JP2943004B2 - 潤滑剤組成物 - Google Patents
潤滑剤組成物Info
- Publication number
- JP2943004B2 JP2943004B2 JP2179385A JP17938590A JP2943004B2 JP 2943004 B2 JP2943004 B2 JP 2943004B2 JP 2179385 A JP2179385 A JP 2179385A JP 17938590 A JP17938590 A JP 17938590A JP 2943004 B2 JP2943004 B2 JP 2943004B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- group
- formula
- carbon atoms
- represented
- hydrogen atom
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 19
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 title claims description 13
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 6
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- -1 n-octyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 21
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002530 phenolic antioxidant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010525 oxidative degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(S)=NC2=C1 YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007866 anti-wear additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- HVLLSGMXQDNUAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphite Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 HVLLSGMXQDNUAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GHJUORCGZFHNKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CN1C(C)(C)CC(=O)CC1(C)C GHJUORCGZFHNKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIGYLAKFCGVRAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,4-thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione Chemical compound S=C1NNC(=S)S1 BIGYLAKFCGVRAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOCLFIGHHOKNTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-n-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)piperidin-4-amine Chemical compound C1C(C)(C)NC(C)(C)CC1NC1CC(C)(C)NC(C)(C)C1 IOCLFIGHHOKNTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WUHHVDQBQZVSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dibutylpropanedioic acid Chemical compound CCCCC(C(O)=O)(C(O)=O)CCCC WUHHVDQBQZVSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004825 2,2-dimethylpropylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NISAHDHKGPWBEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-nonylphenoxy)acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(OCC(O)=O)C=C1 NISAHDHKGPWBEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DIOYAVUHUXAUPX-ZHACJKMWSA-N 2-[methyl-[(e)-octadec-9-enoyl]amino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)N(C)CC(O)=O DIOYAVUHUXAUPX-ZHACJKMWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPEANFVVZUKNFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-sulfanylbenzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NN(S)N=C21 FPEANFVVZUKNFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSPWEFYLCYAXBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-sulfanylbenzotriazole-5-thiol Chemical compound C1=C(S)C=CC2=NN(S)N=C21 XSPWEFYLCYAXBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AIBRSVLEQRWAEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,9-bis(2,4-ditert-butylphenoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1OP1OCC2(COP(OC=3C(=CC(=CC=3)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC2)CO1 AIBRSVLEQRWAEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SSADPHQCUURWSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,9-bis(2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C)=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1OP1OCC2(COP(OC=3C(=CC(C)=CC=3C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC2)CO1 SSADPHQCUURWSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLUZWKKWWSCRSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,9-bis(8-methylnonoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane Chemical compound C1OP(OCCCCCCCC(C)C)OCC21COP(OCCCCCCCC(C)C)OC2 YLUZWKKWWSCRSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVRNUXJQQFPNMN-VAWYXSNFSA-N 3-[(e)-dodec-1-enyl]oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC\C=C\C1CC(=O)OC1=O WVRNUXJQQFPNMN-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKRLKUOWTAEKKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2h-benzotriazole Chemical compound C1CCCC2=NNN=C21 CKRLKUOWTAEKKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IWASLBFJTMJYHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(2h-benzotriazol-5-ylmethyl)-2h-benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC2=NNN=C2C=C1CC1=CC2=NNN=C2C=C1 IWASLBFJTMJYHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PROCTESLYKDCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N P(OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)(OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C.OP(O)OP(O)O.C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(O)(C(CO)(CO)CO)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC Chemical compound P(OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)(OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C.OP(O)OP(O)O.C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(O)(C(CO)(CO)CO)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PROCTESLYKDCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VPIGOGDSZWTTAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [5-[2,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-6-methylphenyl]-2H-triazol-4-yl]methanamine Chemical compound C(C)C(CC1=C(C(=C(C=C1)C)C=1N=NNC=1CN)CC(CCCC)CC)CCCC VPIGOGDSZWTTAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003232 aliphatic polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- RSOILICUEWXSLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) decanedioate Chemical compound C1C(C)(C)N(C)C(C)(C)CC1OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)N(C)C(C)(C)C1 RSOILICUEWXSLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOJOVSYIGHASEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) butanedioate Chemical compound C1C(C)(C)NC(C)(C)CC1OC(=O)CCC(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)NC(C)(C)C1 GOJOVSYIGHASEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UROGBLCMTWAODF-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) hexanedioate Chemical compound C1C(C)(C)NC(C)(C)CC1OC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OC1CC(C)(C)NC(C)(C)C1 UROGBLCMTWAODF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- GLOQRSIADGSLRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N decyl diphenyl phosphite Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OCCCCCCCCCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1 GLOQRSIADGSLRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- NMAKPIATXQEXBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N didecyl phenyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1 NMAKPIATXQEXBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDNQRCVBPNOTNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(O)(=O)=O)=C(CCCCCCCCC)C(CCCCCCCCC)=CC2=C1 WDNQRCVBPNOTNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002462 imidazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AMWUFXLSROXQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC(=O)CC(C)=O AMWUFXLSROXQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005487 naphthalate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002898 organic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002918 oxazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004707 phenolate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001083 polybutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940116351 sebacate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L sebacate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IVIIAEVMQHEPAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridodecyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCCCCC IVIIAEVMQHEPAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CNUJLMSKURPSHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctadecyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CNUJLMSKURPSHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKXFIBBKEARMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenoxy(sulfanylidene)-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=S)OC1=CC=CC=C1 IKXFIBBKEARMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGKLOLBTFWFKOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-nonylphenyl) phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OP(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)CCCCCCCCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1CCCCCCCCC WGKLOLBTFWFKOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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Description
剤組成物に関する。安定化は、少なくとも2種類の特定
の添加剤の添加により行われる。
の使用特性を改良するために添加剤を添加することは公
知であり、慣用である。潤滑油の酸化的な劣化に対する
添加剤、いわゆる酸化防止は特に重要である。潤滑剤の
酸化的劣化は、エンジンオイルにおいて特に重要であ
り、これは、エンジンの燃焼室内においては高温に耐え
なければならないため、および酸素に加えて、酸化触媒
として作用する窒素酸化物(NOX)が存在するためであ
る。
機硫黄およびリン化合物そしてまた芳香族アミンおよび
フェノール、特に立体障害フェノールである〔Ullmans
Encyckopadie der technishen Chemie(ウルマンの化学
技術百科辞典)第4版、ヒェミー出版(Verlag Chemi
e)、第20巻(1981年)、第541〜43頁参照〕。
国特許第4069199号明細書または特開昭60−28496号公報
ですでに提案されている。
用の酸化防止剤として芳香族アミンと立体障害アミンの
混合物が提案されており、またこれらの混合物にフェノ
ール系酸化防止剤を加えることも可能である。
せは、芳香族アミンの添加を省いてさえも、潤滑剤の安
定剤として著しく適していることが見い出された。
物、 (B)少なくとも1種の次式III、IVまたはVIII [式中、 Rは水素原子を表し、 R11は水素原子またはメチル基を表し、 nは1または2を表し、 nが1を表すとき、R12は炭素原子数1ないし18のア
ルキル基を表し、または nが2を表すとき、R12は4ないし12個のC原子を有
する脂肪族ジカルボン酸のジアシル基を表し、 R13は水素原子、炭素原子数1ないし12のアルキル基
または次式 を表し、 nが1を表すとき、R14は水素原子または炭素原子数
1ないし12のアルキル基を表し、または nが2を表すとき、R14は炭素原子数2ないし8のア
ルキレン基を表す。]で表される立体障害アミン、 (C)少なくとも1種の次式I [式中、 AおよびBは、互いに独立して、炭素原子数1ないし
4のアルキル基を表し、 Xは基−CbH2b−CO−OR3を表し、 bは1または2を表し、 R3は次式 で表される基の中の一つを表す。]で表されるフェノー
ルからなる潤滑剤組成物に関する。
ないし1:100、特には1:3ないし1:20であるのが好まし
い。(B)および(C)の合計量は、(A)の0.05ない
し5重量%、特には0.1ないし3重量%であるのが好ま
しい。
Bは、線状または枝分れ状のアルキル基、例えばメチル
基、エチル基、イソプロピル基、第三ブチル基または第
二ブチル基であってよい。
鉱物性または合成ベース油である。例えば、合成油はポ
リカルボン酸またはポリオールのエステル、脂肪族ポリ
