JP5092186B2 - Fuel cell cogeneration system - Google Patents

Fuel cell cogeneration system Download PDF

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Publication number
JP5092186B2
JP5092186B2 JP2001066334A JP2001066334A JP5092186B2 JP 5092186 B2 JP5092186 B2 JP 5092186B2 JP 2001066334 A JP2001066334 A JP 2001066334A JP 2001066334 A JP2001066334 A JP 2001066334A JP 5092186 B2 JP5092186 B2 JP 5092186B2
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water
cooling water
fuel cell
storage tank
temperature
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JP2002270194A (en
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達雄 中山
哲也 上田
伸二 宮内
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Panasonic Corp
Panasonic Holdings Corp
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Panasonic Corp
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D18/00—Small-scale combined heat and power [CHP] generation systems specially adapted for domestic heating, space heating or domestic hot-water supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2101/00—Electric generators of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2101/30—Fuel cells
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2103/00—Thermal aspects of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2103/10—Small-scale CHP systems characterised by their heat recovery units
    • F24D2103/13—Small-scale CHP systems characterised by their heat recovery units characterised by their heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2103/00—Thermal aspects of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2103/10—Small-scale CHP systems characterised by their heat recovery units
    • F24D2103/17—Storage tanks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Description

【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、燃料電池コージェネシステムに関するものである。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】
燃料電池は水素と酸素の直接反応により電気エネルギーに変換するもので、発電効率が高く、大気汚染物質もほとんど排出しないことから環境にやさしい発電装置である。発電の際には熱を発生するので、これを回収することにより、コージェネシステムを構築することができ、トータルエネルギー効率は７０〜８０％となり、地球温暖化防止に貢献できる技術として期待されている。
【０００３】
燃料電池には燐酸型や固体高分子型などがあるが、これまである程度規模の大きい燃料電池コージェネシステムとしては主に燐酸型が検討されてきた。近年家庭用のコージェネシステムとしての開発が進められるようになってきているが、この用途の燃料電池は、動作温度が６０〜９０℃と低く、オン・オフを繰り返すことが容易な固体高分子型が用いられている。
【０００４】
家庭における熱の利用は、排熱により水を加熱し貯湯槽に貯えるという方法が一般的であるが、貯湯槽には、貯えられている湯の温度が低い場合や湯量が不充分な場合に加熱するための加熱能力の高い追い炊きバーナーを設けることにより、単に給湯するだけでなく、暖房などより広範な用途に熱を利用することができる。
【０００５】
燃料電池の燃料となる水素リッチなガスは、一般に都市ガスなどの原料を水と反応させることにより得る。この水素を生成する水素生成部には、効率良く水素を生成ために触媒が用いられるが、この触媒の被毒による性能低下防止や、金属イオンなど不純物の水素生成器内部への付着による性能低下などの不具合を防止するため、水素生成器に供給される水は触媒被毒物質や金属イオンなどの不純物が除去されていなければならない。
【０００６】
また、効率よく発電するためには、燃料電池本体を最適温度に保つことが必要であるため、起動時には起動時間短縮のため加熱が必要であり、発電時には冷却が必要となる。この熱媒体としては多くの場合、水が用いられるが、この水は漏電を防ぐために導電率が低くなければならない。
【０００７】
このため、水は通常各種フィルター、逆浸透膜装置、イオン交換樹脂、電気透析装置を通して不純物を除去した後、供給することが必要である。
【０００８】
水の補給源としては、燃料電池の発電により水が生成されるので、発電後の排ガスを冷却することにより水を凝縮、回収することができるが、回収量は運転条件などに依存するため、不足する場合は水道水など外部から導入する必要がある。必要に応じて随時供給したり、流量を正確に制御しながら供給するため、凝縮回収した水や外部から導入した水は一旦貯水タンクに蓄えることが必要である。
【０００９】
しかし凝縮回収した水はほぼ純水であり、菌の繁殖には好都合な状態になっており、外部からの水の導入や、水を回収した後の空気を排気する排気口から菌類が侵入することにより、貯水タンク内に菌類や藻が繁殖する恐れがあり、これが配管の詰りなどの不具合の原因になる可能性がある。
【００１０】
これに対応する方法として、抗菌作用のある銅・亜鉛などの金属材料を水経路内に用いるもの（特開平８−２２８３３）、紫外線による殺菌装置を用いるもの（特開平９−６３６１２）、抗菌フィルターを水経路内に設けるもの（特開平８−６３６１１）、水を強酸性にするもの（特開平０８−２２８３３）、水の温度を加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にして殺菌するもの（特開平８−１３８７１４）などが提案されている。
