JP4216803B2 - 金属膜の酸化によってナノポーラス基板上に形成されたサブミクロン電解質薄膜 - Google Patents
金属膜の酸化によってナノポーラス基板上に形成されたサブミクロン電解質薄膜 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4216803B2 JP4216803B2 JP2004508971A JP2004508971A JP4216803B2 JP 4216803 B2 JP4216803 B2 JP 4216803B2 JP 2004508971 A JP2004508971 A JP 2004508971A JP 2004508971 A JP2004508971 A JP 2004508971A JP 4216803 B2 JP4216803 B2 JP 4216803B2
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Description
本発明は、2002年5月29日出願、出願番号60/384378、代理人整理番号S02−108/PROV、「Solid oxide electrolyte with ion conductivity enhancement by dislocation」なるタイトルの米国仮出願に対して優先権を主張する。この文献は引証により本願の一部となる。
本発明は、Yuji Saito、Fritz B. Prinz、Yong-il Park及びRyan O-Hayreによる「Solid oxide electrolyte with ion conductivity enhancement by dislocation」なるタイトルの同時出願された米国出願(代理人整理番号S02−108/US)を相互参照する。この文献は引証により本願の一部となる。
本発明は電気化学装置及び方法に関する。特に、本発明は固体酸化物型燃料電池(solid oxide fuel cells:SOFC)に関する。
・高いイオン伝導度。これは低いイオン抵抗を意味する。
・低い電子伝導度。好適には厚さの低減による。
・反応流体が混ざって電解質層の両面間にかかる電圧が低下するのを防止するための高い密度及び不透過性。
・動作流体圧力における十分な機械的強度。
・電解質と電極との間の抵抗を低減し燃料電池効率を向上するため及び第2の相の形成(second phase formation)を防止するための電極層への良好な接着。
本発明はこのような一般的な要請にも対処する。
1.所定の空間的酸化膨張率(spatial oxidation expansion)を有する成膜材料の選択。選択される材料には、複合金属スパッタリングターゲットとして準備される金属合金及び/または個別金属が含まれ得る。そのような複合金属スパッタリングターゲットは、例えば、金属イットリウム−ジルコニウム層の直接成膜のためZrターゲット上にイットリウム片が配置されたものとすることができる。
2.未酸化状態の成膜材料の多孔質基板上への直接的な成膜。粒界に沿った高いイオン伝導度を寄生容量を悪化することなく活用するため、材料を粒子1つ分の高さにデポジット(deposit)し、イオンが最終的な連続膜の両面間を連続した粒界に沿って伝搬可能とすることが望ましい。スパッタリングパラメータはそれを達成するべく公知の態様で調節される。イットリウム−ジルコニア層の成膜は例えばAr雰囲気中で多孔質ガンマアルミナ基板上にDCマグネトロンスパッタリングを行うことによって為すことができる。成膜された材料は光学的には緻密な(solid)表面を有するように見えるかもしれないが、顕微的な粒界及びボイドによって成膜された層が高い流体透過性を有するものとなり得る。
3.成膜材料を任意の適切な方法により酸化。例えば、イットリウム−ジルコニア層は酸化雰囲気中で300℃〜1000℃の温度において酸化することができる。成膜材料が酸化される際に空間的に膨張することにより、ボイドのない(void-free)膜の形成がなされる。
4.粒子成長を含む制御された粒子改質(grain modification)をなすべくボイドのない膜を加熱処理。加熱処理における粒子成長は酸化時のように空間的膨張には関連しない。加熱処理時の粒子成長は個々の粒子が再結合(recombination)する結果であり、それによって最終的に残りのボイドも除去される。
1.ナノポーラス陽極酸化アルミナ基板のような多孔質基板または多孔質シリコンのような他の公知の多孔質金属及び/またはセラミック基板と組み合わせて上記したまたは以下に述べる金属酸化電解質薄膜プロセスを用いることによって可能となる電解質抵抗の低減。
2.Arガス中のDCマグネトロンスパッタリングプロセスのような公知の薄膜形成技術を用いることによって可能となる簡単でクリーンな製造。
3.高価なイットリウム安定化ジルコニアターゲットと比べて比較的安価なイットリウムとジルコニウムの合金または複合ターゲットのような成膜材料の選択範囲拡大によってもたらされる調節可能な製造コスト。
t=[3{(1+ν)・ΔP・R2}/(8σmax)]1/2 [2]
σmax:最終的な引っ張り応力
ΔP:圧力差
ν:ポアソン比
R:孔半径
t:膜厚
である。
Dd=D0・(1−ψ)・exp(−ΔH0/kT)
+D0・ψ・exp(−ΔHd/kT) [6]
Db=D0・exp(−ΔH0/kT) [7]
=(1−ψ)+ψ・exp[−(ΔHd+ΔH0)/kT] [9]
ψ:転位の体積率
φ:転位の半径
δ:転位密度
Db:8YSZ単結晶の拡散率
Dd:転位を有する8YSZの拡散率
k:ボルツマン定数
T:温度
である。
(i)全ての転位は刃状転位であり、薄膜を通る電流方向に平行に配列されるものと仮定する。
(ii)転位の形状は断面が円形のパイプ状であり、転位の直径は格子パラメータ(a)の(3・21/2)/4倍と仮定する。なぜなら転位直径(2φ)は、a/21/2<110>{100}転位系に対して、21/2・a/2<2φ<21/2・aの範囲にあると考えられるからである。
(iii)拡散率(D0)は活性化エネルギーに依存しないいくつかの定数によるので、バルクと転位において同じ値であると仮定する。D0d(転位のある8YSZのD0)は、Ar2νNV・exp[(ΔS0+ΔSd)/k]と表されるが、ここで全ての変数、すなわち比例定数(A)、原子振動周波数(ν)、空孔密度(NV)、及びエントロピー(ΔS)は、所与の温度において定数である。伝導度の絶対値はD0dを式[8](Dd/Db=D0・[(1−ψ)・exp(−ΔH0/kT)+ψ・exp(−ΔHd/kT)]/[D0・exp(−ΔH0/kT)])に対する推定に適用することによって若干変化するが、低温領域における伝導度プロットの傾き−ΔH/kは影響を受けない。
Claims (8)
- 多孔質の基板上に連続膜を形成する方法であって、
a.所定の空間的酸化膨張比を有し、酸化後にイオン伝導性電解質となる成膜材料を選択する過程と、
b.未酸化状態の前記成膜材料を前記基板の上面に所定の成膜高さ及び成膜密度でデポジットする過程と、
c.前記基板上の前記成膜材料を酸化させて前記成膜材料を空間的に膨張した酸化材料に変換する過程とを有し、
前記成膜密度は、インプレーン成膜密度が前記空間的酸化膨張比の三乗根の二乗に等しいインプレーン酸化膨張比の逆数以上となるように選択され、
前記成膜高さは、前記成膜密度が提供されるように選択され、
当該方法は更に、
