JP4691736B2 - 冷凍システムの最適化方法と装置 - Google Patents
冷凍システムの最適化方法と装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4691736B2 JP4691736B2 JP2005511749A JP2005511749A JP4691736B2 JP 4691736 B2 JP4691736 B2 JP 4691736B2 JP 2005511749 A JP2005511749 A JP 2005511749A JP 2005511749 A JP2005511749 A JP 2005511749A JP 4691736 B2 JP4691736 B2 JP 4691736B2
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B43/00—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat
- F25B43/02—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat for separating lubricants from the refrigerant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
- F25B39/02—Evaporators
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
- F25B25/005—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 using primary and secondary systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/19—Calculation of parameters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/02—Compressor control
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/05—Refrigerant levels
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/25—Control of valves
- F25B2600/2515—Flow valves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/03—Oil level
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/15—Power, e.g. by voltage or current
- F25B2700/151—Power, e.g. by voltage or current of the compressor motor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/19—Pressures
- F25B2700/195—Pressures of the condenser
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/19—Pressures
- F25B2700/197—Pressures of the evaporator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2116—Temperatures of a condenser
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
- F25B2700/21171—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator
- F25B2700/21172—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator at the inlet
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
- F25B2700/21171—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator
- F25B2700/21173—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator at the outlet
Description
Comparison of 150 and 300 SUS Oil Effects on Refrigerant Evaporation and
Condensation in a Smooth Tube and Micro-fin Tube”,ASHRAE
Trans.1989,95(1):387-97;Thome,J.R.,”Comprehensive Thermodynamic Approach to
Modelling Refrigerant-Lubricating Oil Mixtures”,Intl.J.HVAC&R
Research(ASHRAE)1995,110-126;Poz,M.Y.,”Heat Exchanger Analysis for
Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures”,ASHRAE Trans.1994,100(1)727-735(Paper
No.95-5-1)を参照のこと。
Characteristics of a Helical Rotary Screw Air-Cooled Chiller Operating Over a
Range of Refrigerant Charge Conditions”,ASHRAE Trans.1998 104(2)。それゆえ、冷却装置の「サイズ」(例えば、冷却能力)を正しく選択することによって効率は高められる。一般的に、冷却能力は、予想最大設計負荷によって判断され、したがって、所与の設計負荷のために、一般的な設計において冷媒のチャージ量が決定される。それゆえ、改善されたシステム効率を達成するために、全てのサブシステムの運転中の高い全体システム負荷能力を認めた上で、一つまたはそれ以上の複数のサブシステムが、各システムの効率設計に余裕をもたせながら、負荷に応じて選択的に作動されるという、補充調節の技法が使用される。Trane”Engineer‘s Newsletter” December
1996,25(5):1-5を参照のこと。その他の知られた技法は、圧縮機の回転速度を変更しようと努める。本明細書に特に引例として記載する、U.S. Patent No.5,651,264を参照のこと。電子的なモータ制御を用いて圧縮機の速度を制御し、または、圧縮機内への冷媒の流れを制限することによってシステム能力を制御することも可能である。
及び