【００１１】
このうち加熱殺菌するものについては、外部からの水道水導入の際に燃料電池からの排ガスから水を冷却回収する水回収装置において、冷却水の流量を通常運転時よりしぼることにより冷却効果を低下させて、回収水タンク内の水の温度を一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にするというものである。
【００１２】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
従来の燐酸型燃料電池コージェネシステムでは動作温度が百数十℃以上であるため、タンク内の回収水全体の温度を加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にすることは比較的容易であるが、固体高分子型燃料電池コージェネシステムでは動作温度が数十℃であること、また、排ガスから熱回収する場合や水を回収する場合さらに低い温度に冷やす必要があるため、タンク内の回収水全体の温度を加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にすることは困難であった。
【００１３】
本発明は、殺菌専用の加熱手段を設けることなく、水温を一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にすることにより、外部から侵入したバクテリアなどの微生物や藻が繁殖することを抑制し、これらによって水流路内の閉塞を防ぐことを目的とする。
【００１４】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するために、本発明の燃料電池コージェネレーシステムは、固体高分子型燃料電池と、前記固体高分子型燃料電池を冷却する水が流れる冷却水循環流路と、原料から前記燃料電池に供給する燃料を生成する改質器と、前記冷却水循環流路外に設けられ、前記固体高分子型燃料電池から排出された空気からの凝縮水を貯える貯水タンクと、前記貯水タンクの水を前記冷却水循環流路に送り込む冷却水供給流路と、前記冷却水循環流路から前記貯水タンクに水を戻す前記冷却水排水流路とを具備し、前記貯水タンクの水を前記冷却水供給流路を介して前記冷却水循環流路に供給し、前記冷却水循環流路の水の温度を少なくとも一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度以上にし、前記冷却水排水流路を介して再び前記貯水タンクにもどすことを特徴とする。
【００１６】
また、本発明は冷却水循環流路に設けられ起動時に燃料電池が発電に適した温度まで冷却水を加熱する冷却水加熱手段を具備したものである。
【００１７】
また、本発明の燃料電池コージェネレーシステムは、発電終了後において、前記貯水タンクの水を前記冷却水供給流路を介して前記冷却水循環流路に供給し、前記冷却水循環流路の水の温度を少なくとも一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度以上にし、前記冷却水排水流路を介して再び前記貯水タンクにもどすことを特徴とする。
【００２０】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態について図面を用いて説明する。
【００２１】
（実施の形態１）
図１は、本発明の実施の形態１における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図であり、１は燃料電池、２は改質器、３は改質器２を加熱するための燃焼部、７は凝縮器、８は貯水タンク、９は冷却水タンク、１３ａ、１３ｂはイオン交換樹脂、１５は冷却水循環ポンプ、１６は冷却水補給ポンプ、１７は改質水供給ポンプ、１８は冷却水排水弁、２０は冷却水循環流路、２１は冷却水供給流路、２２は冷却水排水流路、２７は放熱器、３１はレベルセンサ、３２は温度センサである。
【００２２】
この構成の燃料電池コージェネシステムでは、貯水タンク８から冷却水供給流路２１、冷却水タンク９、冷却水循環流路２０、冷却水排水流路２２を経て再び貯水タンク８に戻る加熱流路が形成されている。
【００２３】
以上のように構成された燃料電池コージェネシステムについて、以下、その動作を説明する。
【００２４】
発電の動作は以下の通りである。
【００２５】
改質器２で都市ガスと水を反応させて水素を生成し、水素リッチなガスが燃料電池１に供給される。水素生成には触媒が用いられ、改質器２は触媒活性が最適になるように燃焼部３で都市ガスを燃焼させることにより加熱される。燃料電池１内部で水素と空気中の酸素が反応することにより発電し、それに伴って水が生成される。
【００２６】
また、冷却水循環流路２０に設けられた冷却水タンク９から、冷却水循環ポンプ１５によって水が燃料電池内部を流れ、発電の際に生じた熱を回収する。回収した熱は放熱器２７で放熱され、冷却水温度を下げる。この時、温度センサ３２で冷却水の温度をモニターして燃料電池の温度を一定範囲内に保つ。冷却水タンク９の中の水が減少するとレベルセンサ３１により水位の低下を検知し、冷却水補給ポンプ１６によって、冷却水が補給される。
【００２７】
燃料電池から排出された空気は凝縮器７を通して水を凝縮させて、水は貯水タンク８に入り、空気は装置の外に排出される。水素側の排気は改質器の燃焼部３に入り、都市ガスとともに燃焼させる。
【００２８】
水の殺菌の動作は以下の通りである。
【００２９】
冷却水循環ポンプ１５で燃料電池１に水を循環させて発電し、冷却水補給ポンプ１６で貯水タンク８の水を冷却水タンク９に送り、冷却水排水弁１８を開いて冷却水排水流路２２から冷却水を貯水タンク８に戻す。温度センサ３２で水温をモニターし冷却水の温度を加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上に保っておけば、殺菌された水を貯水タンク８に貯えた状態にすることができる。
【００３０】
なお、本実施例では、発電時に冷却水補給ポンプで水を供給しているが、発電終了後であっても、余熱で加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上に保てれば、同様の効果が得られる。
【００３１】
また、本実施の形態では、冷却水の排水を冷却水排水弁１８を通じて貯水タンク８へ排水しているが、冷却水タンク９からオーバーフローする水を貯水タンク８に戻すことによっても同様の効果が得られる。
【００３２】
以上のように本実施例においては、貯水タンクの水を前記冷却水流路に供給し、燃料電池の発電にともなって発生する熱で加熱することにより冷却水流路の水の温度を少なくとも一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にしながら、再び貯水タンクにもどすことにより、バクテリアなどの微生物や藻が繁殖することを抑制し、これらによって水流路内の閉塞を防ぐことができるものである。
【００３３】
（実施の形態２）
図２は、本発明の実施の形態２における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図であり、１は燃料電池、２は改質器、３は改質器２を加熱するための燃焼部、７は凝縮器、８は貯水タンク、９は冷却水タンク、１０は冷却水加熱手段となるヒータ、１３ａ、１３ｂはイオン交換樹脂、１５は冷却水循環ポンプ、１６は冷却水補給ポンプ、１７は改質水供給ポンプ、１８は冷却水排水弁、２０は冷却水循環流路、２１は冷却水供給流路、２２は冷却水排出流路、２７は放熱器、３１はレベルセンサ、３２は温度センサである。
【００３４】
発電の動作は実施の形態１と同様であるため、ここでの説明は省略し、以下、水の殺菌の動作について説明する。
【００３５】