エステルまたはポリ−α−オレフィン、シリコン、リン
酸エステルまたはポリアルキレングリコールである。潤
滑油は、油と粘着剤をベースとするグリースでもあり得
る。そのような潤滑剤は、例えばD.Klamann“Schmierst
offc und artverwandte Produkte"(“潤滑油およびそ
の関連生成物”)、Verlag Chemie、Weinheim 1982に
記載されている。
たはVIIIで表される下記のポリアルキルピペリジンであ
る。
例えばメチル基、エチル基、n−プロピル基、n−ブチ
ル基、第二ブチル基、第三ブチル基、n−ヘキシル基、
n−オクチル基、2−エチルヘキシル基、n−ノニル
基、n−デシル基、n−ウンデシル基、n−ドデシル
基、n−トリデシル基、n−テトラデシル基、n−ヘキ
サデシル基またはn−オクタデシル基であり得る。
二価基としてのR12は、例えばコハク酸、グルタール
酸、アジピン酸、スベリン酸、セバシン酸、マレイン
酸、イタコン酸またはジブチルマロン酸の基である。
化合物である: 1)ジ(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イ
ル)スクシネート、 2)ジ(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イ
ル)グルタレート、 3)ジ(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イ
ル)アジペート、 4)ジ(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イ
ル)セバケート、 5)ジ(1,2,2,6,6−ペンタメチルピペリジン−4−イ
ル)セバケート。
a)で定義した意味を有する。
14は、例えばエチレン基、プロピレン基、2,2−ジメチ
ルプロピレン基、テトラメチレン基、ヘキサメチレン基
またはオクタメチレン基である。
化合物である: 6)N,N′−ビス(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−
4−イル)ヘキサメチレン−1,6−ジアミン、 7)ビス(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−4−イ
ル)アミン。
料用の光安定剤として使用されている。それらの幾つか
は市販されている。
びBが互に独立して炭素原子数1ないし4のアルキル基
を表し、Xが基−CbH2b−CO−OR3を表し、bが1または
2を表し、R3が基 の中の一つを表す式Iの化合物、特にはXが基−(C
H2)2−CO−OR3を表し、そしてR3は基 を表す式Iの化合物からなる。
X [各式中、 nは1または2を表し、 R11は水素原子またはメチル基を表し、 Yは、nが1を表す場合、−O−(炭素原子数8ない
し15のアルキル)基を表し、nが2を表す場合、基−NH
−(CH2)6−NH−または基−O−CO−(CH2)m−CO−
O−(式中、mは2ないし8を表す。)を表す。]で表
される化合物であり、そして(C)が式I[式中、Aは
炭素原子数1ないし4のアルキル基を表し、Bは炭素原
子数1ないし4のアルキル基を表し、Xは−CH2CH2COOR
3を表し、R3は を表す。]で表される化合物である。
るか、または(B)および(C)は必要に応じて加熱さ
れつつ最初に少量のベース油に溶解され、そして該溶液
は残りの油に混合される。他の可能性として、溶媒中の
(B)と(C)の濃厚溶液がベース油に混合される。
化に対して油を安定化させ、またエンジンオイル中のス
ラッジの生成を低減させる。
I)エステル、金属不動態化剤、防錆剤、粘度指数改良
剤、流動点降下剤、分散剤、界面活性剤および/または
耐摩耗添加剤を含むことができる。
イト、デシルジフェニルホスファイト、フェニルジデシ
ルホスファイト、トリス(ノニルフェニル)ホスファイ
ト、トリラウリルホスファイト、トリオクタデシルホス
ファイト、ジステアリルペンタエリトリトールジホスフ
ァイト、トリス(2,4−ジ−第三ブチルフェニル)ホス
ファイト、ジイソデシルペンタエリトリトールジホスフ
ァイト、ビス(2,4−ジ−第三ブチルフェニル)ペンタ
エリトリトールジホスファイト、トリステアリルソルビ
トールトリホスファイト、テトラキス(2,4−ジ−第三
ブチルフェニル)−4,4′−ビフェニレンジホスファイ
トおよびビス(2,6−ジ−第三ブチル−4−メチルフェ
ニル)ペンタエリトリトールジホスファイトである。
ール、ベンゾトリアゾールおよびそれらの誘導体、トル
トリアゾールおよびそれらの誘導体、2−メルカプトベ
ンゾチアゾール、2−メルカプトベンゾトリアゾール、
2,5−ジ−メルカプトベンゾトリアゾール、2,5−ジメル
カプトチアジアゾール、5,5′−メチレンビスベンゾト
リアゾール、4,5,6,7−テトラヒドロベンゾトリアゾー
ル、サリチリデンプロピレンジアミン、サリチルアミノ
グアニジンおよびその塩である。
物、例えば: N−オレオイルサルコシン、ソルビタンモノオレエー
ト、ナフタレン酸鉛、アルケニルコハク酸無水物例えば
無水ドデセニルコハク酸、アルケニルコハク酸部分エス
テルおよび部分アミド、4−ノニルフェノキシ−酢酸。
ン、および有機酸もしくは無機酸のアミン塩、例えば油
溶性アルキルアンモニムカルボキシレート。
オキサゾリン。
ルのアミン塩、亜鉛ジアルキルジチオホスフェート。
ウムペトロリウムスルホネート。
クリレート、ビニルピロリドン/メタクリレートコポリ
マー、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリブテン、オレフィン
コポリマー、スチレン/アクリレートコポリマー、ポリ
エーテル類である。
キル化ナフタレン誘導体である。
ミドもしくはポリブテニルコハク酸イミド、ポリブテニ
ルホスホン酸誘導体、塩基性マグネシウム、カルシウム
およびバリウムスルホネートおよびフェノレートであ
る。
/またはハロゲン含有化合物、例えば硫黄化された植物
油、ジアルキルジチオリン酸亜鉛、トリトリルホスフェ
ート、塩素化パラフィン、アルキおよびアリールジスル
フィドおよびトリスリフィド、トリフェニルホスホロチ
オネート、ジエタノールアミノメチルトリルトリアゾー
ル、ジ−(2−エチルヘキシル)アミノメチルトリルト
リアゾールである。
ような固体潤滑剤も含むことができる。
は重量による。
D−943によるTOST(turbine oxidation stability tes
t)法により試験する。
5%含まれている鉱物油(Mobil STOCK 305)300mlに添
加し、その混合物を鉄および銅ワイヤーの存在下、酸素
を通しながら95℃で1000時間加熱することにより行う。
酸の生成は、中和値TAN(mgKOH/mg油)の測定により調
べ、生成したスラッジの量(=SLUGE)もまた測定す
る。
量計で測定した。これを行うためにベース油を小アルミ
ニウム皿内で鉄(III)アセチルアセトン(酸化触媒と
して)0.025%および安定剤0.55%と混合し、その混合
物を熱量計中10バールの酸素下、160℃の恒温に加熱す
る。発熱反応が開始する時間TB(誘導時間)および発熱
反応が終了する時間TEを測定する:誘導時間が長いほど
耐酸化性は高い。使用される安定剤はフェノール系酸化
防止剤P−1である。
物を用いた場合、油の耐酸化性は、個々の成分について
のデータから期待される以上に高まることが判る。
の空気下で測定を行い、また恒温温度が170℃であるこ
