でコーティングする段階をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム2次電池用負極活物質は、シリコンを含むコア、および前記コアの表面に存在し、炭素を含むコーティング層を含む、請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム2次電池用負極活物質は、3nm〜30nmの粒子直径を有し、前記粒子直径は2nm以下の偏差を有する、請求項10に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記コアに含まれたシリコンは結晶質であり、前記コーティング層に含まれた炭素は非晶質である、請求項10に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記コーティング層は、0.5nm〜5nmの厚さを有する、請求項10に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム2次電池用負極活物質は70%〜95%の分散度を有する、請求項10に記載のリチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜請求項14のいずれか1項によって製造されたリチウム2次電池用負極活物質を含む負極;
正極活物質を含む正極;および
電解質;
を含む、リチウム2次電池。
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