5,749,245 を含めて、冷媒を分離するための多くの知られた方法と装置がある。その他、本明細書に特に引例として記載する、U.S.5,032,148;5,044,166;5,167,126;5,176,008;5,189,889;5,195,333;5,205,843;5,222,369;5,226,300;5,231,980;5,243,831;5,245,840;5,263,331;5,272,882;5,277,032;5,313,808;5,327,735;5,347,822;5,353,603;5,359,859;5,363,662;5,371,019;5,379,607;5,390,503;5,442,930;5,456,841;5,470,442;5,497,627;5,502,974;5,514,595;及び 5,934,091 を含め、多くの知られた冷媒リカバリーシステムがある。また、本明細書に特に引例として記載する、U.S.5,371,019;5,469,714;及び5,514,5951に示されたように、冷媒特性分析システムも知られている。
60/431, 901、及び2002年12月19日にファイルされた60/434, 847からの優先権の利益を主張する。
Mellichamp, Process Dynamics and Control, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989)
and A. B. Corripio, Tuning of Industrial Control Systems, Instrument Society of
America, Research Triangle Park, N. C. (1990).に記述されている。
Tuning of PID Controllers, Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle
Park, N. C. (1988).に記述されている。自動調節コントローラは、固定期間の外部事象に基くか、または要求されたシステムパフォーマンスからの計算された偏差に基づくかして、オペレータであり得、或いは自己開始され得る。
Adaptive Control: Theory and Applications, PeterPeregrinus LTD (1981).を参照のこと。モデル参照適応制御(MRAC)、自己調節制御、及びパターン認識適応制御(PRAC)の三つの主要な適応制御に対する提案がある。最初の二つの提案であるMRACと自己調節制御は、一般的に完全に複合体であるシステムモデルに基づいている。そのモデルの複雑さは、異常または普通でない運転状態を予想する必要性によって必要とされる。特に、MRACは、指令信号に対するシステムの応答が、参照モデルの応答に従うまで、制御パラメータを調整することを含む。自己調節制御は、ライン上のプロセスモデルのパラメータを判断し、そして、プロセスモデルのパラメータに基いて制御パラメータを調整することを含む。MRAC及び自己調節を実行するための方法は、K. J. Astrom and B. Wittenmark, Adaptive
Control, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company (1989)に記述されている。産業冷却装置では、そのシステムの適切なモデルは、一般的にその制御を実行するのに有効でなく、したがって、自己調節制御は、伝統的なMRACよりも好ましい。他方、満足なモデルは、上述したように、システム効率と能力を推定するのに有効であろう。
"Self-Tuning PID Controller uses Pattern Recognition Approach, "Control
Engineering, pp. 106- 111, June 1984, E. H. Bristol and T. W. Kraus, "Life
with Pattern Adaptation,"Proceedings 1984 American Control Conference, pp.
888-892, San Diego, Calif. (1984), and K. J. Astrom and T. Hagglund, Automatic
Tuning of PID Controllers, Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle
Park, N. C. (1988).に記述されている。また、本明細書に特に引例として記載する、U.S.Pat.No.Re.33,267 も参照のこと。EXACT方法、及びこれに類する他の適応制御方法は、通常の運転下で制御パラメータを調整するためにオペレータの介入を要求しない。通常運転が始まる前、EXACTは、慎重に管理された起動と試験期間を要求する。この期間、エンジニアは、コントローラゲイン、積分時間、及び微分時間のための最適な初期値を決定する。そのエンジニアはまた、予想ノイズバンドと、プロセスの最大待機時間を決定する。そのノイズバンドは、フィードバック信号上のノイズの予想振幅の代表値である。その最大待機時間は、EXACTアルゴリズムがフィードバック信号内の最初のピークを検出した後、二番目のピークを持つ最大時間である。さらに、EXACTベースコントローラは、通常使用に置かれる前に、オペレータはまた、最大減衰係数、最大オーバーシュート、パラメータ変化リミット、微分要素、及びステップサイズのような他のパラメータを指定し得る。実際、熟練オペレータによるこれらのパラメータの準備は、概して産業冷却装置のどんな制御にとっても設備プロセスにおいて適当であり、したがって、このような最初の運転ポイントの手動定義は、事前の仮定なしに開始する技法よりも好ましい。運転スペースの案内のない探索は、効率が悪く、危険であるからである。
Using a Pattern Recognition Approach, "Johnson Controls, Inc. , Research
Brief 228 (Jun. 13,1986).に記載されている。Rohrerコントローラは、フィードバック信号の傾斜により決定される減衰係数に基いて最適な制御パラメータを計算し、そして、通常の運転開始前に、例えば、比例バンド、積分時間、デッドバンド、調節ノイズバンド、調節変化要素、入力フィルタ、及び出力フィルタのための初期値のような様々な初期値を入力することをエンジニアに要求する。このシステムは、このように一時的な制御パラメータを重要視する。
Tuning of PID Controllers, Instrument Society of American, Research Triangle
Park, N. C. , 1988, and Seborg, D. E. T. , T. F. Edgar, and D. A. Mellichamp,
Process Dynamics and Control, John Wiley & sons, 1989.に記述されている。いくつかの方法は、コントローラ出力のステップ変化に対する開ループの過渡応答に基いており、そして、他の方法は、フィードバック制御のいくつかの形式下での周波数応答に基いている。開ループステップ応答方法は、外乱を取り込むことに敏感であり、そして、周波数応答方法は、長い時定数と共にシステムを調節するために多くの時間を要求する。Ziegler-Nicholの過渡応答方法は、コントローラ出力のステップ変化に対する応答を特徴づけるが、この方法の実施はノイズに敏感である。Nishikawa, Yoshikazu, Nobuo Sannomiya,
Tokuji Ohta, and Haruki Tanaka, "A Method for Autotuning of PID Control
Parameters, "Automatica, Volume 20, No. 3,1984.も参照のこ。
Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC (1990) pp.65-81.