と以外は実施例6と同様にして示差走査熱量計で耐酸化
性を測定する。発熱の開始のみを測定する。
Claims (6)
- 【請求項1】(A)鉱物油または合成油またはそのよう
な油の混合物、(B)少なくとも1種の次式III、IVま
たはVIII [式中、 Rは水素原子で表し、 R11は水素原子またはメチル基を表し、 nは1または2を表し、 nが1を表すとき、R12は炭素原子数1ないし18のアル
キル基を表し、または nが2を表すとき、R12は4ないし12個のC原子を有す
る脂肪族ジカルボン酸のジアシル基を表し、 R13は水素原子、炭素原子数1ないし12のアルキル基ま
たは次式 を表し、 nが1を表すとき、R14は水素原子または炭素原子数1
ないし12のアルキル基を表し、または nが2を表すとき、R14は炭素原子数2ないし8のアル
キレン基を表す。]で表される立体障害アミン、 (C)少なくとも1種の次式I [式中、 AおよびBは、互いに独立して、炭素原子数1ないし4
のアルキル基を表し、 Xは基−CbH2b−CO−OR3を表し、 bは1または2を表し、 R3は次式 で表される基の中の一つを表す。]で表されるフェノー
ルからなる潤滑剤組成物。 - 【請求項2】(B)と(C)の重量比が1:1ないし1:100
である請求項1記載の組成物。 - 【請求項3】(B)および(C)の合計量が(A)の重
量の0.05ないし5%である請求項1記載の組成物。 - 【請求項4】(C)は式I[式中、AおよびBは、互い
に独立して、炭素原子数1ないし4のアルキル基を表
し、Xは基−(CH2)2−CO−OR3を表し、そしてR3は次
式 で表される基を表す。]で表される化合物である請求項
1記載の組成物。 - 【請求項5】(B)は次式IXまたはX [式中、 R11は水素原子またはメチル基を表し、 nは1または2を表し、 nが1を表すとき、Yは−O−(炭素原子数8ないし15
のアルキル基を)表し、または nが2を表すとき、Yは基−NH−(CH2)6−NH−また
は−O−CO−(CH2)m−CO−O−(式中、mは2ない
し8を表す。)を表す。]で表される化合物であり、ま
た (C)は請求項1で定義されるとおりものである請求項
1記載の組成物。 - 【請求項6】(B)は式IX[式中、nは2を表し、そし
てYは基−NH−(CH2)6−NH−または基−O−CO−(C
H2)8−CO−O−を表す。]で表される化合物であり、
そして(C)は次式 で表される化合物である請求項5記載の組成物。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH2528/89-0 | 1989-07-07 | ||
CH252889 | 1989-07-07 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH0345696A JPH0345696A (ja) | 1991-02-27 |
JP2943004B2 true JP2943004B2 (ja) | 1999-08-30 |
Family
ID=4235829
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2179385A Expired - Lifetime JP2943004B2 (ja) | 1989-07-07 | 1990-07-06 | 潤滑剤組成物 |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0406826B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2943004B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR0151400B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1028243C (ja) |
BR (1) | BR9003187A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2020558C (ja) |
DD (1) | DD297443A5 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE59002284D1 (ja) |
ZA (1) | ZA905305B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5486316A (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1996-01-23 | Henkel Corporation | Aqueous lubricant and surface conditioner for formed metal surfaces |
BE1004925A5 (fr) * | 1991-01-08 | 1993-02-23 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Compositions lubrifiantes renfermant une association de stabilisants. |
JP3401349B2 (ja) * | 1994-12-07 | 2003-04-28 | 新日本石油株式会社 | 潤滑油組成物 |
JP3527555B2 (ja) * | 1994-12-09 | 2004-05-17 | 出光興産株式会社 | 熱処理油組成物 |
JP3508785B2 (ja) * | 1994-12-13 | 2004-03-22 | 出光興産株式会社 | ギヤ用潤滑油組成物 |
JP3527556B2 (ja) * | 1994-12-14 | 2004-05-17 | 出光興産株式会社 | 内燃機関用潤滑油組成物 |
JP4946063B2 (ja) * | 2006-01-12 | 2012-06-06 | 日本精工株式会社 | グリース組成物及び転がり軸受 |
CA2657382C (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2014-09-09 | Ciba Holding Inc. | Lubricant compositions comprising tetramethylpiperidines |
WO2014017182A1 (ja) | 2012-07-27 | 2014-01-30 | Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 | 潤滑油組成物および銅および鉛の溶出を抑制した摺動材料の潤滑方法 |
FR3020377B1 (fr) * | 2014-04-25 | 2020-11-27 | Total Marketing Services | Composition lubrifiante comprenant un compose anti-cliquetis |
WO2016156328A1 (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2016-10-06 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Use of a lubricating composition comprising a hindered amine light stabilizer for improved piston cleanliness in an internal combustion engine |