起動時に燃料電池１内を循環する冷却水を加熱することにより燃料電池１を昇温するためのヒータ１０に通電し、冷却水タンク９内の水温が加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上に保てるように温度センサ３２で冷却水の温度をモニターしながら、冷却水保補給ポンプ１６で貯水タンク８の水を冷却水タンク９へ送る。また、冷却水排水弁１８を開いて、殺菌された水を貯水タンク８へ戻す。
【００３６】
なお、本実施の形態では、冷却水の排水を冷却水排水弁１８を通じて貯水タンク８へ排水しているが、冷却水タンク９からオーバーフローする水を貯水タンク８に戻すことによっても同様の効果が得られる。
【００３７】
また、実施の形態１で説明したような燃料電池の発電時の熱を利用する方法を併用してもよい。
【００３８】
以上のように本実施の形態においては、貯水タンクの水を前記冷却水流路に供給し、起動時に冷却水を加熱する加熱手段で加熱することにより、冷却水流路の水の温度を少なくとも一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にしながら、再び貯水タンクにもどすことにより、バクテリアなどの微生物や藻が繁殖することを抑制し、これらによって水流路内の閉塞を防ぐことができるものである。
【００３９】
（参考の形態１）
図３は、本発明の参考の形態１における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図であり、１は燃料電池、２は改質器、３は改質器２を加熱するための燃焼部、５は改質器２の廃熱を回収する熱交換器、７は凝縮器、８は貯水タンク、９は冷却水タンク、１３ａ、１３ｂはイオン交換樹脂、１５は冷却水循環ポンプ、１６は冷却水補給ポンプ、１７は改質水供給ポンプ、１８は冷却水排水弁、２０は冷却水循環流路、２１は冷却水供給流路、２２は冷却水排出流路、２３は加熱流路、２４は加熱流路送液ポンプ、２６は熱交換器、２７は放熱器、３２ａは温度センサである。
【００４０】
発電の動作は実施の形態１と同様であるため、ここでの説明は省略し、以下、水の殺菌の動作について説明する。
【００４１】
改質器２を運転しているときに、貯水タンク８内の水を加熱流路送液ポンプ２４によって加熱流路２３へ流し、改質器２の燃焼部３からの排ガスの熱を熱交換器５で回収し加熱流路２３内の水を加熱する。温度センサ３２で熱交換器５の出口温度をモニターし、加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上になるように加熱流路送液ポンプ２４の流量を調節する。一旦加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上になり、殺菌された水は加熱流路２３を通る間に冷えながら、貯水タンク８に戻る。
【００４２】
なお、本実施の形態に、実施の形態１、２のいずれかひとつ、または両方の方法を併用してもよい。
【００４３】
以上のように本参考の形態においては、貯水タンク８の水を改質器２の排ガスの熱によって加熱し、水の温度を少なくとも一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にした後、再び貯水タンク８にもどすことにより、バクテリアなどの微生物や藻が繁殖することを抑制し、これらによって水流路内の閉塞を防ぐことができるものである。
【００４４】
（参考の形態２）
図４は、本発明の参考の形態２における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図であり、１は燃料電池、２は改質器、３は改質器２を加熱するための燃焼部、４は貯湯槽、５ａは第１の熱交換器、５ｂは第２の熱交換器、７は凝縮器、８は貯水タンク、９は冷却水タンク、１２ａは第１の貯湯水循環流路、１２ｂは第２の貯湯水循環流路、１３ａ、１３ｂはイオン交換樹脂、１５は冷却水循環ポンプ、１６は冷却水補給ポンプ、１７は改質水供給ポンプ、１８は冷却水排水弁、１９ａは第１の貯湯水循環ポンプ、１９ｂは第２の貯湯水循環ポンプ、２０は冷却水循環流路、２１は冷却水供給流路、２２は冷却水排水流路、２３は加熱流路、２４は加熱流路送液ポンプ、３２ａは温度センサである。
【００４５】
発電の動作は実施の形態１と同様であるが、冷却水循環流路には第１の熱交換器５ａが設けられ、ここで冷却水の熱が、第１の貯湯水循環ポンプ１９ａによって貯湯槽４から第１の貯湯水循環流路１２ａに送り出された水に熱交換され、貯湯槽４に戻り、湯が貯えられる。
【００４６】
固体高分子型燃料電池であっても熱効率が十分高ければ、動作温度が８０℃程度で加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上の湯を貯湯槽に貯えることは可能である。
【００４７】
殺菌の動作は、以下の通りである。
【００４８】
貯湯槽４に貯えられた湯を第２の貯湯水循環ポンプ１９ｂによって第２の貯湯水循環流路１２ｂに流す。一方加熱流路送液ポンプ２４によって貯水タンク８の水が加熱流路２３に流され、第２の熱交換器５ｂで第２の貯湯水循環流路１２ｂを流れる湯によって加熱される。流量を調節しておけば加熱流路２３の水は加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にすることが可能である。
【００４９】
加熱された後水は貯水タンク８に戻る。
【００５０】
なお、本参考の形態では、２個の熱交換器を用いているが図５のように流路切替弁２９ａ、２９ｂによって流路を切り替えることにより、１個の熱交換器５に冷却水と貯水タンクの水のいずれかを流すシステムでも同様の効果が得られる。
【００５１】
また図６のように３つの流路を持つ１個の熱交換器５を用いて構成したシステムでも、同様の効果が得られる。
【００５２】
また、本参考の形態に、実施の形態１、２、及び参考の形態１のいずれかひとつ、または複数の方法を併用してもよい。
【００５３】
以上のように本参考の形態においては、貯水タンク８の水を貯湯槽４に貯えられた湯と熱交換することにより、少なくと一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にした後、再び貯水タンク８にもどすことにより、バクテリアなどの微生物や藻が繁殖することを抑制し、これらによって水流路内の閉塞を防ぐことができるものである。
【００５４】
（参考の形態３）
図７は、本発明の参考の形態３におけるで燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図であり、１は燃料電池、２は改質器、３は改質器２を加熱するための燃焼部、４は貯湯槽、５ａは第１の熱交換器、５ｂは第２の熱交換器、７は凝縮器、８は貯水タンク、９は冷却水タンク、１２ａ、１２ｂは第１および第２の貯湯水循環流路、１３ａ、１３ｂはイオン交換樹脂、１５は冷却水循環ポンプ、１６は冷却水補給ポンプ、１７は改質水供給ポンプ、１８は冷却水排水弁、１９ａ、１９ｂは第１および第２の貯湯水循環ポンプ、２０は冷却水循環流路、２１は冷却水供給流路、２２は冷却水排水流路、２３は加熱流路、２４は加熱流路送液ポンプ、２５は貯湯槽４の貯湯温度を上げる追炊き手段となる追炊きバーナー、２８は給湯切替弁である。
【００５５】
発電の動作は実施の形態１と、貯湯の動作は参考の形態２と同様である。
【００５６】
給湯は、貯湯槽４に貯えた湯が供給されるが、湯の温度が低い場合、供給される前に追炊きバーナー２５で加熱される。
【００５７】
