JP4632954B2 - 時効延性及びクリープ破断強度に優れた水素製造反応管用耐熱鋳鋼 - Google Patents
時効延性及びクリープ破断強度に優れた水素製造反応管用耐熱鋳鋼 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4632954B2 JP4632954B2 JP2005514813A JP2005514813A JP4632954B2 JP 4632954 B2 JP4632954 B2 JP 4632954B2 JP 2005514813 A JP2005514813 A JP 2005514813A JP 2005514813 A JP2005514813 A JP 2005514813A JP 4632954 B2 JP4632954 B2 JP 4632954B2
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- hydrogen production
- heat
- cast steel
- resistant cast
- creep rupture
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 41
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 41
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 41
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 37
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 title claims description 34
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 29
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 21
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006057 reforming reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 4
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009750 centrifugal casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- QKCQJEFEQXXXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;methane Chemical compound C.C.[Cr].[Cr].[Cr] QKCQJEFEQXXXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910011212 Ti—Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000161 steel melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/06—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium
- C22C37/08—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium with nickel
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Description
P=89.3−78.4C+0.1Si−5.7Mn−1.7Cr
+0.01Ni+2Nb+5.3Ti−36.5N−50.8Ce …[1]
で表されるパラメータ値Pが20〜45であることを特徴としている。なお、式[1]中の各元素記号は、当該元素の含有量(%)を表わす。
(1)B:0.001〜0.05%、Zr:0.01〜0.5%、La:0.001〜0.15%から選ばれる1種ないし2種以上、
(2)Al:0.01〜0.3%、
(3)B:0.001〜0.05%、Zr:0.01〜0.5%、La:0.001〜0.15%から選ばれる1種ないし2種以上及びAl:0.01〜0.3%。
また本発明の耐熱鋳鋼は、所望により、C:0.1〜0.3%に制限され、更にCr及びNiについては、Cr:15〜20%、Ni:8〜18%の範囲に調整された組成が与えられる。
Cは、溶鋼の鋳造凝固時にNbと結合して結晶粒界にNbCを晶出し、また反応管の高温使用時にオーステナイト相のマトリックスに固溶したCがCrと結合して微細なCr炭化物(Cr23C6)を析出生成する。これらの析出強化作用としてクリープ破断強度が高められる。石油精製プラントの大型装置に組込まれる改質器反応管として1000℃までの使用環境に耐え得るクリープ破断強度を得るためのC量は0.1%以上であることを要する。増量によりクリープ破断強度は高められるが、0.5%を超えると、長期の高温使用過程で析出する二次炭化物(Cr23C6)の蓄積増加による延性の低下に伴い、疲労特性が損なわれることになる。このため、C量は0.5%以下に制限することを要する。燃料電池用水素製造装置等のように負荷変動が繰り返されるオンサイト型装置の反応管材料として、疲労特性をより高いレベルに維持することが要求される用途に対しては、0.1〜0.3%の範囲に制限することが望ましい。
Siは、溶鋼の脱酸及び鋳造時の溶鋼流動性の付与のために添加される元素である。この効果を得るための含有量は2.5%までで十分であり、これを超えると、時効延性の低下のほか、水素製造装置を構成する改質器の配管施工に必要な溶接性の低下をきたす。好ましくは、0.3〜1.0%である。
