JP4263597B2 - フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成によるワックスの製造 - Google Patents
フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成によるワックスの製造 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 22
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- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 11
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical group O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- GRWPYGBKJYICOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropan-2-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-] GRWPYGBKJYICOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001680 bayerite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001679 gibbsite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanic acid Chemical compound O[Ti](O)(O)O LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MYWQGROTKMBNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributoxyalumane Chemical compound [Al+3].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] MYWQGROTKMBNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 33
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- -1 aluminum alkoxide Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
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- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 5
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000640882 Condea Species 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011882 ultra-fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
- C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G2/331—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
- C10G2/332—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Description
Puralox触媒担体(対照である):この触媒担体は、Puralox SCCa 2/150の商品名で、ドイツ、ハンンブルグのUb erseering 40,22297の、SASOL Germany GmbHから入手可能なものである。これは純粋なガンマ−アルミナ担体であり、750℃でベーム石(AlO(OH))を焼成して調製される。
Siralox 1.5触媒担体:好結果の触媒担体を、アルコキシド法、例えばチーグラーのALFOL法、あるいはDE 3244972に記載される、Sasol Chemie(前身はCondea)の、約90℃での、「意図的な」専有プロセスにより得られるアルミニウムアルコキシドを加水分解することにより調製した。その後、オルトケイ酸の希薄溶液を添加して混合物を攪拌した。次に、このスラリを300℃から600℃で噴霧乾燥して、Siralという商標の製品を得て、これを600℃から1110℃の間で焼成により用途に合わせて調製し、Siraloxという商標の製品を得たが、これはSasol Germany GmbHの有標製品である。Siralox 1.5の組成は、1.5SiO2/100Al2O3(m/m)である。
アルミナを低いpHで水性媒体に溶解する。アルミナの溶解により、アルミニウムイオンが生成する。アルミナが多く溶けるにつれて、アルミニウムイオンの濃度は時間と共に増加する。アルミニウムイオンの経時的な増加を、一定のpH2で伝導度を測定することよりモニタした。10%の硝酸溶液を自動的に添加することにより、pHを一定に保った。結果は図1に示されている。
触媒A
担持コバルト触媒前駆体を、触媒担体として、0.46ml/gの多孔度をもつ好結果触媒担体Siralox 1.5で調製した。17.4kgのCo(NO3)2.6H2O、9.6gの(NH3)4Pt(NO3)2、及び11kgの蒸留水からなる溶液を、20.0kgの好結果触媒担体Siralox 1.5と、好結果触媒担体を溶液に加えることにより混合した。スラリを円錐形の真空乾燥機に入れ混合し続けた。このスラリの温度を60℃に上げ、その後圧力を20kPa(絶対圧)にした。圧力を20kPa(絶対圧)にした時に始まった乾燥ステップの最初の3時間の間、温度をゆっくりと上げ、その3時間の後に95℃に達した。その3時間の後に、圧力を3〜15kPa(a)に下げ、初期湿潤度(the point of incipient wetness)で2.5m%/hの乾燥速度を用いた。含浸及び乾燥ステップ全体で9時間かかり、その後、含浸され乾燥された触媒担体を、流動床焼成炉に直ちに直接投入した。乾燥含浸された触媒担体の温度は、焼成炉に投入した時点で約75℃であった。投入には約1乃至2分を要し、焼成器内部の温度は、その設定温度の約75℃のままであった。含浸乾燥された材料を、加熱速度0.5℃/min、空気空間速度1.0m3 n/kg Co(NO3)2.6H2O/hで、75℃から250℃まで加熱し、250℃に6時間保った。30g Co/100g Al2O3のコバルト担持触媒を得るために、2回目の含浸/乾燥/焼成ステップを実施した。9.4kgのCo(NO3)2.6H2O、15.7gの(NH3)4Pt(NO3)2、及び15.1kgの蒸留水からなる溶液を、第1回の含浸及び焼成中間材料からの20.0kgと、この材料を溶液に加えることにより混合した。スラリを円錐形の真空乾燥機に入れ混合し続けた。このスラリの温度を60℃に上げ、その後圧力を20kPa(絶対圧)にした。乾燥ステップの最初の3時間の間、温度をゆっくりと上げ、3時間後に95℃にした。3時間後に、圧力を3〜15kPa(絶対圧)に下げ、初期湿潤度で、2.5m%/hの乾燥速度を用いた。含浸及び乾燥ステップ全体で9時間かかり、その後、含浸され乾燥された触媒担体を、流動床焼成炉に直ちに直接投入した。乾燥含浸された触媒担体の温度は、焼成炉に投入した時点で約75℃であった。投入には約1乃至2分を要し、焼成器内部の温度は、その設定温度の約75℃のままであった。含浸乾燥された材料を、加熱速度0.5℃/min、空気空間速度1.0m3 n/kg Co(NO3)2.6H2O/hで、75℃から250℃まで加熱し、そして250℃に6時間保った。得られた触媒前駆体、30g Co/100g Al2O3を活性化した、すなわち425℃の高温で、1気圧の流動床内で、純粋な水素雰囲気で還元し、スラリ相フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成コバルト触媒(触媒A)を得た。
