JP4554359B2 - 接触酸化的脱水素化法及びそのためのマイクロチャンネル反応器 - Google Patents
接触酸化的脱水素化法及びそのためのマイクロチャンネル反応器 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Description
広範囲な実験にもかかわらず、高選択率での転化を達成できると共に、所望のオレフィンの収率を極大化でき、しかも不所望の酸化副反応を極小化できる新規な酸化的脱水素化触媒、触媒系及び方法に対する必要性が依然として存在する。かかる不所望の酸化副反応は原料炭化物例えばアルカンの炭素酸化物(CO及び/又はCO2)及び/又は所望のアルケン生成物の他炭素酸化物への転化を含む。
「隣接」とは、2つのチャンネル又は室が壁により隔離された状態で直近にあることを意味する。この壁は厚さが変化しうるが、隣接室はそれらの間の熱交換に干渉する介在室により隔離されていない。
「含む」とは包含を意味するが、「よりなる」及び「実質的に〜よりなる」の用語は「含む」の代わりにより限定する場合に使用する。
「集積」又は「一体」とは全ての要素が同じ構造内にあり、排出帯域が反応室に直結されている場合を意味する。
液体時空速度(LHSV)は液体の体積流及び反応室の体積に基づいて定義される。反応室の体積は、触媒が存在し温度が脱水素化が起きるに充分な程度に高い場合において、処理チャンネルの体積として定義される。反応室の体積は壁間の体積であり、触媒体積を含む(空孔体積及び間隙がある場合には間隙体積を含む)。又触媒を通り抜け或いはその周りを通るバルク通路がある場合にはその体積を含む。イソブタンの脱水素化に対しては「充分に高い温度」は代表的には少なくとも約400℃であり、プロパンの脱水素化では少なくとも約450℃である。LHSVの計算には、触媒の単位体積(ml)当たりの炭化水素ガスの体積流量(ml/h)で定義されるGHSV(h-1)を計算し、次いでそれをある量の気相原料の体積を同一量の液体としての原料の体積に関係づける因子(プロパンに対して230)で割る。この因子は液体炭化水素の密度と気相炭化水素の密度の差を考慮に入れている。
接触時間は3600/GHSV(炭化水素)として計算され、秒の次元を有する。接触時間は反応室の体積を反応体組成物の供給流量で割ったものである。体積供給流量は炭化水素の供給流量と酸化剤の供給流量の和であり、それらがあたかも0℃1気圧の気体であるかのように見える。
「炭化水素含有反応体流」は本書中で「炭化水素流」とも言うことがある。これらの用語は反応室に流入する全体の気体流を指す(単なるその一部ではない)。
「ODH」は酸化的脱水素化を指す。
「自発熱分解」とは反応系から及びそこへの熱の出入り殆ど又は全く不要な酸化的脱水素化を指す。
「熱的に中立」とは反応帯域を出て行く生成物混合物のエンタルピーと反応帯域に入ってくる反応体のエンタルピーの差が25%以下(ある実施形態では10%以下、他のある実施形態では5%以下)であるようなプロセスを指す。ある実施形態ではここに記載される方法は熱的に中立である。
選択率及び収率は炭素を基準にする。仮想的な例を挙げると、2モルのヘキサンと1モルのエタンとを含有する反応混合物が、1モルのヘキサンと、1モルのエテンと、0.5モルのヘキセンと、2モルのCO2と、0.33モルのプロペンとを含有する生成物を生じるなら、その反応混合物は57%の炭素転化率、(6モルC)/(8モルC)=75%のオレフィン選択率(37.5%ヘキセン、12.5%プロペン、25%エテン)及び42.8%のオレフィン収率(21.4%ヘキセン、7.1%プロペン、14.3%エテン)を有する。
この型の反応器はUターン端部24(熱端部)が比較的絞られていないため、装置が運転に入ると膨張をし、マニホルドを入口端(冷端部)に接続することができる。このことは全ての反応器において成り立つので、例示の反応器は反応容量を増大するために積み重ねてることができる。例えば例示の反応器を3個積み重ねて、6層(熱交換、処理、熱交換、処理、熱交換及び処理)よりなる単一の集積した装置を構成することができ、又全ての入口及び出口を装置の同じ側に設けることができる。ある好ましい実施形態ではUターン部は単一の戻りチャンネルに接続されマニホルドを省略できる。
この場合に、熱交換チャンネルは場合により省略しても良い。ある実施形態では酸化的脱水素化は全体の反応に重大な影響を有する程度に起きるが、酸化反応は脱水素化反応と環境への損失を補うに充分な熱を発生しない。この場合には、熱をODH処理チャンネルに加える必要があり、この熱は例えば隣接した熱交換器チャンネル内の熱流体(又は発熱反応流体)から供給できる。
触媒は例えばアルミナ表面に分散したバナジア又はアルミナ表面に分散した白金でありうる。触媒は又金属発泡体又は金属フェルト(不織布金属)の表面に被覆された(薄塗り、化学蒸着等による)金属酸化物上に分散された貴金属であり得る。ある好ましい実施形態では触媒はマイクロチャンネルの壁面に(例えばCVD法により)付着できる。
文献に挙げられた実験及びモデルから得られた結果は直並列反応に対するこの効果を示している。段階的添加は又反応体域を通る酸素濃度を平均化することによりピーク温度を制限することができる。