殺菌の動作は、貯湯槽４に貯えられた湯を給湯切替弁２８で流路を切り替え、第２の貯湯水循環ポンプ１９ｂで第２の貯湯水循環流路１２ｂに流し、熱交換器５ｂの出口の水温を温度センサ３２ａでモニターしながら加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上になるように加熱流路送液ポンプ２４によって加熱流路２３に流された貯水タンク８の水と第２の熱交換器５ｂで熱交換することにより殺菌した後、貯水タンク８に戻る。貯湯槽の湯の温度が低い場合は追炊きバーナー２５で加熱した後熱交換器５ｂに湯が送られ、加熱流路２３内の水を加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にする。殺菌された水は貯水タンク８に戻る。
【００５８】
なお、本実施の形態に、実施の形態１、２、及び参考の形態１、２のいずれかひとつ、または複数の方法を併用してもよい。
【００５９】
以上のように本参考の形態においては、貯水タンク８の水を、追炊き手段によって加熱された貯湯槽４に貯えられた湯と熱交換することにより、少なくと一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上にした後、再び貯水タンク８にもどすことにより、バクテリアなどの微生物や藻が繁殖することを抑制し、これらによって水流路内の閉塞を防ぐことができるものである。
【００６０】
【発明の効果】
以上の説明から明らかなように、本発明によれば、専用の加熱手段を設けることなく、少なくとも一時的に貯水タンク内の水を加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度（例えば７０℃）以上に上昇させることにより、藻や菌・カビの繁殖を抑制することができるものである。
【００６１】
さらに、高温の燃料生成部からの排熱を利用することにより、却水流路内の水をより高温に加熱することができ、確実な殺菌を行うことができるものである。
【００６２】
また、貯湯槽に残った湯の熱を利用して効率的に、藻や菌・カビの繁殖を抑制することができるものである。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】本発明の実施の形態１における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図
【図２】本発明の実施の形態２における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図
【図３】本発明の参考の形態１における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図
【図４】本発明の参考の形態２における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図
【図５】本発明の参考の形態２における他の燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図
【図６】本発明の参考の形態２における他の燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図
【図７】本発明の参考の形態３における燃料電池コージェネシステムの構成図[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a fuel cell cogeneration system.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A fuel cell is an electric power generation device that is converted into electric energy through a direct reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, has high power generation efficiency, and emits almost no air pollutants. Since heat is generated during power generation, a cogeneration system can be constructed by collecting this heat. The total energy efficiency is 70 to 80%, which is expected to contribute to the prevention of global warming. .
[0003]
Fuel cells include phosphoric acid type and solid polymer type, but phosphoric acid type has been mainly studied as a fuel cell cogeneration system having a large scale. In recent years, development as a cogeneration system for home use has been promoted, but the fuel cell for this application has a low operating temperature of 60 to 90 ° C. and is a solid polymer type that can be easily turned on and off repeatedly Is used.
[0004]
Heat is commonly used at home by heating the water by exhaust heat and storing it in a hot water storage tank. However, the hot water storage tank is used when the temperature of the stored hot water is low or the amount of hot water is insufficient. By providing an additional cooking burner having a high heating capacity for heating, it is possible not only to supply hot water but also to use heat for a wider range of applications such as heating.
[0005]
A hydrogen-rich gas used as a fuel for a fuel cell is generally obtained by reacting a raw material such as city gas with water. A catalyst is used to generate hydrogen efficiently in the hydrogen generation section that generates hydrogen. However, performance deterioration due to poisoning of this catalyst and adhesion of impurities such as metal ions inside the hydrogen generator are reduced. In order to prevent such troubles, the water supplied to the hydrogen generator must be free from impurities such as catalyst poisons and metal ions.