Mnは、溶鋼の脱酸および溶鋼中のSの固定(MnSの形成)により、改質器の配管施工に必要な溶接性を高めるほか、延性の改善に寄与する元素である。この効果は、含有量が2.5%を超えるとほぼ飽和するので、これを上限とする。好ましくは、0.4〜1%である。
Crは高温強度及び耐酸化性の確保に必要な元素である。石油精製プラントの大型水素製造装置の反応管に要求される1000℃までの高温使用環境に耐え得るクリープ破断強度を確保するには、少なくとも15%のCrの含有を要する。高温強度及び耐酸化性はCrの増量と共に向上するが、26%を超えると、耐酸化性は向上する反面、時効延性の低下とそれに伴う疲労特性の低下をきたす。この疲労特性の低下は、長時間使用過程で析出するクロム炭化物(Cr23C6)の蓄積増加に伴う現象である。このためCr含有量は26%を上限とする。なお、燃料電池を対象としたオンサイト型水素製造装置の改質器反応管のように、負荷変動に対する疲労特性をより高いレベルに維持することが要求される使用環境に対しては、15〜20%の範囲に制限することが望ましい。他方、石油精製プラントの大型水素製造装置のように、高温度域で連続運転される使用環境に対しては、Cr量を20〜26%の高めの範囲とするのが有利である。
Niは耐酸化性及び金属組織の安定性の確保に必要な元素である。含有量が8%に満たないと、改質器反応管に要求される高温クリープ破断強度を確保し難く、また時効後の延性低下も大きくなる。このためNi含有量は8%以上であることを要する。しかし、Niの増量は、マトリックス中のC固溶量を減少させ、このことは反応管の実機使用過程における二次炭化物(主としてCr23C6)の析出・増量を助長し、結果として時効延性の低下及び疲労特性の劣化を招く。このため、Ni含有量は23%を超えてはならない。なお、燃料電池用のオンサイト水素製造装置に組込まれる改質器反応管のように、負荷変動に対する疲労特性をより高いレベルに維持することが要求される使用環境に対しては、8〜18%の範囲とすることが望ましく、他方石油精製プラントの大型水素製造装置のように、高温度域で連続運転される用途に対しては、18〜23%の高めの範囲とするのが有利である。
Nbは、Cとの結合によりNbCを形成してクリープ破断強度を高め、また時効延性の向上に寄与する。この効果は0.1%以上の含有により得られる。しかし、過度の増量は耐酸化性の低下を招くので、1.2%を上限とする。
Tiは、強い脱酸作用を有し、またマトリックスに固溶するとCと結合して微細な(Nb,Ti)C複炭化物を析出生成することによりクリープ破断強度を高める作用をなす。この効果を得るために少なくとも0.01%を必要とする。しかし過度に増量すると、チタン酸化物の生成量の増加に伴って鋼の清浄度が損なわれ、品質の低下を招くので1.0%を上限とする。
Ceは、マトリックスに固溶して高温耐酸化性の向上に奏効する。この効果を得るために0.001%以上の含有を必要とする。好ましくは0.01%以上である。増量に伴って効果を増すが、過度に増量すると、セリウム酸化物の多量生成により清浄度が損なわれ、品質の低下をきたす。このため0.15%を上限とする。
Nは、侵入固溶型元素でマトリックスのオーステナイト相を安定化し、高温引張強度を高める効果を有する。しかしNを過度に増量すると、800℃付近の温度域における時効延性の低下を招く。この延性低下を抑制するために、0.06%を上限とする。好ましくは0.01〜0.05である。
Bは、結晶粒界に析出して粒界延性を高め、またクロム炭化物(Cr23C6)の粒成長(粗大化)を抑制し、クリープ破断強度の向上に寄与する。この効果は0.001%以上の含有により得られる。しかし0.05%を超えて増量すると、溶接割れ感受性が高まり、改質反応管の配管施工に必要な溶接性が損なわれるので、これを上限とする。
Zrは、MC型炭化物を析出生成し、クリープ破断強度を高める作用を有する。この効果は0.01%以上の含有により得られる。増量により効果を増すが、0.5%を超える多量の含有は、ジルコニウム酸化物の生成量の増加による清浄度の低下とそれによる延性の低下をきたすので、これを上限とする。
Laは、マトリックスに固溶して高温耐酸化性を高める。この効果は0.001%以上の含有により得られる。増量に伴って効果を増すが、過度に増量すると、ランタン酸化物の多量生成による清浄度および延性の低下をきたすので、0.15%を上限とする。好ましくは、0.01〜0.1%である。
Alは、脱酸剤として添加されると共に、高温耐酸化性を高める効果を有する元素である。この効果は0.01%以上の含有により得られる。しかし、0.3%を超えて多量に含有すると、アルミニウム系酸化物の生成量の増加により、鋼の清浄度が損なわれ、延性の低下を招くのでこれを上限とする。
表1に各供試材の鋼組成を示し、表2にそれぞれの試験結果を示す。
短冊状の試験片を時効処理(800℃×3000Hr)を施した後、引張試験片を調製し、JIS−Z2241に準拠する引張試験により破断伸びを測定する。
試験片形状:平行部径8.75mm−4D
試験温度:室温
表2中「時効後の破断延性」欄の記号は次のとおりである。
○…破断伸び20%以上
×…破断伸び20%未満
各供試材から試験片を調製し、JIS−Z2272に準拠した引張クリープ破断試験により破断寿命(Hr)を測定した。
試験片形状:平行部径6mm,標点距離30mm
試験温度:800℃
引張応力:80MPa
各供試材について、時効処理(800℃×1000Hr)を施して試験片を調製し、JIS−Z2273の規定に準拠した下記の疲労試験により破損繰返し数Nf(応力範囲が最大応力の75%に達するまでの繰返し数)を測定し疲労寿命として評価した。
表2中「疲労特性」欄の記号は次のとおりである。
○…繰返し数1000回以上
×…繰返し数1000回未満
試験片形状 :中実丸棒(直径10mm)
試験温度 :800℃
全歪み範囲(εt):±0.3%
歪み速度 :10−1%/秒(C−C型両振り三角波)
標点距離(G.L.):15mm