他の実施形態において、望ましくない反応はもしも全入口圧力が少なくとも20気圧であって触媒前帯域での接触時間が7.5m秒以下、更に好ましくは4.0m秒以下、更に好ましくは2.0m秒以下、更に好ましくは0.5m秒以下であるなら、抑制され、所望のオレフィンへの選択性は維持される。
他の実施形態において、望ましくない反応はもしも全入口圧力が少なくとも30気圧であって触媒前帯域での接触時間が4.0m秒以下、更に好ましくは2.0m秒以下、更に好ましくは1.0m秒以下、もっと好ましくは0.25m秒以下であるなら、抑制され、所望のオレフィンへの選択率は維持される。
(マイクロチャンネルな反応器及び従来の反応器におけるプロパンの酸化的脱水素化)
この実施例の実験で使用した全てのODH触媒はMg80.9重量%、V2O519.1重量%よりなり、表面積98m2/gのMg−V−O触媒であった。触媒は粒子径250〜400μm(5トンで圧縮し、粉砕し、所望の粒子径に篩別したもの)にペレット化し、次いで反応に先立ち500℃で40ml/分のO2を1時間流して予備処理した。表3で「石英」は触媒を充填した内径1cmの石英管を表す。
通常高いスループット(つまり高いLHSV)では温度は上昇することが予想されるが、マイクロチャンネルにおいては温度はわずかに低下する。転化率は高いLHSVでは低下し増大しないことが予想されるが、ここでは増大している。この非常に予想外の結果は、マイクロチャンネル装置が従来の固定床とは異なった動作をすることを示し、有用なオレフィンを予想外に高い収量で生成することを示している。
表4は、マイクロチャンネル反応器ODHv1におけるC3:O2比の影響を示す。
(1) C3H8 +5O2 =3CO2 + 4H2O
対
(2) C3H8 + 0.5O2 = C3H6 + H2O
供給物中の酸素量が減じると、反応(1)の速度も低下し、ODHのために使用できる時間と酸素が増え、低い炭素酸化物と所望のオレフィン生成物の高い収率を結果する。予備混合原料でのこれらの予期されなかった結果から見て、C3:O2比が低下すると(供給物中の酸素量の低下)より大きい直線速度(より高いLHSV)が触媒床の前に起きる気相反応を減少し、且つ有用生成物への転化を最適化するのに必要となることが予想できる。
(1) C3H8 + 502 =3C02 + 4H20
対
(2) C3H8 + 0.502 = C3H6 + H20
(従来及びマイクロチャンネル反応器におけるプロパン酸化的脱水素化)
この実施例の触媒は実施例1で使用したものと同一である。ただし粉末状触媒にバインダーとして5重量%のMgOを添加した。実験はODHv2マイクロチャンネル反応器(下記の表7のC)と比較試験としての内径4mmの石英管(表7のB)を使用した。石英管ではこの触媒はより大径の実施例1(同じく石英管で実験)の石英管反応器での実験(表7のA)よりも低い活性を示した。BとCを比較すると、同一の触媒に対して、マイクロチャンネル反応器は石英管に比して転化率が94%大きく、プロピレン選択率がほぼ同一であり、プロピレン収率が85%高いことが分かる。
通常では酸化反応では所望生成物への選択率は転化率が増大すると減少する。ここでも、上記の結果はマイクロチャンネル反応器での転化率の非常に大きい増加にもかかわらず、プロペンへの選択率はわずかに1.9%しか落ちていない。
固定床に比して、転化率は76%増大し、炭素酸化物への選択率は33%減少し、オレフィン収率は119%増大した。
(1)C3H8 + 502 =3C02 + 4H20
対
(2) C3H8 + 0.502 = C3H6 + H20
接触時間が減じるに従って、線形速度が増加し、触媒に先立つ気相における滞留時間が減少する。これにより反応(1)が実施例から分かるように減少して炭素酸化物を減少させ、ODHに必要なより多くの酸素を残し、その結果高い転化率、低いCOx及び高いオレフィン収率が得られる。
(Mo含有改良触媒組成物)
Mg4.5Mo1V1On(43.8wt%MgO、21.7wt%V2O5、34.4wt%MoO3、表面積31m2/g)及び Mg7.75Mo0.1V1On ( 74.8wt%MgO、21.7wt%V2O5、3.5wt% MoO3)を調製し、石英反応器で実験した(LHSV=32、C3:O2=1:1)。Mo:V=0.1:1に対する結果は二元酸化物と同等のプロペンに対するわずかに増加した選択率を示したが、COを犠牲にした。Mo:V=1:1に対する結果はプロパンのかなり高い転化率を示し、同等のプロペン選択率を示し、これはMg-V-Oに対するものよりも高い全収率を意味する。COx選択率はほぼ半分になったが、全体のオレフィン収率は倍増した。これは従来の触媒よりもはるかに低い発熱反応に導く。
(従来の反応及びマイクロチャンネル反応器によるエタンの酸化的脱水素化)