[0006]
Further, in order to generate power efficiently, it is necessary to keep the fuel cell body at an optimum temperature. Therefore, heating is necessary to shorten the startup time at startup, and cooling is required at power generation. In many cases, water is used as the heat medium, but this water must have low conductivity in order to prevent leakage.
[0007]
For this reason, it is usually necessary to supply water after removing impurities through various filters, reverse osmosis membrane devices, ion exchange resins, and electrodialyzers.
[0008]
As water supply source, water is generated by power generation of the fuel cell, so water can be condensed and recovered by cooling the exhaust gas after power generation, but the recovery amount depends on operating conditions, etc. In case of shortage, it is necessary to introduce from outside such as tap water. It is necessary to store the condensed and recovered water and the water introduced from the outside in a water storage tank once in order to supply them as needed or while controlling the flow rate accurately.
[0009]
However, the condensed and recovered water is almost pure water, and it is in a favorable state for the growth of bacteria, and fungi enter from the introduction of water from the outside and the exhaust port that exhausts the air after collecting the water. As a result, fungi and algae may grow in the water storage tank, which may cause problems such as clogging of piping.
[0010]
Corresponding methods include using an antibacterial metal material such as copper and zinc in the water path (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-22833), using a sterilizer using ultraviolet rays (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-63612), antibacterial filter Provided in the water path (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-63611), water made strongly acidic (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 08-22833), and the water temperature is set to a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) or higher necessary for heat sterilization. A pasteurizer (JP-A-8-138714) has been proposed.
[0011]
Of these, heat-sterilized water-recovery equipment that cools and recovers water from the exhaust gas from the fuel cell when introducing tap water from outside reduces the cooling effect by reducing the flow rate of cooling water from normal operation. Thus, the temperature of the water in the recovered water tank is temporarily made higher than a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) necessary for heat sterilization.
[0012]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In the conventional phosphoric acid fuel cell cogeneration system, the operating temperature is a few hundreds of degrees Celsius or higher. Therefore, the temperature of the entire recovered water in the tank is relatively higher than a predetermined temperature (eg, 70 ° C.) required for heat sterilization. Although it is easy, in the solid polymer fuel cell cogeneration system, the operating temperature is tens of degrees Celsius, and when recovering heat from exhaust gas or when recovering water, it is necessary to cool to a lower temperature. It was difficult to make the temperature of the entire recovered water higher than a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) required for heat sterilization.
[0013]
In the present invention, microorganisms and algae such as bacteria that enter from the outside are propagated by temporarily setting the water temperature to a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) or higher necessary for heat sterilization without providing a heating means dedicated to sterilization. The purpose is to prevent the blockage in the water flow path.
[0014]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-described problems, a fuel cell cogeneration system according to the present invention includes a solid polymer fuel cell, a cooling water circulation channel through which water for cooling the solid polymer fuel cell flows, and the fuel cell from a raw material. A reformer for generating fuel to be supplied to the tank, a water storage tank that is provided outside the cooling water circulation passage and stores condensed water from the air discharged from the polymer electrolyte fuel cell , and water in the water storage tank A cooling water supply channel that feeds into the cooling water circulation channel; and the cooling water drain channel that returns water from the cooling water circulation channel to the water storage tank. Through the cooling water circulation channel, the temperature of the water in the cooling water circulation channel is at least temporarily set to a predetermined temperature necessary for heat sterilization, and the water storage tank is again passed through the cooling water drainage channel. Back It is characterized in.
[0016]
Further, the present invention is provided with a cooling water heating means provided in the cooling water circulation passage to heat the cooling water to a temperature suitable for power generation when the fuel cell is started.
[0017]
Further, the fuel cell cogeneration system of the present invention supplies the water in the water storage tank to the cooling water circulation channel via the cooling water supply channel after the end of power generation, and the temperature of the water in the cooling water circulation channel Is at least temporarily set to a predetermined temperature necessary for heat sterilization, and returned to the water storage tank again through the cooling water drainage channel .
[0020]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0021]
(Embodiment 1)
FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention, in which 1 is a fuel cell, 2 is a reformer, 3 is a combustion section for heating the reformer 2, and 7 is condensation. , 8 is a water storage tank, 9 is a cooling water tank, 13a and 13b are ion exchange resins, 15 is a cooling water circulation pump, 16 is a cooling water supply pump, 17 is a reforming water supply pump, 18 is a cooling water drain valve, 20 Is a cooling water circulation channel, 21 is a cooling water supply channel, 22 is a cooling water drainage channel, 27 is a radiator, 31 is a level sensor, and 32 is a temperature sensor.
[0022]
In the fuel cell cogeneration system having this configuration, a heating flow path is formed that returns from the water storage tank 8 to the water storage tank 8 again through the cooling water supply flow path 21, the cooling water tank 9, the cooling water circulation flow path 20, and the cooling water drainage flow path 22. Has been.
[0023]
The operation of the fuel cell cogeneration system configured as described above will be described below.
[0024]
The operation of power generation is as follows.
[0025]
The reformer 2 reacts the city gas with water to generate hydrogen, and the hydrogen-rich gas is supplied to the fuel cell 1. A catalyst is used for hydrogen generation, and the reformer 2 is heated by burning the city gas in the combustion section 3 so that the catalytic activity becomes optimal. Electricity is generated by the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in the air inside the fuel cell 1, and water is generated accordingly.