担持コバルト触媒前駆体を、予め成形された純粋なアルミナ担体であるPuralox SCCa 2/150で触媒前駆体が調製されたこと以外は、触媒Aで記載されたものと同じ方法で調製した。得られた触媒前駆体をやはり、425℃の高温で、1気圧の流動床内で、純粋な水素雰囲気で還元し、スラリ相フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成コバルト触媒(触媒B)を得た。
秘密のパイロットプラントでのスラリ相フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成試験操業の間、11mの高さの外部リサイクルをもつ気泡塔反応器で、修飾されていないアルミナ上に調製された触媒、すなわち触媒Bの5kgを用いると、2次濾過反応器ワックス製品は、図2に示されるように、運転約10日後に灰色になり、運転25日後にコバルト含量は350質量ppmに増加した。パイロットプラントスケールでのフィッシャー−トロプシュ合成試験操業は実際的な条件で実施された。
フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成の前に、コバルト触媒前駆体を、水素空間速度200ml水素/(g触媒.h)、大気圧で、管状反応器で還元した(前記のように)。温度を1℃/minで425℃まで上げ、その後、16時間、同じ温度に保った。
のような報告されたコバルトによるフィッシャー−トロプシュ反応速度式を適用して、アレニウスに由来する、kFTの前指数項を、報告されたそれぞれの操業について概算した。Xを触媒A又はBとし、(還元試験後の触媒Xの前指数項A)/(ベースライン触媒Bの前指数項)として、相対固有フィッシャー−トロプシュ活性を定義することにより、コバルト触媒の固有フィッシャー−トロプシュ活性を比較できるであろう。相対固有フィッシャー−トロプシュ活性を、15時間の運転後に求める(表3)。担体の修飾は、固有フィッシャー−トロプシュ性能特性に影響しなかったことが、純粋アルミナ担持コバルト触媒である触媒Bと比較すると明らかである。
コバルト系フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成触媒のより好ましい触媒担体は、アルミナ、チタニア、酸化マグネシウム及び酸化亜鉛である。
2kgの粒状TiO2担体(「P25」の商標でDegussa AGから入手可能)を、10kgの水に再分散し、シリカ前駆体であるTEOS(テトラエトキシシラン)220gを混合物に添加し、この混合物を30分かけて、均等に分散させた。その後、混合物を噴霧乾燥し、800℃で2時間乾燥し、ドープされたシリカで修飾された、又は好結果の、チタニア担体を得た。シリカ修飾チタニア担体の表面積は46m2/gであった。実施例1に記載されたように、その試料の伝導度測定を実施し、溶解挙動を、純粋なチタニア担体(Degussa Titania P25)の溶解挙動と比較した。
Claims (5)
- 触媒担体の調製ステップであって、(i)Si、Co、Ce、Cu、Zn、Ba、Ni、Na、K、Ca、Sn、Cr、Fe、Li、Tl、Sr、Ga、Sb、V、Hf、Th、Ge、U、Nb、Ta、W、La及びこれらの混合物;並びに/又は(ii)Si、Co、Ce、Cu、Zn、Ba、Ni、Na、K、Ca、Sn、Cr、Fe、Li、Tl、Sr、Ga、Sb、V、Hf、Th、Ge、U、Nb、Ta、W、及びLaの少なくとも1種とTiの組合せ、から選択される修飾成分Mcを触媒担体前駆体に導入し、後で前記触媒担体前駆体を成形し焼成して、触媒担体を得ること;
前記触媒担体にコバルト塩の水溶液を含浸させて含浸担体とすること;
前記含浸担体を部分乾燥すること;
前記部分乾燥含浸担体を焼成して触媒前駆体を得ること;
前記触媒前駆体を還元してスラリ相フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成コバルト触媒とすること;
スラリ相フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成反応において、180℃と250℃の間の高温と、10barと40barの間の高圧で、水素及び一酸化炭素を含む合成ガスを前記スラリ相フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成コバルト触媒と接触させること;そして
サブミクロンコバルト粒子を50質量ppmより少量含む、クリーンなワックス製品を得ること ;
を含む、スラリ相フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成コバルト触媒の調製及び使用方法。 - 前記触媒担体の調製ステップにおいて、触媒担体前駆体への前記修飾成分Mcの導入が、前記修飾成分Mcの前駆体と触媒担体前駆体とを、ドーピング、共ゲル化又は沈殿法により接触させることを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記クリーンなワックス製品に、前記ワックス製品と前記触媒を分離する1次分離を行うことを含む請求項1から請求項2までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1回の水素化転化操作を行うことにより、前記クリーンなワックス製品の少なくとも一部分の改良を行うことを含む請求項1から請求項3までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記触媒担体前駆体が、ベーム石、ギブス石、バイヤライト、アルミン酸ナトリウム、硝酸アルミニウム、アルミニウムトリブトキシド、チタニウムtert−ブトキシド、水和水酸化チタン、水酸化マグネシウム、炭酸マグネシウム、ZnSO 4 及びZnCl 2 から選択される、請求項1から請求項4までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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PCT/IB2002/002911 WO2003012008A2 (en) | 2001-07-27 | 2002-07-26 | Production of fischer-tropsch synthesis produced wax |
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AU2002321689B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
NO20035641D0 (no) | 2003-12-17 |
US7262225B2 (en) | 2007-08-28 |
DE60214743T3 (de) | 2011-02-24 |
ES2271313T3 (es) | 2007-04-16 |
EP1432778A2 (en) | 2004-06-30 |
US20040186188A1 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
NO335702B1 (no) | 2015-01-26 |
BR0210649B1 (pt) | 2015-03-10 |
EP1432778B1 (en) | 2006-09-13 |
JP2004536950A (ja) | 2004-12-09 |
NO20035641L (no) | 2004-03-29 |
ATE339484T1 (de) | 2006-10-15 |
AR034912A1 (es) | 2004-03-24 |
PE20030220A1 (es) | 2003-04-30 |
WO2003012008A3 (en) | 2004-04-29 |
MY129380A (en) | 2007-03-30 |
EP1432778B2 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
WO2003012008A2 (en) | 2003-02-13 |
DE60214743T2 (de) | 2007-09-20 |
ES2271313T5 (es) | 2011-01-20 |
DE60214743D1 (de) | 2006-10-26 |
BR0210649A (pt) | 2004-10-05 |
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