CN110273159A (zh) * | 2019-07-02 | 2019-09-24 | 宜兴市中大凯水处理有限公司 | 一种新型高温缓蚀剂及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3336226A (en) * | 1965-12-28 | 1967-08-15 | Chevron Res | Phenolic pour point depressants |
US3480635A (en) * | 1966-09-28 | 1969-11-25 | Universal Oil Prod Co | N-piperidyl substituted phenylenediamines |
US3939163A (en) * | 1973-12-28 | 1976-02-17 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Metal salts of hindered piperidine carboxylic acids and stabilized compositions |
EP0059168B1 (de) * | 1981-02-19 | 1985-10-02 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Organische Elastomere und mineralische und synthetische Schmieröle, enthaltend Phenol-mercaptocarbonsäureester als Stabilisatoren |
US4362887A (en) * | 1981-04-10 | 1982-12-07 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Synergistic antioxidant mixtures |
US4582943A (en) * | 1983-12-23 | 1986-04-15 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Stabilization of polyalkylene glycols |
US4607104A (en) * | 1985-07-11 | 1986-08-19 | Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc. | Process for the production of 2,2,6,6-tetraalkyl-4-piperidylamines |
CA1248516A (en) * | 1985-07-15 | 1989-01-10 | Stephen C. Cohen | Lubricating oil compositions containing novel combination of stabilizers |
EP0224442B1 (de) * | 1985-11-13 | 1990-05-16 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Substituierte Phenole als Stabilisatoren |
EP0273013B2 (de) * | 1986-12-24 | 1996-07-24 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Substituierte Phenole als Stabilisatoren |
US4836943A (en) * | 1987-07-15 | 1989-06-06 | Texaco Inc. | Anti-oxidant system |
US5091099A (en) * | 1988-06-09 | 1992-02-25 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Lubricating oil composition |
US5073278A (en) * | 1988-07-18 | 1991-12-17 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Lubricant composition |
-
1990
- 1990-07-04 EP EP90112762A patent/EP0406826B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-04 DE DE9090112762T patent/DE59002284D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-05 BR BR909003187A patent/BR9003187A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-07-05 CA CA002020558A patent/CA2020558C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-05 DD DD90342534A patent/DD297443A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-07-06 ZA ZA905305A patent/ZA905305B/xx unknown
- 1990-07-06 JP JP2179385A patent/JP2943004B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-07 KR KR1019900010358A patent/KR0151400B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-07-07 CN CN90103183A patent/CN1028243C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR0151400B1 (ko) | 1998-10-01 |
EP0406826A1 (de) | 1991-01-09 |
BR9003187A (pt) | 1991-08-27 |
KR910003079A (ko) | 1991-02-26 |
DD297443A5 (de) | 1992-01-09 |
CA2020558A1 (en) | 1991-01-08 |
CN1048560A (zh) | 1991-01-16 |
JPH0345696A (ja) | 1991-02-27 |
EP0406826B1 (de) | 1993-08-11 |
DE59002284D1 (de) | 1993-09-16 |
CN1028243C (zh) | 1995-04-19 |
ZA905305B (en) | 1991-05-29 |
CA2020558C (en) | 2001-11-06 |
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