[0026]
Further, water flows from the cooling water tank 9 provided in the cooling water circulation passage 20 through the inside of the fuel cell by the cooling water circulation pump 15, and heat generated during power generation is recovered. The recovered heat is radiated by the radiator 27 and the cooling water temperature is lowered. At this time, the temperature of the cooling water is monitored by the temperature sensor 32 to keep the temperature of the fuel cell within a certain range. When the water in the cooling water tank 9 decreases, the level sensor 31 detects a drop in the water level, and the cooling water supply pump 16 supplies the cooling water.
[0027]
The air discharged from the fuel cell condenses water through the condenser 7, the water enters the water storage tank 8, and the air is discharged out of the apparatus. The hydrogen side exhaust gas enters the combustion section 3 of the reformer and is combusted with the city gas.
[0028]
The operation of water sterilization is as follows.
[0029]
The cooling water circulation pump 15 circulates water through the fuel cell 1 to generate electricity, the cooling water replenishment pump 16 sends the water in the water storage tank 8 to the cooling water tank 9, the cooling water drain valve 18 is opened, and the cooling water drain flow path 22. The cooling water is returned to the water storage tank 8. If the water temperature is monitored by the temperature sensor 32 and the temperature of the cooling water is kept at a predetermined temperature (eg, 70 ° C.) or higher necessary for heat sterilization, the sterilized water can be stored in the water storage tank 8. .
[0030]
In this embodiment, water is supplied by a cooling water replenishment pump at the time of power generation, but even after power generation is completed, if it is kept at a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) or higher necessary for heat sterilization with residual heat, Similar effects can be obtained.
[0031]
In this embodiment, the cooling water drainage is drained to the water storage tank 8 through the cooling water drain valve 18, but the same effect can be obtained by returning the water overflowing from the cooling water tank 9 to the water storage tank 8. can get.
[0032]
As described above, in this embodiment, the temperature of the water in the cooling water channel is at least temporarily set by supplying the water in the water storage tank to the cooling water channel and heating it with the heat generated by the power generation of the fuel cell. By returning to the water storage tank again while keeping the temperature higher than a predetermined temperature (eg, 70 ° C.) necessary for heat sterilization, it is possible to suppress the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and algae, thereby preventing blockage in the water flow path. It can be done.
[0033]
(Embodiment 2)
FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention. 1 is a fuel cell, 2 is a reformer, 3 is a combustion section for heating the reformer 2, and 7 is a condensation unit. , 8 is a water storage tank, 9 is a cooling water tank, 10 is a heater serving as cooling water heating means, 13 a and 13 b are ion exchange resins, 15 is a cooling water circulation pump, 16 is a cooling water supply pump, and 17 is a supply of reforming water. A pump, 18 is a cooling water drain valve, 20 is a cooling water circulation channel, 21 is a cooling water supply channel, 22 is a cooling water discharge channel, 27 is a radiator, 31 is a level sensor, and 32 is a temperature sensor.
[0034]
Since the operation of power generation is the same as that of the first embodiment, the description here is omitted, and the operation of water sterilization will be described below.
[0035]
The heater 10 for raising the temperature of the fuel cell 1 is energized by heating the cooling water circulating in the fuel cell 1 at the time of startup, and the water temperature in the cooling water tank 9 is a predetermined temperature (for example, 70) required for heat sterilization. While the temperature of the cooling water is monitored by the temperature sensor 32 so that the temperature can be maintained at a temperature equal to or higher than (° C.), the water in the water storage tank 8 is sent to the cooling water tank 9 by the cooling water maintenance supply pump 16. Further, the cooling water drain valve 18 is opened to return the sterilized water to the water storage tank 8.
[0036]
In this embodiment, the cooling water drainage is drained to the water storage tank 8 through the cooling water drain valve 18, but the same effect can be obtained by returning the water overflowing from the cooling water tank 9 to the water storage tank 8. can get.
[0037]
Further, a method of using heat at the time of power generation of the fuel cell as described in Embodiment 1 may be used in combination.
[0038]
As described above, in the present embodiment, the temperature of the water in the cooling water passage is at least temporarily by supplying the water in the water storage tank to the cooling water passage and heating it with the heating means that heats the cooling water at the time of startup. In order to prevent the microorganisms such as bacteria and algae from propagating by returning them to the water storage tank again while maintaining the temperature higher than the required temperature for heat sterilization (for example, 70 ° C.), this prevents blockage in the water flow path. It is something that can be done.
[0039]
( Reference form 1 )
Figure 3 is a block diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system in accordance with the first reference of the present invention, 1 is a fuel cell, 2 the reformer, 3 a combustion portion for heating the reformer 2, 5 Kai A heat exchanger for recovering waste heat of the mass device 2, 7 a condenser, 8 a water storage tank, 9 a cooling water tank, 13a and 13b ion exchange resin, 15 a cooling water circulation pump, 16 a cooling water supply pump, 17 is a reforming water supply pump, 18 is a cooling water drain valve, 20 is a cooling water circulation passage, 21 is a cooling water supply passage, 22 is a cooling water discharge passage, 23 is a heating passage, and 24 is a heating passage. A liquid pump, 26 is a heat exchanger, 27 is a radiator, and 32a is a temperature sensor.
[0040]
Since the operation of power generation is the same as that of the first embodiment, the description here is omitted, and the operation of water sterilization will be described below.
