JP4505187B2 - 燃料気体改質器組立物 - Google Patents
燃料気体改質器組立物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4505187B2 JP4505187B2 JP2002577093A JP2002577093A JP4505187B2 JP 4505187 B2 JP4505187 B2 JP 4505187B2 JP 2002577093 A JP2002577093 A JP 2002577093A JP 2002577093 A JP2002577093 A JP 2002577093A JP 4505187 B2 JP4505187 B2 JP 4505187B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst bed
- fuel
- reformer assembly
- housing
- zirconia
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical group [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002453 autothermal reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006262 metallic foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
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Description
【技術分野】
本発明は、ガソリン、ディーゼル燃料、メタン、メタノール、エタノールなどの炭化水素燃料を改質し、それらを、燃料電池電力設備を作動させるときに使用するのに適した水素に富んだ燃料の流れに変換する、燃料気体水蒸気改質器組立物(assemblage)に関する。より詳細には、本発明は、改質器組立物内に触媒床を収容するシェル構造のためにジルコニア(ZrO2)断熱材ライニングを使用する改質器組立物に関する。
【0002】
【背景技術】
燃料電池電力設備は、天然ガスやより重い炭化水素などの燃料気体を、主要成分である水素と二酸化炭素に、触媒によって変換するように機能できる燃料気体水蒸気改質器を備える。この変換過程は、燃料気体と、水蒸気、さらに特定の用途では空気/酸素および水蒸気、との混合物を、改質される燃料に依存して変化する改質温度に加熱した触媒床に通すことを含む。通常使用する触媒は、アルミナのペレット上に沈積(deposit)させたニッケル触媒または貴金属触媒となる。燃料電池電力設備に水素に富んだ気体の流れを供給するのに最も一般的に使用されている3種類の改質器である、管状熱式水蒸気改質器、自熱式改質器、触媒化壁式改質器のうち、自熱式改質器は、改質器触媒床内へ導入する前に燃料−水蒸気と空気を完全に混合するために迅速な混合能力が必要である。
【0003】
1984年5月29日に許可された米国特許第4,451,578号には、自熱式改質組立物の論考が含まれる。’578特許に記載されている自熱式改質器組立体(assembly)は、触媒化されたアルミナペレットを使用する。水素を燃料とする燃料電池装置のための自熱式改質器の設計においては、反応物を触媒床内へ導入する前に反応物(空気、水蒸気、燃料)の迅速かつ完全な混合が必要である。自熱式改質器は、適切に作動するために水蒸気、燃料、空気の混合物が必要である。この改質器は、燃料電池電力設備により発生された電気により電力を供給される輸送装置などの移動式の用途に使用するのに望ましい。その理由は、自熱式改質器が、小型化かつ設計を簡単化できることにあり、さらに、ガソリン、ディーゼル燃料などの燃料とともに作動するのによりよく適していることにある。移動式の用途の使用に適した燃料処理装置に必要な一条件は、装置をできる限り小型にする必要があることであり、それによって、水蒸気、燃料、空気成分の混合をできる限り小型の容器(envelope)内で達成する必要があることである。触媒床組立体には、通常、触媒層ハウジングの外側に配置された断熱用ジャケットが備えられる。触媒床内で炭素沈積を抑制するように機能する特定の金属酸化物などの物質を触媒床内におよび反応器壁面上に含ませることも好ましい。炭素抑制金属酸化物は、触媒支持体がアルミナペレットあるいはセラミックまたは金属気泡モノリス(foam monolith)ならば、触媒支持体上に被覆されることになり、反応器壁の場合も同様である。反応器全体を炭素沈積から保護できるのが好ましいであろう。上述した種類の改質器は、約900°F(482℃)から約1,100°F(593℃)の範囲の入口温度と約1,200°F(649℃)から約1,300°F(704℃)の範囲の出口温度を有するものである。改質器内の最高作動温度は、約1,750°F(954℃)になるであろう。改質器内で使用される炭素沈積抑制剤が、確実に上述した温度範囲内で効果的に機能できるようにかつ安定となるように、配慮が必要である。
【0004】
【発明の開示】
本発明は、燃料電池電力設備の燃料原料として使用するのに適した水素が富化された燃料気体に変換するためにガソリン、ディーゼル燃料、他の適切な燃料などの燃料を改質するように機能できるとともに、改質器組立体および触媒床内の炭素沈積を抑える断熱材料(thermal insulation material)を備える、燃料気体改質器組立物に関する。当該改質器組立物は、自動車などの電気または部分的電気輸送装置に電力を供給するための電気を生成するなどといった移動可能な用途での使用に適した小型の自熱式改質器とすることができる。本発明に従って形成された自熱式改質器組立物においては、空気、水蒸気、燃料が、組立物の自熱式改質器部(section)に流入する前に予混合部において混合される。改質器部は、燃料、水蒸気、空気混合領域(station)および改質触媒床を含む。触媒床は、二段床(two−stage bed)とすることができ、第一段は、例えば、酸化鉄触媒段であり、第二段は、例えば、ニッケル触媒段である。第二段は、ロジウム、白金、パラジウムなどの貴金属触媒、またはこれらの触媒の混合物などの他の触媒を含むことができる。代替として、触媒床は、貴金属触媒、好ましくはロジウムまたは、混合されたロジウム/白金触媒を有する単一段床とすることができる。
【0005】
