JP5165677B2 - ディーゼルパティキュレート制御における改良 - Google Patents
ディーゼルパティキュレート制御における改良 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5165677B2 JP5165677B2 JP2009511085A JP2009511085A JP5165677B2 JP 5165677 B2 JP5165677 B2 JP 5165677B2 JP 2009511085 A JP2009511085 A JP 2009511085A JP 2009511085 A JP2009511085 A JP 2009511085A JP 5165677 B2 JP5165677 B2 JP 5165677B2
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- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- soot
- catalyst
- filter
- oxidation
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Images
Classifications
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Description
再生の特性について改良された効率を有するパティキュレートフィルターを提供するのが本発明の他の目的である。
これらおよび他の目的は、ディーゼルエンジンからのパティキュレートの放出物を低下させるための改良された方法および装置の両者を提供する本発明により達成される。
本発明は、より良く理解されそしてその利点は、特に実験的な結果が示されている添付図面を考慮するとき、以下の詳述からさらに明らかになるだろう。
975「Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils」によりカバーされている。ジェットAは、ASTM D 1655「Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels」の名称を有する。用語超低硫黄ディーゼル燃料(ULSD)は、0.0015重量%(15ppm)以下の硫黄含量を有するNo.1またはNo.2ディーゼル燃料を意味し、そして或る法律は、低い芳香族炭化水素含量例えば10容量%以下を要求している。
(実験)
(材料および特性の確認)
Ce(50ppm)、Pt(50ppm)、Pt−Ce煤(2ppmPtおよび30ppmCe)、Cu煤(100ppm)およびFe(44ppm)を含む煤を、実際のディーゼルエンジン中でそれぞれの燃料で運ばれる触媒添加物(括弧で示された濃度を燃料に添加する)から発生させる。煤の採集およびフィルターの評価に使用されるディーゼルエンジンは、Lister−Petter、英国により製造された2気筒LPW2であった。エンジンは直接点火され、水冷されそして自然に吸気され、そしてStamfordゼネレーターを備えた。発生した電力(エンジンは75%負荷で運転された)は、電気抵抗器を通って放散された。燃料の消費は、1.25kg/hであり、そして実験プログラム中顕著な変化を示さなかった。プログラム中使用されたディーゼル燃料は、標準のEN590燃料、夏仕様およびShell V−Power Dieselであった。燃料の硫黄含量は、一般に500ppm(Shell V−Power Dieselでは0ppm)であった。このプロジェクトに使用された金属燃料添加物は、表1にリストされる。
(煤の酸化)
100mL/分の空気中の煤の酸化を、10℃/分の加熱速度で室温から800℃で熱重量分析計(TGA/SDTA85e、Mettler Toledo)で調べる。酸化速度に対する熱および酸素の質量移動の影響を最低にするために、煤サンプルを希釈する。
(結果)
図1aは、ディーゼルエンジンで生じた燃料を運ぶ触媒を含む煤および市販のPrintex−Uの煤のX線回折図を示す。約25°の顕著な回折ピークは、煤粒子中の積み重なったグラファイトシートからの回折による(Carbon,43(2005)1731参照)。すべての煤のサンプルは、同じような特徴を示し、Pt−煤では回折ピークは、より高い2θ値へ僅かにシフトし、回折ピークの強度は高い。燃料で運ばれる触媒−煤のサンプルは、グラファイトシートの回折バンドに加えて燃料で運ばれる触媒に相当する回折ピークを示している。50ppmのPt添加物から生ずるPt−煤および硫黄を含まない燃料から生ずる煤は、Pt0に相当する鋭い回折ピークを示し、大きなPt粒子を示す。2ppmPt−30ppmCe添加物から生ずるPt−Ce−煤および500ppmの硫黄を含む燃料から生ずるPt−Ce−煤では、Ce2(SO4)3に相当する顕著な回折ピークおよびCeO2に相当する弱いピークが明らかである。Ptに相当する回折は、Pt−Ce−煤では観察されない。Pt−Ce−煤は、350℃で5000ppmNO2+空気中の10容量%O2で酸化されて、進行する煤の燃焼により煤および燃料で運ばれる触媒の構造に変化が生ずることが分かる。
(結果の検討)