[0041]
When the reformer 2 is in operation, the water in the water storage tank 8 is caused to flow to the heating channel 23 by the heating channel feed pump 24, and the heat of the exhaust gas from the combustion unit 3 of the reformer 2 is heat exchanged. The water is recovered by the vessel 5 and the water in the heating channel 23 is heated. The temperature of the outlet of the heat exchanger 5 is monitored by the temperature sensor 32, and the flow rate of the heating flow path liquid feed pump 24 is adjusted so that the temperature is higher than a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) necessary for heat sterilization. Once the temperature reaches a predetermined temperature (eg, 70 ° C.) necessary for heat sterilization, the sterilized water returns to the water storage tank 8 while cooling while passing through the heating flow path 23.
[0042]
In this embodiment, any one of Embodiments 1 and 2 or both methods may be used in combination.
[0043]
Or in the form of this reference is as the water in the water storage tank 8 is heated by the heat of exhaust gas of the reformer 2, the temperature of the water at least temporarily a predetermined temperature required for heat sterilization (e.g., 70 ° C.) After the above, by returning to the water storage tank 8 again, it is possible to suppress the propagation of microorganisms such as bacteria and algae, thereby preventing blockage in the water flow path.
[0044]
( Reference form 2 )
FIG. 4 is a configuration diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system according to Reference Embodiment 2 of the present invention, in which 1 is a fuel cell, 2 is a reformer, 3 is a combustion section for heating the reformer 2, and 4 is hot water storage. The tank, 5a is a first heat exchanger, 5b is a second heat exchanger, 7 is a condenser, 8 is a water storage tank, 9 is a cooling water tank, 12a is a first hot water storage water circulation channel, and 12b is a second heat exchanger. Hot water storage circulation path, 13a and 13b are ion exchange resins, 15 is a cooling water circulation pump, 16 is a cooling water supply pump, 17 is a reforming water supply pump, 18 is a cooling water drain valve, and 19a is a first hot water circulating pump. , 19b is a second hot-water storage water circulation pump, 20 is a cooling water circulation channel, 21 is a cooling water supply channel, 22 is a cooling water drainage channel, 23 is a heating channel, 24 is a heating channel feed pump, and 32a is It is a temperature sensor.
[0045]
The operation of power generation is the same as that of the first embodiment, but the first heat exchanger 5a is provided in the cooling water circulation channel, and the heat of the cooling water is heated by the first hot water circulation pump 19a. Then, heat is exchanged with the water sent out to the first hot water storage water circulation passage 12a, and the water is returned to the hot water tank 4 to store hot water.
[0046]
Even in the case of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, if the thermal efficiency is sufficiently high, it is possible to store hot water at an operating temperature of about 80 ° C. or more at a predetermined temperature (eg, 70 ° C.) required for heat sterilization in a hot water storage tank.
[0047]
The sterilization operation is as follows.
[0048]
Hot water stored in the hot water storage tank 4 is caused to flow to the second hot water storage water circulation channel 12b by the second hot water storage water circulation pump 19b. On the other hand, the water in the water storage tank 8 is caused to flow into the heating flow path 23 by the heating flow path feed pump 24, and is heated by the hot water flowing through the second hot water storage water circulation path 12b in the second heat exchanger 5b. If the flow rate is adjusted, the water in the heating channel 23 can be set to a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) or higher necessary for heat sterilization.
[0049]
After being heated, the water returns to the water storage tank 8.
[0050]
In this reference embodiment, although using two heat exchangers flow path switching valve 29a as shown in FIG. 5, by switching the flow path by 29 b, and the cooling water to one of the heat exchanger 5 A similar effect can be obtained with a system that flows any of the water in the water storage tank.
[0051]
Further, the same effect can be obtained even in a system configured using one heat exchanger 5 having three flow paths as shown in FIG.
[0052]
In addition, any one or a plurality of methods according to Embodiments 1 and 2 and Reference Embodiment 1 may be used in combination with this reference embodiment.
[0053]
Or in the form of this reference is as, water by hot heat exchange stored in the hot water storage tank 4 the water tank 8, least temporarily given temperature necessary for the heat sterilization (e.g., 70 ° C.) After the above, by returning to the water storage tank 8 again, it is possible to suppress the propagation of microorganisms such as bacteria and algae, thereby preventing blockage in the water flow path.
[0054]
( Reference form 3 )
FIG. 7 is a configuration diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system according to Reference Embodiment 3 of the present invention, where 1 is a fuel cell, 2 is a reformer, 3 is a combustion unit for heating the reformer 2, and 4 is Hot water storage tank, 5a is a first heat exchanger, 5b is a second heat exchanger, 7 is a condenser, 8 is a water storage tank, 9 is a cooling water tank, and 12a and 12b are first and second hot water circulation flows. 13, 13 b is an ion exchange resin, 15 is a cooling water circulation pump, 16 is a cooling water supply pump, 17 is a reforming water supply pump, 18 is a cooling water drain valve, 19 a, 19 b are first and second hot water circulation. Pump, 20 is a cooling water circulation flow path, 21 is a cooling water supply flow path, 22 is a cooling water drain flow path, 23 is a heating flow path, 24 is a heating flow path liquid feed pump, and 25 is a hot water storage temperature of the hot water tank 4. An additional cooking burner 28 serving as additional cooking means is a hot water supply switching valve.
[0055]
The operation of power generation is the same as that of Embodiment 1, and the operation of hot water storage is the same as that of Reference Embodiment 2 .