時効処理(800℃×3000Hr)した試験片を研磨し、電解腐食(腐食液:10N水酸化カリウム水溶液)の後、顕微鏡観察によりσ相析出の有無を検査した。
発明例(No.1−No.12)は高温長時間の時効を受けても、σ相の析出はなく組織安定性にすぐれ、時効後の破断伸び及びクリープ破断寿命が高く、かつ良好な疲労特性を有しており、水素製造用改質器反応管材料、特に熱サイクルが繰り返される負荷運転型装置の改質器反応管として望まれる諸特性を備えている。
No.23はSCH13をベースとするNb添加の効果として、時効後のクリープ破断寿命にやや改良がみられるが、時効後の破断伸び及び疲労特性は低い。No.24はSCH22をベースとするNb及びTiの複合添加の効果として、時効後のクリープ破断寿命が著しく改善されているものの、σ相の析出を伴い、時効後の延性及び疲労特性も低く、負荷変動型の改質器反応管材料としての適性に乏しい。
No.25は高N含有効果としてマトリックスの組織安定性が高くσ相の析出はないが、時効後の延性及びクリープ破断寿命が低く、疲労特性も低いレベルにある。No.26は、時効後の破断伸び及び疲労特性は良好であるものの、パラメータ値Pが本発明の規定の上限値を逸脱しているため、クリープ破断強度が低く、水蒸気改質反応管の高温・高圧用途への適性に欠けるものである。
本発明の耐熱鋳鋼は、高価なNi量の削減によりコスト的にも有利である。反応管は遠心鋳造として製造され、塑性加工方式による製管加工に比し経済的にも有利であり、実用価値に優れるものである。また、本発明の耐熱鋳鋼は、鉄鋼製造における熱処理用ハースロールとして適用することもできる。
Claims (5)
- 質量%で、C:0.1〜0.5%、Si:2.5%以下、Mn:2.5%以下、Cr:15〜26%、Ni:8〜23%、Nb:0.1〜1.2%、Ti:0.01〜1.0%、Ce:0.001〜0.15%、N:0.06%以下、残部Fe及び不可避不純物からなり、次式:
P=89.3−78.4C+0.1Si−5.7Mn−1.7Cr
+0.01Ni+2Nb+5.3Ti−36.5N−50.8Ce
で表されるパラメータ値Pが20〜45であることを特徴とする時効延性及びクリープ破断強度等に優れた水素製造反応管用耐熱鋳鋼。 - B:0.001〜0.05%、Zr:0.01〜0.5%、La:0.001〜0.15%から選ばれる1種ないし2種以上を更に含有する請求項1に記載の水素製造反応管用耐熱鋳鋼。
- Al:0.01〜0.3%を更に含有する請求項1又は請求項2に記載の水素製造反応管用耐熱鋳鋼。
- C:0.1〜0.3%である請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれかに記載の水素製造反応管用耐熱鋳鋼。
- Cr:15〜20%、Ni:8〜18%である請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれかに記載の水素製造反応管用耐熱鋳鋼。
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Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH11279714A (ja) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-12 | Nippon Steel Corp | 耐スケール剥離性に優れた水素発生器用オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼 |
JP2003268503A (ja) * | 2002-03-08 | 2003-09-25 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 耐水蒸気酸化性に優れたオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼管およびその製造方法 |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10633729B2 (en) | 2015-06-04 | 2020-04-28 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Austenitic heat-resisting cast steel |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR101190997B1 (ko) | 2012-10-16 |
HK1097577A1 (en) | 2007-06-29 |
WO2005038066A1 (ja) | 2005-04-28 |
CN100564566C (zh) | 2009-12-02 |
EP1679387A4 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
CN1871368A (zh) | 2006-11-29 |
US20070034302A1 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
JPWO2005038066A1 (ja) | 2007-11-22 |
KR20060089236A (ko) | 2006-08-08 |
EP1679387A1 (en) | 2006-07-12 |
CA2540315C (en) | 2011-07-19 |
US7442265B2 (en) | 2008-10-28 |
CA2540315A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
ES2395726T3 (es) | 2013-02-14 |
EP1679387B1 (en) | 2012-10-17 |
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