無触媒および触媒化の煤酸化が、非常に異なる原理に基づいて作業して種々の物質について広範囲に検討されている(Catal.Rev.Sci.Eng.43(2001)489参照)。例えば、i)600℃より高い温度に温度を上げる、燃料を直接注入するO2による無触媒煤酸化、ii)煤がディーゼル排気ガス中のNOからPtにより発生するNO2(約300℃)によって主として酸化される、Pt/支持された触媒による煤の酸化、iii)煤と触媒との間の顕著な接触が生じそしてO2による煤酸化を導く溶融塩触媒、iv)プラズマにより補助された酸化、およびv)触媒が一次煤粒子の内側に埋め込まれて顕著な接触をしている燃料で運ばれる触媒。これらのすべての技術のなかで、最も有効なのは、Pt/支持された触媒による煤トラップおよび燃料で運ばれる触媒であり、それらは現在後処理システムで使用されている。Pt/支持体タイプ後処理システムに関する煤酸化のメカニズムは複雑ではなく、そして多くの文献が報告されている。主な酸化の機能はPt微結晶から生じ、それに基づいて排気ガスNOはNO2へ酸化され、それは約300℃で煤とさらに反応する。NO2へのNOの転換が熱力学的および動力学的の両方でコントロールされるので、排気ガス中の過剰のNOは、約300℃で顕著な煤酸化を実現するために、煤(煤/NO>20)に比べて必要である(SAE 2004−01−0079およびSAE 2004−01−0072参照)。触媒化煤トラップの主な不利は、特に過酷な条件下の使用(顕著な量のSO2の条件下の非常に長い耐久性を要求する)で使用されるとき、それらの耐久性およびSO3毒性への抵抗性から生ずる。
(実験結果に基づく結論)
Fe−、Pt−Ce−およびCe−煤は、Pt−煤に比べて、より低温で酸化され、そして逆の傾向がNO+O2で観察される。NOは、Pt−煤上でNO2へさらに有効に酸化され、一方それはCe−およびPt−Ce−煤のサンプル上で、より有効に利用される。異なる供給ガス条件下の煤の酸化は、NO2+O2の存在下、硝酸塩種はCe−およびPt−Ce−煤のサンプル上で酸化に関係することを示唆している。燃料で運ばれる触媒に関係のある活性の低下する順序を有する異なる酸化種は、一般に、1)硝酸塩、2)NO2、3)格子酸素および4)気相酸素と示唆される。すべての上記の種は、実際的な条件下で最も容易に酸化可能な煤であるPt−Ce−煤の酸化に関係する。
2 排気パイプ
3 排気パイプ
4 DPF
5 触媒区域
11 ディーゼルエンジン
12 フィルター区域
13 フィルター
21 円筒状ケーシング
22 空間
24 開口
25 プレート
40 タンク
41 ライン
42 インジェクター
43 戻りライン
51 センサー
52 センサー
53 センサー
112 フィルター
Claims (20)
- 燃料に可溶または分散可能なセリウム組成物および、燃料に可溶または分散可能な白金族金属組成物からなる、燃料で運ばれる触媒を含む燃料によりディーゼルエンジンを作動し;燃料の燃焼により生成し、燃焼により燃料から離れる酸化セリウムおよび白金族金属の両者を含む排気ガスを、
(a)触媒区域内の接触表面上に白金族金属触媒および/または塩基性金属触媒を有する触媒区域、および
(b)エンジン中で燃料を燃焼させることにより発生した燃焼ガスの移動流からパティキュレートを除き、そしてそれらをその中に維持して、それらの酸化を可能にするのに有効な通路からなるフィルター区域
からなる少なくとも2つの段階を有するディーゼルパティキュレートフィルターを通過させるディーゼルエンジンからのパティキュレートの放出物を減少させる方法であって、
白金族金属組成物、セリウム組成物、燃料および/または任意の化学エンハンサーを利用してフィルター区域において硝酸セリウムを形成するのに十分な量のNO2を触媒区域で発生させ、
それにより、酸化セリウムはフィルター区域中において白金の分散物と結合し、そして維持され、硝酸セリウムは、煤粒子の表面かつ内部で利用可能になって、多段フィルターにおいて白金族金属およびセリウム燃料添加物を供給しないで達成できるバランスポイントより低いバランスポイントで、煤の酸化を増大させる
ことを特徴とするディーゼルエンジンからのパティキュレートの放出物を減少させる方法。 - 化学エンハンサーが、表面の硝酸塩の最も活性な種を増強するのに有効な量の燃料中に可溶または分散可能なアルカリ金属および/またはアルカリ土類組成物である請求項1の方法。
- 化学エンハンサーが、装置の触媒区域(a)および/またはフィルター区域(b)中の固相アルカリ金属および/またはアルカリ土類金属組成物である請求項1の方法。
- 化学エンハンサーが、セリウムの重量の約0.1−約1.0%の量で使用される請求項3の方法。
- 微細および超微細パティキュレートを除くのに有効な第3段階のフィルターが用いられる請求項1の方法。
- 選択触媒還元(SCR)ユニットが、ディーゼルパティキュレートフィルターの下流に設けられる請求項1の方法。
- 触媒が、ディーゼルパティキュレートフィルターの下流に設けられてNOをNO2へ酸化して、残存NOxを減少させるのにSCRユニットの有効性を助ける請求項6の方法。
- (a)の触媒区域が、アルミナ、シリカ−アルミナ組成物例えばコーディエライト、炭化珪素、ガラスまたは金属のファイバー、多孔性ガラス、セラミックおよび金属基体からなる群から選ばれる基体からなる請求項1の方法。