この実施例で使用したODH触媒はSm2O3−Li-Cl/MgO触媒(5.2wt%Sm3,3.4wt%Li,12.5wt%ClをMgOに支持させたもの)であった。この粉末触媒をペレット化し、粉砕し、篩別して粒子径150〜210μmとしたものであった。粉末形の触媒は表面積21m2/gであった。フェルトベースの触媒を原料混合酸化物をボールミルにかけ、これをFeCrAlY基体に担持させて調製した。フェルト触媒の表面積は81m2/gであった。触媒の使用前に空気中で200℃まで1℃/分の速度で上昇し、次いで空気中で5℃/分の速度で最高反応温度まで上昇した。全ての実験は酸素源として空気を使用したエタンの酸化的脱水素化(ODH)であった。
ブランクの石英管(触媒無し)、粉末触媒を有する石英管、触媒を有するインコネル625管及びフェルトを有するODHv3bマイクロチャンネルペレットの比較は表16に記載した。触媒を使用するとエタン転化率及びエチレンへの選択率がブランクの石英管(転化率12.5%、選択率10.9%)に比して触媒を有する石英管(17.0%、13.0%)及びマイクロチャンネル反応器(19.5%、15.0%)の方がいずれも高い。表面パッシべーションの重要性は石英管、インコネル625管及びODHv3b装置を対比すれば分かる。未処理インコネル625管に対する結果はその表面が燃焼を促進し、ブランクの石英管15.5%及びODHv3bの16.0%のCOx選択率に比して、67.4%のCOx選択率を生じた。更に、全体の燃焼がインコネル625管では8.3%であるのに対して、石英管では17.0%、ODHv3bでは19.5%であった。実施例1におけるプロパンのODHの場合で見たように、深い燃焼はODH反応と競合して、エタンの総合的な転化率を減じることが分かる。これは又、CO/CO2が0.42である場合に(これはODH反応に利用できる酸素が少ないことを意味する)石英管で得られるエタン転化率及びエチレン選択率(17.0及び13.0%)に比して、CO/CO2が1.46である場合にマイクロチャンネルにより一層大きいエタン転化率及びエチレン選択率(19.5%と15.0%)が得られることにより支持されている。
このデータから、表18の2欄及び3欄を比較すると積極的な冷却はODH反応に殆ど影響しないことが分かる。
ここで報告されたデータに加えて、2200及び5900sccmで流れる冷却流を数種の条件下でデータを集めたが、全ての場合に転化率及び選択率に対する実質的な影響は見られなかった。反応への冷却の影響がないことは追試されたが、冷却材の分布が重要な役割を有する一連の実験ペレットの製造誤差は、冷却チャンネルを閉鎖することにより完全に阻止された。
表18から、マイクロチャンネル反応器が石英管のピーク温度近くで動作されると、エタンの転化率及びエチレンへの選択率がいずれも向上し、この増加はそれぞれ1.87倍及び1.84倍であった。
4 通路
6 壁
7、9、13 領域
10 冷却室
11 フィン
15 触媒
23、25、27、29、30、31、32、33 チャンネル
35 第1チャンネル
36、42 第2チャンネル
44、45 触媒
46 矢印
51 ブロック
53 入口
55 出口
Claims (16)
- アルカン又はアラルカンを含有する炭化水素含有流体と酸素源を、内壁がパッシべーション層で被覆され且つ少なくとも1つの厚さが2mm以下であるマイクロチャンネルの内部に触媒を配置した該マイクロチャンネルに流して、該炭化水素含有流体と酸素源を該マイクロチャンネル内で温度範囲335〜1000℃で反応させることにより、水と少なくとも一種のアルケン及び/又はアラルケンを生成し、その場合に(a)炭化水素含有流体と酸素源は触媒との接触の直前に触媒前接触時間が150m秒以内であるように合体されるか、(b)酸素がマイクロチャンネルに沿った複数個所で導入されるようにした、炭化水素含有流体の酸化的脱水素化方法。
- 触媒はマイクロチャンネルの壁面に被覆されている請求項1に記載の方法。
- 触媒はPt、Pd、Rh、Ir及びRuよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種の元素である請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 触媒はMo、V、Nb、Sb、Sn、Zr、Cr、Mg、Mn、Ni、Co、Ce、希土類金属よりなる群から選択した金属の酸化物及びリン酸塩の少なくとも一種である請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 触媒はCu、Sn及びアルカリ金属よりなる群から選択した助触媒を含む請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記炭化水素がエタン、プロパン、ブタン及びエチルベンゼンよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- エチレンが少なくとも270g/g触媒/hrの速度で生成される請求項6に記載の方法。
