JP2023510361A - 正極スクラップを用いた活物質の再使用方法 - Google Patents
正極スクラップを用いた活物質の再使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2023510361A JP2023510361A JP2022542752A JP2022542752A JP2023510361A JP 2023510361 A JP2023510361 A JP 2023510361A JP 2022542752 A JP2022542752 A JP 2022542752A JP 2022542752 A JP2022542752 A JP 2022542752A JP 2023510361 A JP2023510361 A JP 2023510361A
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- Prior art keywords
- active material
- lithium
- positive electrode
- reusing
- aqueous solution
- Prior art date
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- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 213
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 36
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 33
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Li2O Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 48
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 40
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 35
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 9
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910020599 Co 3 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000010926 waste battery Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004412 Bulk moulding compound Substances 0.000 description 2
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000156302 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 101000856236 Clostridium acetobutylicum (strain ATCC 824 / DSM 792 / JCM 1419 / LMG 5710 / VKM B-1787) Butyrate-acetoacetate CoA-transferase subunit B Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Co+2].[Co+3].[Co+3] UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 etc. Substances 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical group [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MORCTKJOZRLKHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxoboron Chemical compound [Li].O=[B] MORCTKJOZRLKHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002345 surface coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C01G45/12—Manganates manganites or permanganates
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. LiMnO2, Li[MxMn1-x]O2
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- C01G51/50—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(CoxMn1-x)O2, Li(MyCoxMn1-x-y)O2
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
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- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Abstract
Description
以下の方法で正極活物質を準備した後、評価した。
上述したような本発明の活物質再使用方法によって再使用活物質を収去した。NCM系活物質を有する廃正極スクラップを準備し、段階S25で1M NaOHに含浸して行った。段階S30で、熱処理を550℃で30分間行った。段階S40で、洗浄をLiOHを用いて10分間行った。段階S50では、原材料活物質中のリチウムと他の金属とのモル比(ICP分析)を基準にして、工程中にリチウムを0.09モル比でさらに添加できる量のリチウム前駆体(Li2CO3)を投入し、750℃で15時間アニーリングした。理論上、フラッシュな活物質の場合、リチウムと他の金属とのモル比が1:1であるが、これを確認する装備であるICP装備の平均誤差が±0.05、望ましくは、±0.02程度であるため、ICP測定による原材料活物質のリチウムと他の金属とのモル比が1±0.05:1になり得る。本実験においては、ICP分析からその分析割合を基準にしてリチウム前駆体を添加した。
実施例1に加え、段階S60の活物質の表面保護層の回復工程も行った。
再使用活物質ではなく、フレッシュなNCM系リチウム複合遷移金属酸化物を使用した。
上述したような本発明の活物質再使用方法のうち、段階S25と段階S30のみを行って、Al集電体分離及びバインダー、導電材を除去し、NCM系活物質を収去した。段階S25と段階S30は、実施例1と同じ条件で行った。本発明の活物質再使用方法のうち、段階S40の表面改質と段階S50の結晶構造回復及び段階S60の表面コーティング工程は行わなかった。
比較例2に加え、上述したような本発明の活物質再使用方法のうち、段階S40の表面改質までをさらに行って活物質を収去した。即ち、表面改質は行うが、本発明の活物質再使用方法のうち段階S50の結晶構造回復及び段階S60の表面コーティング工程は行わなかった。段階S40は、実施例1と同じ条件で行った。
比較例2に加え、上述したような本発明の活物質再使用方法のうち、段階S40の表面改質は行わず、段階S50の結晶構造回復までのみを行ってNCM系活物質を収去した。結晶構造回復のためのアニーリング時には、実施例1とは異なり、リチウム前駆体を添加せず行った。
実施例1と同様に、段階S25、S30、S40及びS50までのみを行った。但し、結晶構造回復のためのアニーリング時には、実施例1と異なり、リチウム前駆体を添加せず行った。
20 正極活物質層
30 正極シート
40 正極板
50 正極スクラップ
Claims (17)
- (a-1)集電体上のリチウム複合遷移金属酸化物からなる正極活物質層を含む正極スクラップを塩基性水溶液に含浸して前記集電体から活物質層を分離する段階と、
(a-2)前記活物質層を空気中で熱処理して前記活物質層中のバインダーと導電材を熱分解することで、前記活物質層中の活物質を回収する段階と、
(b)回収された活物質を水溶液状態で塩基性を示すリチウム化合物水溶液で洗浄して乾燥する段階と、
(c)洗浄された活物質にリチウム前駆体を添加してアニーリングして再使用可能な活物質を得る段階と、を含む、正極活物質の再使用方法。 - 前記塩基性水溶液が、LiOHまたはNaOHを含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- (d)アニーリングされた活物質に表面コーティングする段階をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記熱処理を300~800℃で行うことを特徴とする、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記リチウム化合物水溶液は、0%超過15%以下のリチウム化合物を含むように製造され、前記洗浄を1時間以内で行うことを特徴とする、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記洗浄は、前記回収された活物質を前記リチウム化合物水溶液に含浸すると共に攪拌することで行うことを特徴とする、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記アニーリングに用いられるリチウム前駆体は、LiOH、Li2CO3、LiNO3及びLi2Oのいずれか一つ以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記リチウム前駆体を、前記活物質層に使用された原材料活物質中のリチウムと他の金属との割合に対し、損失されたリチウムの割合分を補い得る量で添加することを特徴とする、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記リチウム前駆体を、リチウム添加量が0.001~0.4モル比となる量で添加することを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記リチウム前駆体は、リチウムと他の金属とのモル比を1:1基準にして、リチウムを0.0001~0.1モル比となる量でさらに添加することを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記アニーリングを400~1,000℃の空気中で行うことを特徴とする、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記アニーリングの段階の温度は、前記リチウム前駆体の融点を超過する温度であることを特徴とする、請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記活物質層中の活物質を、粉末形態で回収し、前記バインダーや導電材の炭化によって生じる炭素成分が表面に残留しないことを特徴とする、請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記表面コーティングの段階は、金属、有機金属及び炭素成分のいずれか一種以上を固相または液相方式で表面にコーティングした後、100~1,200℃で熱処理することを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記再使用可能な活物質は、フッ素(F)の含量が150ppm以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1から15のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
- 前記正極スクラップには電解液がついており、前記(a-1)段階で前記電解液が除去され、
前記(a-1)段階で、含浸後に濾過と洗浄をさらに行うことを特徴とする、請求項1から16のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質の再使用方法。
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