- (b)のフィルター区域が、パティキュレートのトラップおよびワイヤメッシュフィルターに有用であることが知られているタイプの装置の目封じハニカム(wall flow monolith)装置からなる群から選ばれる装置からなる請求項1の方法。
- 触媒区域が、フィルター区域と一体化した請求項1の方法。
- 燃料が、触媒(a)の上流でエンジン排気ガス中に注入されて、装置の触媒およびフィルターの区域内の温度を上げる請求項1の方法。
- 燃料で運ばれる触媒を含む燃料が、装置の触媒およびフィルターの区域の上流でエンジン排気ガス中に注入される請求項1の方法。
- 燃料で運ばれる触媒およびエンハンサーを含む燃料が、装置の触媒およびフィルターの区域の上流でエンジン排気ガス中に注入される請求項1の方法。
- 燃料の注入が、燃料で運ばれる触媒またはエンハンサーを含むか否かにかかわらず、触媒フィルター装置の上流、装置内および/または装置の下流で温度または背圧のセンサーシグナルに基づいて制御される請求項11−13の何れか1つの項の方法。
- 硝酸セリウムの形成のためのエンハンサーが、製造されるとき触媒区域の一部として用いられる請求項1−14の何れか1つの項の方法。
- 燃料に可溶または分散可能なセリウム組成物および、燃料に可溶または分散可能な白金族金属組成物からなる、燃料で運ばれる触媒を含む燃料をディーゼルエンジンへ供給する手段;
燃料の燃焼により生成され、そして燃焼により燃料から離れる酸化セリウムおよび白金族金属の両者を含む排気ガスを、
(a)触媒区域内で接触表面上に白金族金属触媒および/または塩基性金属触媒を有する触媒区域、および
(b)エンジン中で燃料を燃焼することにより発生する燃焼ガスの移動流からパティキュレートを除き、そしてそれらをその中に保持して、それらの酸化を可能にするのに有効な通路からなるフィルター区域
からなる少なくとも2つの段階を有するディーゼルパティキュレートフィルターを通す手段からなり、
その場合、白金族金属組成物、セリウム組成物、燃料および/または任意の化学エンハンサーを利用してフィルター区域において硝酸セリウムを形成するのに十分な量のNO2を触媒区域で発生させ、
それにより、酸化セリウムはフィルター区域中において白金の分散物と結合し、そして維持され、硝酸セリウムは、煤粒子の表面かつ内部で利用可能になって、多段フィルター中において白金族金属およびセリウム燃料添加物を供給しないで達成できるバランスポイントより低いバランスポイントで、煤の酸化を増大させる
ことを特徴とするディーゼルエンジンからのパティキュレートの放出物を減少させる装置。 - 触媒フィルター装置の上流、装置内および/または装置の下流で温度または背圧のセンサーシグナルに基づいて燃料で運ばれる触媒の注入を制御するための手段をさらに含む請求項16の装置。
- 多段フィルター後に選択触媒還元(SCR)ユニットをさらに含み、還元されたパティキュレートおよび発生したNO2が残存NOxを減少させるのにSCRユニットの有効性を助ける請求項16の装置。
- NOをNO2への転換をするためにSCRより前に追加の触媒をさらに含む請求項17の装置。
- 超微細粒子を除くことのできるフィルター区域をさらに含む請求項17の装置。
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EP2032810A4 (en) | 2010-12-08 |
WO2007136753A3 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
US20110239626A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
EP2032810B1 (en) | 2012-03-14 |
KR20090030267A (ko) | 2009-03-24 |
MX2008014631A (es) | 2008-11-28 |
BRPI0712665A2 (pt) | 2012-09-04 |
WO2007136753A2 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
ATE549492T1 (de) | 2012-03-15 |
CA2652241A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
CN101490374B (zh) | 2013-02-06 |
AU2007254142A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
JP2009537734A (ja) | 2009-10-29 |
CN101490374A (zh) | 2009-07-22 |
KR101456514B1 (ko) | 2014-10-31 |
US8715601B2 (en) | 2014-05-06 |
US7964154B2 (en) | 2011-06-21 |
NO20085261L (no) | 2009-01-26 |
EP2032810A2 (en) | 2009-03-11 |
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