[0056]
For hot water supply, hot water stored in the hot water storage tank 4 is supplied. When the temperature of the hot water is low, the hot water is heated by the additional cooking burner 25 before being supplied.
[0057]
The sterilization operation is performed by switching the flow of hot water stored in the hot water storage tank 4 with the hot water supply switching valve 28, flowing the hot water stored in the hot water storage tank 4 into the second hot water storage water circulation channel 12b with the second hot water storage water circulation pump 19b, and at the outlet of the heat exchanger 5b. While the water temperature is monitored by the temperature sensor 32a, the water in the water storage tank 8 and the first water flowed to the heating passage 23 by the heating passage liquid feed pump 24 so as to be higher than a predetermined temperature (eg, 70 ° C.) necessary for the heat sterilization. After sterilization by exchanging heat with the second heat exchanger 5b, the water tank 8 is returned to. When the temperature of the hot water in the hot water storage tank is low, the hot water is sent to the heat exchanger 5b after being heated by the additional cooking burner 25, and the water in the heating channel 23 is heated to a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) or higher necessary for heat sterilization. To. The sterilized water returns to the water storage tank 8.
[0058]
In this embodiment, any one of Embodiments 1 and 2, and Reference Embodiments 1 and 2 , or a plurality of methods may be used in combination.
[0059]
In the embodiment of the present reference above, the required water of the water storage tank 8, by exchanging the hot water heat stored in the hot water storage tank 4 is heated by additionally cooking means, temporarily heat sterilization and less After raising the temperature to a predetermined temperature (for example, 70 ° C.) or higher, returning to the water storage tank 8 again can suppress the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and algae, thereby preventing clogging in the water channel. is there.
[0060]
【Effect of the invention】
As is apparent from the above description, according to the present invention, the water in the water storage tank is raised at least temporarily above a predetermined temperature (eg, 70 ° C.) necessary for heat sterilization without providing a dedicated heating means. By doing so, it is possible to suppress the growth of algae, fungi and mold.
[0061]
Furthermore, by utilizing the exhaust heat from the high-temperature fuel generation unit, the water in the reject water flow path can be heated to a higher temperature, and reliable sterilization can be performed.
[0062]
In addition, it is possible to efficiently suppress the growth of algae, fungi, and fungi using the heat of hot water remaining in the hot water tank.
[Brief description of the drawings]
In Figure 1 Reference of the present first configuration diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system according to a second embodiment of the block diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system [2] The present invention according to the first embodiment of the invention the present invention; FIG block diagram of another fuel cell cogeneration system according to a second reference structure diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system [5] the present invention in reference to embodiment 2 of the block diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system [4] the present invention Figure 6 a configuration diagram of a fuel cell cogeneration system according to a third reference configuration diagram of another fuel cell cogeneration system [7] the present invention in reference to embodiment 2 of the present invention

Claims (3)

固体高分子型燃料電池と、前記固体高分子型燃料電池を冷却する水が流れる冷却水循環流路と、原料から前記燃料電池に供給する燃料を生成する改質器と、前記冷却水循環流路外に設けられ、前記固体高分子型燃料電池から排出された空気からの凝縮水を貯える貯水タンクと、前記貯水タンクの水を前記冷却水循環流路に送り込む冷却水供給流路と、前記冷却水循環流路から前記貯水タンクに水を戻す冷却水排水流路とを具備し、前記貯水タンクの水を前記冷却水供給流路を介して前記冷却水循環流路に供給し、前記冷却水循環流路の水の温度を少なくとも一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度以上にし、前記冷却水排水流路を介して再び前記貯水タンクにもどすことを特徴とする燃料電池コージェネシステム。A polymer electrolyte fuel cell; a cooling water circulation channel through which water for cooling the polymer electrolyte fuel cell flows; a reformer that generates fuel to be supplied from a raw material to the fuel cell; and the outside of the cooling water circulation channel A storage tank for storing condensed water from the air discharged from the polymer electrolyte fuel cell , a cooling water supply passage for feeding water from the storage tank to the cooling water circulation passage, and the cooling water circulation flow A cooling water drainage channel for returning water from the channel to the water storage tank, supplying water from the water storage tank to the cooling water circulation channel via the cooling water supply channel, and water in the cooling water circulation channel The fuel cell cogeneration system is characterized in that the temperature is at least temporarily set to a predetermined temperature required for heat sterilization and returned to the water storage tank through the cooling water drainage channel. 前記冷却水循環流路に設けられ起動時に燃料電池が発電に適した温度まで冷却水を加熱する冷却水加熱手段を具備したことを特徴とする請求項１記載の燃料電池コージェネシステム。Claim 1 Symbol mounting the fuel cell cogeneration system, characterized by comprising a cooling water heating means for heating the cooling water to a temperature fuel cell at startup is provided suitable for power generation in the cooling water circulation passage. 発電終了後において、前記貯水タンクの水を前記冷却水供給流路を介して前記冷却水循環流路に供給し、前記冷却水循環流路の水の温度を少なくとも一時的に加熱殺菌に必要な所定の温度以上にし、前記冷却水排水流路を介して再び前記貯水タンクにもどすことを特徴とする請求項１記載の燃料電池コージェネシステム。 After the end of power generation, the water in the water storage tank is supplied to the cooling water circulation channel through the cooling water supply channel, and the temperature of the water in the cooling water circulation channel is at least temporarily required for predetermined heat sterilization. the above temperature, claim 1 Symbol mounting the fuel cell cogeneration system and returning to the water storage tank again through the cooling water discharge passage.
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