触媒床は、ハウジング内に収容されており、このハウジングは、好ましくは円柱状または楕円形であり、さらに、反応物混合管が通って延びる上部壁を備える。触媒床ハウジングの側壁および上部壁の内面は、ジルコニアフェルト(felt)または剛性を付与(rigidify)したジルコニアの形態をとることができるジルコニアライニングで断熱されている。我々は、ジルコニア断熱材が反応器壁上への炭素沈積を抑制できることを発見した。触媒床ハウジングの内側にジルコニア断熱材を配置することによって、触媒床ハウジングの壁は、約3,000°F(1649℃)の温度まで熱誘導分解(heat−induced degradation)から保護されるとともに、改質される気体からの炭素沈積から保護される。これに反して、通常のシリカ/アルミナ断熱材は、炭素形成を促進するばかりでなく、シリカは、断熱材から1,200°F(648℃)を超える水蒸気雰囲気中に蒸発してその後により低い温度で凝縮する傾向があり、それによって触媒を被毒させかつ下流の熱交換器を汚すことになる。
【0006】
【発明を実施するための最良の形態】
図1をここで参照すると、本発明に従って形成された改質器組立体の一実施態様が、番号2により示されており、この実施態様は、円柱状、楕円形、いくつかの他の曲線断面形状などとすることができる。改質触媒床8が、シェル6内で下部横断壁9の下に配置される。管12が、気化した燃料反応物を供給し、管14が、通常は酸化剤が空気である酸化剤/水蒸気反応物を供給する。気化した燃料は、燃料を蒸発させるのを助けるいくらかの水蒸気を含むこともできる。必要ならば、管12、14の内容を、逆にすることができる。上端壁18が、シェル6の上端を閉じており、中間壁20が、シェル6の上端を上部マニホールド22と下部マニホールド24とに分割する。下部マニホールド24は、壁9により触媒床8から分離される。管12は、上部マニホールド22内へ開いており、管14は、下部マニホールド24内へ開いている。従って、気化した燃料は、上部マニホールド22内へ供給され、空気/水蒸気混合物は、下部マニホールド24内へ供給される。複数の混合管26が、上部マニホールド22から壁9を通って触媒床8へと延びる。混合管26は、燃料マニホールド22を触媒床8と相互に接続させる。混合管26は、空気マニホールド24内へ開いている二組の開口28、28’を含む。組立体2は、一般に次のように作動する。気化した燃料混合物は、矢印Aに従ってマニホールド22に流入し、マニホールド22から触媒床8へと混合管26を通って流出する。空気と水蒸気は、矢印Bに従ってマニホールド24に流入し、開口28、28’を通って混合管26に流入する。混合物が触媒床8を通って流れる間に、内部ジルコニア断熱材30に遭遇し、このジルコニア断熱材30は、外側のシェル6を熱から保護するとともに、触媒床8内への炭素沈積を抑制する。改質器組立体内で起こる2つの化学反応があり、これらが触媒床内での炭素抑制に寄与している。これらは、
ZrO2+XC → ZrO2-X+XCO;
C+2H2O → CO2+2H2、
である。
【0007】
ジルコニア断熱材は、軟らかなフェルトの形態をとることができ、または剛性を付与することもできる。断熱材は、改質器内で3つの機能を果たす。a) 断熱材は、触媒床の壁を断熱し、床内に熱を保持し、外側のシェルを熱から保護する。b) 断熱材は、触媒床の壁上への炭素沈積を抑制する。c) より厚い断熱材層が必要なときは、反応器壁に対してモノリスをシールするのに剛性を付与したジルコニア断熱材を使用でき、それによって、反応物の迂回が防止される。改質器組立体についてガソリン、ディーゼル燃料などの燃料の改質に関連させて説明したが、天然ガスなどの他の燃料も本発明の組立体において改質できることは、理解されるであろう。炭素沈積を抑制するジルコニア断熱材の能力は、ジルコニア断熱材が、非酸性(non−acidic)であり、反応器内で形成される炭素原子に酸素供与体(oxygen donor)として機能する、という事実の結果である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明に従って形成された燃料気体組立体の部分断面図。
Claims (11)
- a)壁を有する触媒床ハウジングと、
b)前記触媒床ハウジングの壁の内面上に配置されたジルコニア低熱移動断熱材層と、
c)前記ハウジング内に配置され、燃料を、燃料電池電力設備に使用するのに適した水素が富化された燃料気体の流れに変換するように機能できる触媒床と、
d)高温の水蒸気、空気、燃料の混合物を前記触媒床ハウジング内へ導入する手段と、
を備えることを特徴とする、燃料電池電力設備に使用するための高温水蒸気改質器組立体。 - 前記ジルコニア断熱材層は、剛性が付与されており、前記触媒床の縁部のための気体シールとして機能することを特徴とする請求項1記載の改質器組立体。
- a)壁を有する触媒床ハウジングと、
b)前記触媒床ハウジングの壁の内面上に配置された非酸性酸素供与体低熱移動断熱材層と、
c)前記ハウジング内に配置され、燃料を、燃料電池電力設備に使用するのに適した水素が富化された燃料気体の流れに変換するように機能できる触媒床と、
d)高温の水蒸気、空気、燃料の混合物を前記触媒床ハウジング内へ導入する手段と、
を備えており、
前記断熱材は、ジルコニアであることを特徴とする、燃料電池電力設備に使用するための高温水蒸気改質器組立体。 - 前記断熱材層は、剛性が付与されており、前記触媒床の縁部のための気体シールを与えることを特徴とする請求項3記載の改質器組立体。
- 前記断熱材層は、1,750°F(954℃)までの作動温度において非蒸発性であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の改質器組立体。
- a)壁を有する触媒床ハウジングと、
b)前記触媒床ハウジングの壁の内面上に配置され、1,750°F(954℃)までの改質器組立体作動温度において実質的に非蒸発性である低熱移動断熱材料層と、
c)前記ハウジング内に配置され、燃料を、燃料電池電力設備に使用するのに適した水素が富化された燃料気体の流れに変換するように機能できる触媒床と、
d)高温の水蒸気、空気、燃料の混合物を前記触媒床ハウジング内へ導入する手段と、
を備えており、
前記断熱材料は、ジルコニア(ZrO2)であることを特徴とする、燃料電池電力設備に使用するための高温水蒸気改質器組立体。 - 前記断熱材料は、前記触媒床内で炭素沈積を抑制する非酸性酸素供与体材料であることを特徴とする請求項6記載の改質器組立体。
- 前記断熱材料は、剛性が付与されており、前記触媒床の縁部において気体シールを形成することを特徴とする請求項6記載の改質器組立体。
- 燃料を水素が富化された燃料気体の流れに変換するように機能する高温触媒水蒸気改質器組立体の壁上への炭素沈積を最小限に抑える方法であって、1,750°F(954℃)までの改質器組立体作動温度において蒸発することのない炭素沈積抑制断熱材料で前記改質器組立体の壁の内面を被覆することを含み、前記断熱材料は、ジルコニア(ZrO2)であることを特徴とする方法。
- 前記断熱材料は、非酸性酸素供与体であることを特徴とする請求項9記載の方法。