C.J.Harris
& S.A.Billings,"Self-Tuning and Adaptive Control: Theory and
Applications", Peter Peregrinus LTD (1981) pp. 20-33.
C.Rohrer
&Clay Nesler,"Self-Tuning Using a Pattern Recognition Approach",
Johnson Controls, Inc. , Research Brief 228 (Jun. 13,1986).
D.E.Seborg,
T.F.Edgar, & D. A. Mellichamp, "Process Dynamics and Control",
John Wiley & Sons, NY (1989) pp. 294-307,538-541.
E.H.Bristol
& T. W. Kraus, "Life with Pattern Adaptation", Proceedings 1984
American Control Conference, pp. 888-892, San Diego, CA (1984).
Francis
Schied,"Shaum's Outline Series-Theory & Problems of Numerical
Analysis",McGraw-Hill Book Co. , NY (1968) pp. 236,237, 243,244, 261.
K.
J. Astrom and B.Wittenmark,"Adaptive Control",Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company (1989) pp.105-215.
K.J.Astrom,
T. Hagglund,"Automatic Tuning of PID Controllers", Instrument Society
of America, Research Triangle Park, NC (1988) pp. 105-132.
R.W.Haines,"HVAC
Systems Design Handbook", TAB Professional and Reference Books, Blue Ridge
Summit, PA (1988) pp. 170-177.
S.M.Pandit
& S.M.Wu, "Timer Series & System Analysis with Applications",
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , NY (1983) pp. 200-205.
T.W.Kraus
7 T.J.Myron,"Self-Tuning PID Controller Uses Pattern Recognition
Approach", Control Engineering, pp. 106-111, Jun. 1984.
G
F Page, J B Gomm & D Williams:"Application of Neural Networks to
Modelling and Control", Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.
Gene
F Franklin, J David Powell & Abbas Emami-Naeini:"Feedback Control of
Dynamic Systems",Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading, 1994.
George
E P Box & Gwilym M Jenkins : "Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and
Control", Holden Day, San Francisco, 1976.
Sheldon
G Lloyd & Gerald D Anderson:"Industrial Process Control", Fisher
ControlsCo. , Marshalltown, 1971.
Kortegaard,
B. L. ,"PAC-MAN, a Precision Alignment Control System for Multiple Laser
Beams Self-Adaptive Through the Use of Noise", Los Alamos National
Laboratory, date unknown.
Kortegaard,
B.L.,"Superfine Laser Position Control Using Statistically Enhanced
Resolution in Real Time", Los Alamos National Laboratory, SPIE-Los Angeles
Technical Symposium, Jan. 23-25,1985.
Donald
Specht, IEEE Transactions on NeuralNetworks,"A General Regression Neural
Network", Nov. 1991, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 568-576.
も参照のこと。
control, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall (1994); Fu-Chuang Chen,
"Back-Propagation Neural Networks for Nonlinear Self-Tuning Adaptive
Control", 1990 IEEE Control System Magazine.を参照のこと。
,"Adaptive fuzzy logiccontrol,"IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy
Systems, San Diego, Calif. (Mar. 1992);Layne, J. , Passino, K. and Yurkovich,
S. , "Fuzzy learning control for antiskid braking systems," IEEE
Transactions on Control Systems Technology 1 (2), pp. 122-129 (1993)を参照のこと。
Performance Characteristics of a Helical Rotary Screw Air-Cooled Chiller
Operating Over a Range of Refrigerant Charge Conditions", ASHRAE Trans.
