JP3753429B2 - 汚泥の再利用処理方法 - Google Patents
汚泥の再利用処理方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3753429B2 JP3753429B2 JP2003375976A JP2003375976A JP3753429B2 JP 3753429 B2 JP3753429 B2 JP 3753429B2 JP 2003375976 A JP2003375976 A JP 2003375976A JP 2003375976 A JP2003375976 A JP 2003375976A JP 3753429 B2 JP3753429 B2 JP 3753429B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- sludge
- zeolite
- tank
- decomposition
- layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 title claims description 301
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 34
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 241000186361 Actinobacteria <class> Species 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 241000187747 Streptomyces Species 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001877 deodorizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000589291 Acinetobacter Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000589151 Azotobacter Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000589519 Comamonas Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000605159 Nitrobacter Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000605122 Nitrosomonas Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000187654 Nocardia Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000589517 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000736131 Sphingomonas Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000203775 Thermoactinomyces Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 claims 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 13
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-methylprop-2-en-1-amine Chemical compound CN(CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)CC=C GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241001148470 aerobic bacillus Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 2
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006159 Sabouraud's agar Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010800 human waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012449 sabouraud dextrose agar Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001148471 unidentified anaerobic bacterium Species 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000495426 Thiobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010044278 Trace element deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004332 deodorization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011221 initial treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009335 monocropping Methods 0.000 description 1
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009751 slip forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/02—Biological treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
- C02F3/101—Arranged-type packing, e.g. stacks, arrays
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F2003/001—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage using granular carriers or supports for the microorganisms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/28—Anaerobic digestion processes
- C02F3/286—Anaerobic digestion processes including two or more steps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/30—Aerobic and anaerobic processes
- C02F3/301—Aerobic and anaerobic treatment in the same reactor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/20—Sludge processing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003375976A JP3753429B2 (ja) | 2002-11-13 | 2003-11-05 | 汚泥の再利用処理方法 |
| US10/704,686 US7094350B2 (en) | 2002-11-13 | 2003-11-12 | Method of sludge recycling |
| TW92131699A TW200418748A (en) | 2002-11-13 | 2003-11-12 | Method of sludge recycling |
| AU2003262294A AU2003262294B2 (en) | 2002-11-13 | 2003-11-13 | Method of sludge recycling |
| US11/204,165 US7141159B2 (en) | 2002-11-13 | 2005-08-16 | Method of sludge recycling |
| US11/321,519 US7235174B2 (en) | 2002-11-13 | 2005-12-30 | Method of sludge recycling |
| US11/373,309 US7198720B2 (en) | 2002-11-13 | 2006-03-13 | Method of sludge recycling |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002329880 | 2002-11-13 | ||
| JP2003375976A JP3753429B2 (ja) | 2002-11-13 | 2003-11-05 | 汚泥の再利用処理方法 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2004174488A JP2004174488A (ja) | 2004-06-24 |
| JP3753429B2 true JP3753429B2 (ja) | 2006-03-08 |
Family
ID=32716193
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003375976A Expired - Lifetime JP3753429B2 (ja) | 2002-11-13 | 2003-11-05 | 汚泥の再利用処理方法 |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US7094350B2 (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JP3753429B2 (OSRAM) |
| AU (1) | AU2003262294B2 (OSRAM) |
| TW (1) | TW200418748A (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5315587B2 (ja) * | 2005-12-27 | 2013-10-16 | 栗田工業株式会社 | 有機物含有排水の処理装置及び処理方法 |
| JP2007326016A (ja) * | 2006-06-07 | 2007-12-20 | Yusei Kenkyu Kikinkai | 生物学的廃水処理方法 |
| US7877929B2 (en) | 2007-08-04 | 2011-02-01 | Rezzorb, Llc | Method and apparatus for reducing fertilizer use in agricultural operations |
| JP5367439B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-16 | 2013-12-11 | 株式会社ロッシュ | 再利用水、および汚泥の処理方法。 |
| JP2010269207A (ja) * | 2009-05-19 | 2010-12-02 | Osaka Seibutsu Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyusho:Kk | 汚泥処理方法 |
| CN104591513B (zh) * | 2015-01-16 | 2016-06-08 | 汕头市正能量本草植物研究所 | 污泥激活球及其制作方法 |
| CN107237313B (zh) * | 2017-05-23 | 2019-04-30 | 温州大学 | 絮凝联合深层增压式真空预压加固吹填淤泥的系统以及加固吹填淤泥的方法 |
| US11059733B2 (en) * | 2017-09-18 | 2021-07-13 | Collin Tirman | Vermicomposting method and system for conversion and treatment of organic waste streams |
| JP6777336B2 (ja) * | 2018-12-17 | 2020-10-28 | 株式会社京玉エンジニアリング | 下水処理システム |
| CN110467324A (zh) * | 2019-05-29 | 2019-11-19 | 常州大学 | 一种新型光合菌固体基质在降低印染污泥中重金属生物毒性的方法 |
| CN110776225A (zh) * | 2019-11-18 | 2020-02-11 | 深圳市承亿生物科技有限公司 | 一种生物酵素原位降解河道底於泥的方法 |
| CN113998851B (zh) * | 2021-11-23 | 2023-07-28 | 河海大学设计研究院有限公司 | 河流淤泥绿色循环利用系统 |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4749494A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1988-06-07 | Mitsui Sekiyu Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Treatment of waste water by the activated sludge process |
| US4735724A (en) * | 1986-07-30 | 1988-04-05 | Gas Research Institute | Solids concentrating anaerobic digestion process and apparatus |
| JPH10216799A (ja) | 1997-02-10 | 1998-08-18 | Hitachi Kiden Kogyo Ltd | 余剰汚泥の処理方法 |
| JP3938612B2 (ja) | 1997-05-19 | 2007-06-27 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | タイヤトレッド用ゴム組成物及びその製造方法 |
| JPH11285698A (ja) | 1998-04-06 | 1999-10-19 | Kubota Corp | 生物学的脱リン方法 |
| JP3488853B2 (ja) | 1999-03-30 | 2004-01-19 | 継男 稲葉 | 脱臭剤、脱臭方法、脱臭部材および脱臭装置 |
| US6585895B2 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2003-07-01 | Rhodia Inc. | Wastewater treatment process |
-
2003
- 2003-11-05 JP JP2003375976A patent/JP3753429B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-12 TW TW92131699A patent/TW200418748A/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-11-12 US US10/704,686 patent/US7094350B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-13 AU AU2003262294A patent/AU2003262294B2/en not_active Ceased
-
2005
- 2005-08-16 US US11/204,165 patent/US7141159B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-12-30 US US11/321,519 patent/US7235174B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-03-13 US US11/373,309 patent/US7198720B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2003262294B2 (en) | 2008-05-22 |
| US7235174B2 (en) | 2007-06-26 |
| TW200418748A (en) | 2004-10-01 |
| US20060151388A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
| US7094350B2 (en) | 2006-08-22 |
| US20040168976A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
| US20060102535A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
| US7198720B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 |
| AU2003262294A1 (en) | 2005-02-24 |
| JP2004174488A (ja) | 2004-06-24 |
| US20060027497A1 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
| US7141159B2 (en) | 2006-11-28 |
| TWI335907B (OSRAM) | 2011-01-11 |
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