- 前記改質器組立体の壁に囲まれるモノリス触媒床を設け、前記断熱材料を前記モノリス触媒床の縁部のための気体シールとして使用することをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項9記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US23749100P | 2000-10-04 | 2000-10-04 | |
PCT/US2001/030953 WO2002078837A1 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2001-10-02 | Fuel gas reformer assemblage |
Publications (2)
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JP2004519405A JP2004519405A (ja) | 2004-07-02 |
JP4505187B2 true JP4505187B2 (ja) | 2010-07-21 |
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JP2002577093A Expired - Fee Related JP4505187B2 (ja) | 2000-10-04 | 2001-10-02 | 燃料気体改質器組立物 |
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US (3) | US20020182132A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4505187B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE10196741T1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2002078837A1 (ja) |
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US20070013144A1 (en) * | 2005-07-13 | 2007-01-18 | Seungdoo Park | Reactor sealing methods |
EP1806176A1 (en) * | 2006-01-10 | 2007-07-11 | Casale Chemicals S.A. | Apparatus for the production of synthesis gas |
DE102006054415A1 (de) | 2006-11-16 | 2008-05-21 | Uhde Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Eindüsen von Sauerstoff in ein einen Synthesereaktor durchströmendes Reaktionsgas |
US20080171243A1 (en) * | 2007-01-12 | 2008-07-17 | Sung-Chul Lee | Reaction vessel and reaction device |
FR2987280B1 (fr) * | 2012-02-24 | 2014-02-28 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Reacteur catalytique avec systeme de distribution a caissons |
US20140056771A1 (en) * | 2012-08-21 | 2014-02-27 | Uop Llc | Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor |
US10164277B2 (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2018-12-25 | Lg Fuel Cell Systems Inc. | Steam reformer bypass line and flow controller |
CN110026106A (zh) * | 2019-03-19 | 2019-07-19 | 湖南湘瓷实业有限公司 | 一种改善陶瓷喷墨墨水悬浮性的恒温摇墨设备 |
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- 2001-03-23 US US09/814,912 patent/US20020182132A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-10-02 DE DE10196741T patent/DE10196741T1/de not_active Ceased
- 2001-10-02 JP JP2002577093A patent/JP4505187B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-02 WO PCT/US2001/030953 patent/WO2002078837A1/en active Application Filing
-
2004
- 2004-09-13 US US12/586,162 patent/US20100037455A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-10-27 US US12/586,163 patent/US20100040511A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE10196741T1 (de) | 2003-09-11 |
US20100040511A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
WO2002078837A1 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
JP2004519405A (ja) | 2004-07-02 |
US20020182132A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
US20100037455A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
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