JP2022545563A - 有孔虫由来の骨移植材 - Google Patents
有孔虫由来の骨移植材 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2022545563A JP2022545563A JP2022513518A JP2022513518A JP2022545563A JP 2022545563 A JP2022545563 A JP 2022545563A JP 2022513518 A JP2022513518 A JP 2022513518A JP 2022513518 A JP2022513518 A JP 2022513518A JP 2022545563 A JP2022545563 A JP 2022545563A
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- bone
- hydroxyapatite
- bone graft
- graft material
- foraminifera
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Abstract
Description
一具体例において、前記ヒドロキシアパタイトは、有孔虫の外骨格を水熱反応させて製造されたものでもある。
ヒト間葉系幹細胞(hMSC)を使用し、有孔虫由来HApの生体適合性を評価した。具体的には、細胞を、5% CO2及び37℃の条件下で、10%牛胎児血清(FBS、Gibco-BRL)を含むα-MEM(Gibco-BRL、MD;Gaithersburg、MD)で培養し、4~6段階の継代培養したhMSCを使用し、in vitro実験を行った。
細胞増殖は、CellTiter96(登録商標) Aqueous One solution(MTS assay、Invitrogen、Carlsbad、CA、米国)を利用したミトコンドリア活性基盤分析で評価した。前述のように、hMSCを、1日、3日間、6日間、9日間及び12日間シーディングして培養した。事前に決定された時点において、50μLのCellTiter96(R)試薬溶液を、250μLの正常培地と混合した後、各ウェルに添加した。細胞培養4時間後、上澄み液を収集し、ELISA plate reader(SpectraMAX M3、Molecular Devices、Sunnyvale、CA)を使用し、490nmで吸光度を測定した。
細胞生存力及び細胞毒性は、Live/Dead(登録商標)及びViability/Cytotoxicityキット(Invitrogen、Carlsbad、CA、米国)を利用した蛍光染色法によって評価された。製造プロトコルにより、細胞培養されたHAp粒子を、PBS緩衝剤で30分間洗浄した。次に、キットのカルセインAM(calcein acetoxymethyl ester及びEthD-1(ethidium homodimer-1)を使用して細胞を染色した後、逆蛍光顕微鏡(DM IL LED Fluo、Leica Microsystems、Wetzlar、ドイツ)で観察した。
表面上の細胞付着、及びそれぞれのHAp粒子への細胞浸潤を観察するために、細胞を5日間培養した。サンプルをPBS緩衝液で洗浄し、2.5%グルタルアルデヒド溶液に、4℃で2時間固定させた後、0.1%四酸化オスミウム溶液で後固定(post-fixed)させた。次に、サンプルをgraded ethanol series(30%、50%、75%、85%、95%、100%、それぞれ10分)で脱水(dehydration)させた。次に、金でスパッタコーティング(sputter-coated)した後、EM(EM-30)で観察した。細胞浸潤を観察するために、HAp粒子を鋭いランセット(lancet)でスライスし、断面を露出させた後、SEM分析を行った。
造骨細胞分化は、ALP(alkaline phosphatase)活性分析で評価した。ALP活性分析は、p-NPP(p-nitrophenylphosphate)を基質として使用して行った。詳細には、hMSCを粒子上にシーディングした後、骨形成刺激剤含有培地で培養した。細胞培養5日後、接着性細胞を、アイスボックス条件で、10分間1% Triton X-100/PBS溶液に、超音波処理(sonication)して溶解させた。粒子及び残骸物を除去するために、サンプルを、4℃で12,000rpmで遠心分離した。上澄み液を、ALP活性分析及び蛋白質濃度分析に使用した。本研究において、ALP活性は、総蛋白質含量で正規化(normalized)された。
HAp粒子上で培養されたhMSCの造骨細胞分化を測定するために、ALP、Col1αI(collagen type Iα1)、OCN(osteocalcin)及びBSP(bone sialoprotein)のようないくつかの骨形成マーカー遺伝子を、定量的リアルタイム重合酵素連鎖反応(RPCR)を使用して測定した。骨形成刺激剤含有培地で7日間培養した後、総mRNAを細胞から単離し、cDNAを、逆転写酵素(Invitrogen)及びオリゴ(dT)プライマーに転写した。cDNAは、TaqManUniversal PCR Master mix(Applied Biosystem)、及びALP(Hs01029144_m1)、Col1αI(Hs00164004_m1)、OCN(Hs01587814_g1)、BSP(Hs00173720_m1)、18S(Hsscience)に係わるプライマー&TaqManプローブセットで増幅させた。全てのTaqMan PCRは、StepOne Plus RPCRシステム(Applied Biosystems、Foster City、CA、米国)を介して行い、18S rRNA遺伝子を内部標準として共同増幅させた。
筋肉内用量のケタミン(35mg/kg、柳韓洋行、ソウル)及びキシラジン(5mg/kg、バイエルコリア、ソウル)を使用し、成体雄(年齢>3ヵ月以上)ニュージーランド白兎(2.5~3.0kg)4匹に麻酔を施した。そして、2%リドカイン溶液を使用し、局所麻酔を施した。組織切除後、外径が6mmであるトレフィン(trephine)を使用し、分離された3個の円形頭蓋骨欠陥を作った。1つの欠陥は、対照群として使用され、他の1つの欠陥は、純粋HAp粒子で充填し、3番目欠陥は、有孔虫由来HAp粒子で充填した。移植後8週において、治癒過程を観察し、欠陥を周辺の骨と共に、宿主の骨から切開した。そして、追加分析前、標本(specimens)を除去し、4℃で7日間固定液(phosphate buffered 4%パラホルムアルデヒド溶液(paraformaldehydesolution)、pH7.2)に置いた。