d.加熱処理により前記酸化材料を再結合させ、概ねボイドのない流体不透過性の前記連続膜を形成する過程を有することを特徴とする方法。 - 前記成膜材料がイットリア安定化ジルコニアであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記多孔質基板が酸化物から形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記多孔質基板が陽極酸化されたアルミナから形成されていることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記多孔質基板の前記上面に直径200nm以下の細孔が設けられ、前記連続膜は厚さが1μmより小さく、水素透過率が室温において4.5×10 −9 モル/m 2 ・s・Paより小さいことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- イットリア安定化ジルコニアからなる厚さが1μmより小さい前記連続膜の水素透過率が室温において4.5×10 −9 モル/m 2 ・s・Paより小さく、イオン面積抵抗(ionic area resistance)が250℃の温度において200Ωより小さいことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記連続膜が燃料電池用の電解質膜であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記連続膜がガスセンサ用の電解質膜であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
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US6251473B1 (en) * | 1999-05-12 | 2001-06-26 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Preparation of ceramic thin films by spray coating |
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ATE508488T1 (de) * | 2001-12-18 | 2011-05-15 | Univ California | Verfahren zur herstellung dichter dünnfilme |
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-
2003
- 2003-05-29 CA CA002487859A patent/CA2487859A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-05-29 WO PCT/US2003/017202 patent/WO2003101629A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-05-29 KR KR10-2004-7018992A patent/KR20050013108A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-05-29 US US10/449,736 patent/US7179500B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-29 US US10/449,709 patent/US7195833B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-29 CA CA2487611A patent/CA2487611C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-29 EP EP03739011A patent/EP1513623B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-29 EP EP03808387A patent/EP1514323A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-05-29 AU AU2003245372A patent/AU2003245372A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-05-29 WO PCT/US2003/017432 patent/WO2004040670A2/en active Application Filing
- 2003-05-29 JP JP2004548275A patent/JP2006501626A/ja active Pending
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Also Published As
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EP1514323A4 (en) | 2006-01-11 |
WO2004040670A2 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
CA2487611C (en) | 2011-11-01 |
AU2003245372A1 (en) | 2003-12-19 |
AU2003301727A1 (en) | 2004-05-25 |
WO2003101629A1 (en) | 2003-12-11 |
EP1513623A1 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
EP1514323A2 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
US20040013924A1 (en) | 2004-01-22 |
JP2006501626A (ja) | 2006-01-12 |
AU2003301727A8 (en) | 2004-05-25 |
EP1513623B1 (en) | 2012-09-12 |
CA2487859A1 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
US7179500B2 (en) | 2007-02-20 |
JP2005527370A (ja) | 2005-09-15 |
US7195833B2 (en) | 2007-03-27 |
EP1513623A4 (en) | 2007-08-08 |
AU2003245372A8 (en) | 2003-12-19 |
KR20050013108A (ko) | 2005-02-02 |
US20040038106A1 (en) | 2004-02-26 |
WO2004040670A3 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
CA2487611A1 (en) | 2003-12-11 |
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