- 炭化水素の少なくとも50%がアルケン及び/又はアラルケンに転化される請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記接触時間が50m秒以内である請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記炭化水素含有流体と酸素源は触媒との接触の直前に合体され、前記触媒前接触時間が10m秒以下である請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 酸素を前記マイクロチャンネルに沿った複数の個所から前記マイクロチャンネルに導入する請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 炭化水素含有流体と酸素源を反応させた後に、該反応により形成された流れを急冷する請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 内壁がパッシベーション層で被覆され且つ少なくとも1つの厚さが2mm以下であるマイクロチャンネル反応室と、該反応室内に配置された酸化的脱水素化触媒と、前記マイクロチャンネル反応室から酸素チャンネル壁により隔離された隣接の酸素チャンネルとを有し、前記酸素チャンネル壁には前記酸素チャンネルと前記マイクロチャンネル反応室とを連通する通路を形成する開口が設けられている、炭化水素の酸化的脱水素化装置。
- 前記酸化的脱水素化触媒はMo、V、Nb、Sb、Sn、Zr、Cr、Mg、Mn、Ni、Co、Ce、希土類金属から選択した少なくとも一種の金属の酸化物又はリン酸塩を含む請求項13に記載の装置。
- マイクロチャンネル反応室は出口と、該出口に近接して設けた交差流冷却材チャンネルを有する請求項13に記載の装置。
- マイクロチャンネル反応室はミキサーを含んでいる請求項13に記載の装置。
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- 2003-05-19 US US10/441,921 patent/US7402719B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2024194577A1 (fr) * | 2023-03-21 | 2024-09-26 | Khimod | Microréacteur pour la mise en oeuvre de procédés de chimie continue impliquant des solides |
FR3146815A1 (fr) * | 2023-03-21 | 2024-09-27 | Khimod | microréacteur pour la mise en œuvre de procédés de chimie continue impliquant des solides |
Also Published As
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CA2781762C (en) | 2014-04-15 |
CA2781762A1 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
US20040034266A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
US7744829B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 |
WO2003106386A2 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
AU2003253608A8 (en) | 2003-12-31 |
WO2003106386A3 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
US20110152597A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
US20090004076A1 (en) | 2009-01-01 |
CN101367695B (zh) | 2014-04-16 |
CN100404481C (zh) | 2008-07-23 |
EP2277844A2 (en) | 2011-01-26 |
CN101367695A (zh) | 2009-02-18 |
JP2005529950A (ja) | 2005-10-06 |
CN1675147A (zh) | 2005-09-28 |
US8106249B2 (en) | 2012-01-31 |
EP1546072A2 (en) | 2005-06-29 |
EP2277844A3 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
US7402719B2 (en) | 2008-07-22 |
CA2494849A1 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
CA2494849C (en) | 2012-07-31 |
AU2003253608A1 (en) | 2003-12-31 |
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