新たに形成された骨は、マイクロコンピュータ断層撮影(マイクロCT)(Sky-Scan 1172TM、Skyscan、Kontich、ベルギー)によって病理学的に評価された。移植後8週目、サンプルを、0.5mmアルミニウムフィルタを使用し、60kVの電圧及び167μAの電流の条件でセッティングされたX線を利用して分析した。マイクロCT結果を基に、3Dソフトウェア(CTVol、Skyscan)基盤の3D再構成イメージで、欠陥の定性的イメージを観察し、イメージ分析ソフトウェア(CT-analyzerTM、Skyscan)を使用し、骨体積の比率(BV:bone volume)を次のように計算した。
参照例9.組織学的分析
移植後8週目、組織学的分析を行った。鼠(rat)頭蓋骨の固定された試片に対し、8%ギ酸/8% HClで石灰質を除去した後、graded alcohol series(70~100%)で脱水させた。最後に、試片をパラフィンに入れた。ロータリミクロトーム(rotary microtome)(HM 325TM、Microm、Walldorf、ドイツ)を使用し、5μm区画で切断した。各サンプルの中央部分から5個の区画を、HE(hematoxylin-eosin)及びGoldner’s MT(masson trichrom)で染色した。そして、サンプルをランダム選択し、顕微鏡で新たな骨形成を観察した(DMR、Leica、Nussloch、ドイツ)。
数値は、平均±標準偏差(SD)で表され、統計的分析は、一元分散分析(ANOVA:one-way analysis of variance)で行った後、GraphPadPrism version 5.3(GraphPad Software、サンディエゴ、CA、米国)を使用したDunnett’s post-hoc testを利用して行った;P<0.05は、統計的に有意であると見なされた。
1.有孔虫を利用したヒドロキシアパタイト(HAp)粒子製造
有孔虫を利用したヒドロキシアパタイトは、下記のように製造した。
前述の実施例1.で製造された有孔虫由来HAp組成を分析するために、CuKα放射線を利用したX線回折分析(XRD、D8、Bruker AXS、Karlsruhe、ドイツ)を行い、スキャン速度0.02°/分、50kV、10~80°範囲の30mÅの条件で分析した。サンプルのイオン組成は、X線蛍光分光法(XRF、Bruker)で評価した。有孔虫由来HAp粒子のマイクロ構造及び表面形態は、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)(EM-30、COXEM、大田、韓国)を使用し、真空下で観察された。
有孔虫由来HAp粒子の細胞毒性を評価するために、前記参照例に記載されているように、live/dead染色分析を施し、その結果を図4に示した。
前述の参照例に記載されているように、MTSミトコンドリア活性基盤分析(mitochondrial activity based assay)を使用し、有孔虫由来HApにおけるhMSCの細胞増殖を測定した。前記結果は、図5に示されている。
前述の参照例に記載された方法を使用し、純粋HAp粒子及び有孔虫由来HAp粒子に係わるhMSCの細胞付着及び細胞浸潤は、細胞培養5日目にSEMで観察し、その結果を図6に示した。
造骨細胞分化能を分析するために、前述の参照例に記載されているように、ALP活性及びqRT-PCRを遂行し、ALP、ColIa1、OCN及びBSPのような造骨細胞マーカー遺伝子を検出した。前記結果は、図7及び図8に示されている。
前述の実施例で製造した有孔虫由来HApの生体内骨再生能を分析するために、マイクロCT評価及び組織学的評価を行った。
Claims (10)
- ヒドロキシアパタイトを含む骨移植材であり、前記ヒドロキシアパタイトは、隔壁によって区分された複数のチャンバを含み、前記隔壁は、多数のポアを含む、骨移植材。
- 前記ヒドロキシアパタイトは、有孔虫に由来するものである、請求項1に記載の骨移植材。
- 前記有孔虫は、Baculogypsina sphaerulata、Baculogypsina bonarellii、Baculogypsina gallowayi、Baculogypsina lenticulate、Baculogypsina meneghinii、Baculogypsina saonekiまたはBaculogypsina sphaericaである、請求項2に記載の骨移植材。
- 複数のヒドロキシアパタイトは、粒子を含み、前記粒子のサイズは、100ないし4,000μmである、請求項1に記載の骨移植材。
- 前記チャンバの直径は、10ないし80μmであるか、前記隔壁の厚みは、5ないし15μmであるか、前記ポアは、0.1ないし3μmである、請求項1に記載の骨移植材。
- ヒドロキシアパタイト表面の1cm2当たり20,000ないし100,000個の均一なチャンバを有するものである、請求項1に記載の骨移植材。
- 前記ヒドロキシアパタイト粒子は、マグネシウムイオンを0.5ないし10重量%、ケイ素イオンを0.2ないし10重量%、またはストロンチウムイオンを0.1ないし5重量%で含む、請求項1に記載の骨移植材。
- 前記ヒドロキシアパタイトは、前処理された有孔虫の外骨格を、30ないし600℃で2ないし40時間水熱反応させて製造されたものであるか、300MHzないし300GHz波長の範囲のマイクロウェーブを100ないし1,500Wの量で0.5分ないし48時間処理して製造されたものである、請求項1に記載の骨移植材。
- 骨欠損治療のためのものである、請求項1に記載の骨移植材。
- 有孔虫を前処理する段階と、
前記前処理された外骨格を、30ないし600℃で2ないし40時間水熱反応させるか、あるいは300MHzないし300GHz波長の範囲のマイクロウェーブを、100ないし1,500Wの量で0.5分ないし48時間処理し、ヒドロキシアパイトを製造する段階と、
前記ヒドロキシアパタイトを焼結する段階と、を含む請求項1に記載の骨移植材を製造する方法。
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