1998 104 (2).で使用されたモデルと同様な非線形ニューラルネットワークモデルの方を重要視する。この場合、そのモデルは、一つの入力レイヤ、二つの隠れレイヤ、及び一つの出力レイヤを有する。その出力レイヤは、一般的に各被制御変数のための一つのノードを有するが、入力レイヤは各信号のための一つのノードを含んでいる。Baileyニューラルネットワークは、第一の隠れレイヤに五つのノードを含み、第二の隠れレイヤに各出力ノードのための二つのノードを含んでいる。好ましくは、センサデータは、ニューラルネットワークモデルへの入力に先立って処理される。例えば、センサ出力、データ標準化、統計的処理などの線形処理が、ノイズを減らすために、適切なデータセットを与えるために、或いは、ニューラルネットワークの位相的または計算の複雑さを減らすために、実行される。また、誤った検出も、ニューラルネットワークの更なる要素(或いは、分離したニューラルネットワーク)を手段とするか、或いは、他の手段によるセンサデータの分析によって、システム内で統合される。
6,492, 905; 6,463, 371; 6,446, 055; 6,418, 356; 6,415, 272; 6,411, 944; 6,408,
227; 6,405, 548; 6,405, 122; 6,397, 113; 6,349, 293; 6,336, 050; 6,324, 529;
6,314, 412; 6,304, 862; 6,301, 910; 6,300, 872; 6,278, 986; 6,278, 962; 6,272, 479;
6,260, 362; 6,250, 560; 6,246, 972; 6,230, 497; 6,216, 083; 6,212, 466; 6,186, 397;
6,181, 984; 6,151, 548; 6,110, 214; 6,064, 996; 6,055, 820; 6,032, 139; 6,021, 369;
5,963, 929; 5,921, 099; 5,946, 673; 5,912, 821; 5,877, 954; 5,848, 402; 5,778, 688;
5,775, 124; 5,774, 761; 5,745, 361; 5,729, 623; 5,727, 130; 5,727, 127; 5,649, 065;
5,581, 657; 5,524, 175; 5,511, 158;を参照のこと。
図1、図2に示されるように、シェル式熱交換器1内の一般的なチューブは、一般的に円筒形状のシェル3を通って延びる一組の平行チューブ2から構成されている。そのチューブ2は、チューブプレート4と共に保持されており、それぞれのチューブプレート4は、チューブ2のそれぞれの端部5に設けられている。チューブプレート4は、チューブ7の内側と連通する第一空間6を、チューブ2の外側と連通する第二空間8から区別している。一般的に、ドーム状の分流器9は、経路10からの第一媒体の流れをチューブ2を通して分配し、それから経路11に戻すために、シェル3のそれぞれの端部にチューブシート4を越えて設けられている。揮発性の冷媒の場合、このシステムのそれぞれの端部における流量及び流速が異なるように、そのシステムは対称的である必要はない。熱交換チューブ内の最適な分流パターンを確保するための任意の邪魔板、またはその他の手段は図示されていない。
図7Aは、本発明による制御システムの第一の具体例のブロック図を示す。このシステムにおいて、冷媒チャージは適応制御部200を用いて制御される。この適応制御部200は、センサ入力201のためのデータ処理システムを通して、凝縮器及び蒸発器に出入りする水の温度、凝縮器及び蒸発器に出入りする水の流速と圧力、圧縮機の回転速度、吸込み及び排出の圧力と温度、そして環境の圧力と温度を含む熱力学的パラメータだけでなく、レベルトランスミッタ(例えば、Henry Valve Co.,Melrose Park ILLCA series
Liquid Level Column with E-9400 series Liquid Level Switches,digital output,or
K-Tek Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter AT200 or AT600,analog output)からの冷媒蓄積レベル216、及び選択的にシステムの電力消費(キロワット時)を、受け入れる制御部を備えている。これらの変数は、ニューラルネットワーク203の技術に基づいたシステムの非線形モデルを使用する適応制御部200に供給される。これらの変数は、先のデータセットに基いて一時的なパラメータを表すためだけではなく、入力セットから生成された一組の変数を作成するためにも予備的に処理される。ニューラルネットワーク203は、入力データセットを、例えば30秒毎に定期的に評価し、制御シグナル出力209またはシグナルセットを作成する。計画された制御が実行された後、実際の応答は、適応制御更新サブシステム204によるニューラルネットワーク203により確定された内部モデルに基づいて予測された応答と比較され、そして、そのニューラルネットワークは、「エラー」を反映し、或いは考慮に入れるために更新205される。ニューラルネットワークと一体化され、または分離されている診断部205からのシステムの別の出力206は、センサ群及びネットワーク自体、または制御されているプラントのどちらかに、適当なエラーを示す。
図7Bに示されるように、制御システムの第二の具体例は、フィードフォワード最適化制御戦略を使用する。図7Bは、コンピュータベースのフィードフォワード最適化制御システムのシグナルフローブロック図を示す。プロセス変数220は、計測され、信頼性がチェックされ、フィルタ処理され、平均化され、そして、コンピュータデータベース222に記憶される。規制システム223は、プロセス変数220を、命令され、要求された値に維持するフロントライン制御として設けられている。その調整された計測変数のセットは、規制システム223内で、オペレータ224A及び最適化ルーチン224Bからの要求された設定値と比較される。検出されたエラーはその後、プロセス221内の最終制御要素へ出力225として発信される制御動作を作成するために使用される。規制システム223のための設定値は、オペレータ入力224Aか、或いは最適化ルーチン224Bの出力に由来する。ここで留意すべきは、最適化装置226は、その最適な設定値の状態224Bに至る中で、モデル227上で直接的に作動するということである。また、そのモデル227は、最適化装置227による使用の直前に、特別ルーチン228の手段により更新されることにも留意すべきである。フィードバック更新機能は、軽微な計測エラーにかかわらず、適切な数学的なプロセス記述を確実なものとし、その上、モデル227内に受け入れた条件の簡素化に起因する不一致を補正する。この場合には、被制御変数は、例えば圧縮機の速度だけか、或いはそれに加えて冷媒のチャージレベルであり得る。
図7Cに示されるように、冷媒のチャージレベル231、圧縮機の速度232、および蒸発器内の冷媒のオイル蓄積233を制御する制御システム230が提供される。そのシステムの単一の複合モデルを設ける代わりに、いくつかの簡略化された関連性が、データベース234内に与えられており、このデータベース234は、システムの作業スペースをセンサ入力に基づいていくつかの領域または面に区分する。入力235の変動に対する制御システム230の感度は、エネルギー効率を最適化するために、運転中の制御によって適応的に判断される。
2 チューブ
3 シェル
4 チューブプレート
5 端部
6 第一空間
8 第二空間
9 分流器
10 経路
11 経路
100 圧縮機
101 電力計
102、109 遮断バルブ
103 蒸発器
104 流路
105 部分蒸留装置
106 経路
107 凝縮器
108 経路
110 矢印
112 入口
116 蒸留チャンバー
118 液レベル
120 冷媒液
121 汚水ドレン
122 コイル
123 バルブ
124 熱電対
126 温度調節ユニット
128 温度調節バルブ
130 バイパス経路
134 経路
136 圧縮機
138 出力
140、142、144、150 矢印
146 圧縮機
150 出口
152 入力流路
155 温度ゲージ
157 データ収集システム
158 出力
159 オイルセンサ
160 下限値
161 上限値
162 ライン
200 適応制御部
201 センサ入力
203 ニューラルネットワーク
204 適応制御更新サブシステム
205 更新
205 診断部
206 出力
209 制御シグナル出力
210 バルブ
211 蒸発器
212 貯留容器
214 圧縮機
215 バルブ
216 冷媒蓄積レベル
220 プロセス変数
221 プロセス
222 コンピュータデータベース
223 規制システム
224A オペレータ入力
225 出力
226 最適化装置
227 最適化装置
228 特別ルーチン
230 制御部
231、232、233 出力
234 データベース
235 入力
236 診断出力
Claims (4)
- 冷媒を圧縮する圧縮機と、
冷媒を液体に凝縮する凝縮器と、
前記凝縮器からの液状冷媒をガス状に蒸発させる蒸発器と、
内部制御ループと外部制御ループを有し、
該内部制御ループは、圧縮機の運転、凝縮器と蒸発器との間に設置された膨張バルブ、及び冷媒アキュムレータから蒸発器への冷媒の供給率のうちの少なくとも一つを制御し、蒸発器内の冷媒レベルを設定レベルに維持するように構成され、
該外部制御ループは、冷凍システムの冷凍要求、蒸発器の冷媒レベル、及び蒸発器の冷媒のオイル蓄積における冷凍システムの運転中の蒸発器のパフォーマンスの計測結果によって取得され、コンピュータデータベースに格納された最適化パラメータに基づき、該内部制御ループに信号を入力して、蒸発器内の冷媒の設定レベルを最適レベルへと変化するように構成され、
該内部制御ループに入力された信号は、少なくとも蒸発器内の冷媒のオイル蓄積の効果によって、蒸発器のパフォーマンスが最適化されるように、蒸発器内の冷媒レベルを制御するように定められるコントローラと、
から成る冷凍システム。 - 前記コントローラが遺伝的アルゴリズムにより前記最適化パラメータを導く請求項1に記載の冷凍システム。
- 液状冷媒の予備を備えるアキュムレータを更に含む、請求項1又は2に記載の冷凍システム。
- 前記アキュムレータ内の液状冷媒の予備のレベルの変化が前記外部制御ループによって制御される請求項1〜3に記載の冷凍システム。
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